PHYSICS PEKA FOLIO FORM 4 2010 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

NAME : NUR ASIAH BT TUAN YAACOB CLASS : 406 COLLEGE NO. : 20104212 I/C NO. : 940412106224 SUBJECT TEACHER : MISS AIDA KHAIRANI

TABLE CONTENTS No. 1 2 3 4 5 TITLE Table Content Introduction I: Brief Intro Introduction II: Analysing Electromagnetic Waves and Spectrums Introduction III: Properties of Electromagnetic Waves Application of Electromagnetic Waves: 1) Type 2) Wavelength sources 3) Characteristics 4) Application 5) Additional contents Page 2 3 4-6 7-9 10 11-14 15-19 20-23 24-26 27-29 30-33 34-37 38-39 40 41- 47

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Detrimental Effects of Electromagnetic Waves: 1) UV Rays 2) X-Rays 3) Gamma Rays Application of Electromagnetic Waves based on Daily Situation : Physic s theory References Conclusion

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Introduction Thank You to all who had helped me with this Peka Folio. This is the summary from one of the Physic s topic we learned in this entire 2010. The summary based on Electromagnetic Waves that was given for us from the Physic s unit as semester s break s holiday for the year of 2010. This homework as needed for our preparations for the upcoming SPM as we are going on Form 5 for year 2011. I want to specially thanks to my parents for encouraged me and also my teachers for helping and guiding me how to do it. Many thanks to my friends too as they helped with many references to rely on during the process of finishing this Physic s Peka Folio. Simply, I m grateful for everyone who helped me.

Introduction II

1. When you are watching television, listening to the radio or sending text messages using your handphone, you are actually using some of the electromagnetic waves from the electromagnetic spectrum. 2. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of a group of waves with similar natures. The members of the electromagnetic spectrum arranged in increasing frequencies and decreasing wavelengths are radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma rays (as shown in the picture above). 3. Radio waves have the longest wavelength but are of low frequency waves. They carry very little energy. Gamma rays have the shortest wavelength but are of high frequency waves. They carry very high energy.

4. Electricity can be static, like what holds a balloon to the wall or makes your hair stand on end. 5. Magnetism can also be static like a refrigerator magnet. But when they change or move together, they make waves - electromagnetic waves. 6. Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field (shown as blue arrows) couples with a magnetic field (shown as red arrows). The magnetic and electric fields of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave. James Clerk Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz are two scientists who studied how electromagnetic waves are formed and how fast they travel. What is it?

7. The spectrum is than you microwave food and the are part of

electromagnetic more familiar to you might think. The you use to heat your cell phones you use the Electromagnetic

Spectrum. The light that our eyes can see is also part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum consists of the colors that we see in a rainbow - from reds and oranges, through blues and purples. Each of these colors actually corresponds to a different wavelength of light.

l------------Radio waves--------l

low frequency

high frequency

high wavelength

low wavelength

What is electromagnetic wave? It is produced when electric and magnetic field vibrate at right angle to each other. The direction of propagation of the wave is perpendicular to both fields.

Introduction III Describing the properties of electromagnetic waves. y They transfer energy from one point to another. y They are 2D transverse waves perpendicular to the oscillations y They can travel through vacuum.(Don t need a medium for transmission) y They travel at the same speed through vacuum, i.e at the speed of light , c = 3x
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10 ms . y They all show wave properties such as reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. y They obey the wave equation, v = f y Electromagnetic waves consist of a combination of oscillating i. ii. iii. Electric Magnetic fields Perpendicular to each other

Stating that the visible light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. Light can be seen as the colours of rainbow. Each colour has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength and violet the shortest. When all the waves are seen together, they make white light. When white light shines through a prism, the white light is broken apart into the seven colours of the visible light spectrum. (Translated : Rainbows) Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

Radio waves, television waves, and microwaves are all types of electromagnetic waves. They differ from each other in wavelength. Wavelength is the distance between one wave crest to the next.

Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size from very long radio waves the size of buildings, to very short gamma-rays smaller than the size of the nucleus of an atom.

Electromagnetic waves can not only be described by their wavelength, but also by their energy and frequency? All three of these things are related to each other mathematically. This means that it is correct to talk about the energy of an X-ray or the wavelength of a microwave or the frequency of a radio wave. The electromagnetic spectrum includes, from longest wavelength to shortest: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays.

y Light travels through space in the form of electromagnetic waves. y The earth receives maximum amount of electromagnetic energy from the sun. This energy reaches the earth through a vacuum. y All types of electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light and at the same speed in vacuum. y Electromagnetic waves have no mass. y As the wavelength in the spectrum decreases, the amount of energy carried by the waves increase. This can be illustrated by the formula, y E= hc/ y (where E is the energy, h is Planck's constant, c is speed of light in vacuum and is wavelength) y Polarization of electromagnetic waves is possible. y Properties of electromagnetic waves also include that they are neither affected by electric nor magnetic fields. y Electromagnetic waves follow the laws of reflection as well as refraction. y The frequency of the waves remain same when they change medium during transmission. y There is an entire spectrum of electromagnetic waves which include waves with low as well as higher frequencies. High frequency electromagnetic waves are known as electromagnetic radiations, whereas those with low frequency are called as electromagnetic fields. y Electromagnetic radiations act as waves as well as photons having no mass.

Application of Electromagnetic Waves and Spectrums

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Radio waves

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Like all other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light. Naturally-occurring radio waves are made by lightning, or by astronomical objects. Artificially-generated radio waves are used for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and other navigation systems, satellite communication, computer networks and innumerable other applications. Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long waves may cover a part of the Earth very consistently, shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and travel around the world, and much shorter wavelengths bend or reflect very little and travel on a line of sight. Radio waves have a frequency and a wavelength of 10^4 to for radio and television ranging from 10^3 10^6 Hertz 10^ 1 m. These waves are used broadcasts, mobile phones,

government and non government services like aeronautical beacons. The FM stations require 200 KHz of frequencies for a maximum of hundred stations. The 25 KHz frequency range is known as guard bands which are used to minimize interference. Televisions require 5 MHz separation.
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Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves can be longer than a football field or as short as a football. Radio waves do more than just bring music to your radio. They also carry signals for our television and cellular phones.

The antennae on our television set receive the signal, in the form of electromagnetic waves, that is broadcasted from the television station. It is displayed on our television screen. Cable companies have antennae or dishes which receive waves broadcasted from your local TV stations. The signal is then sent through a cable to your house. Cellular phones also use radio waves to transmit information. These waves are much smaller that TV and FM radio waves. Objects in space, such as planets and comets, giant clouds of gas and dust, and stars and galaxies, emit light at many different wavelengths. Some of the light they emit has very large wavelengths - sometimes as long as a mile!. These long waves are in the radio region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Because radio waves are larger than optical waves, radio telescopes work differently than telescopes that we use for visible > light (optical telescopes). Radio telescopes are dishes made out of conducting metal that reflect radio waves to a focus point. Because the wavelengths of radio light are so large, a radio telescope must be physically larger than an optical telescope to be able to make images of comparable clarity. For example, the Parkes radio telescope, which has a dish 64 meters wide, cannot give us any clearer an image than a small backyard telescope!

In order to make better and more clear (or higher resolution) radio images, radio astronomers often combine several smaller telescopes, or receiving dishes, into an array. Together, the dishes can act as one large telescope whose size equals the total area occupied by the array.

The Very Large Array (VLA) is one of the world's premier astronomical radio observatories. The VLA consists of 27 antennas arranged in a huge "Y" pattern up to 36 km (22 miles) across -roughly one and a half times the size of Washington, DC. The VLA, located in New Mexico, is an interferometer; this means that it operates by multiplying the data from each pair of telescopes together to form interference patterns. The structure of those interference patterns, and how they change with time as the earth rotates, reflect the structure of radio sources in the sky.

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What do Radio Waves show us?

The above image shows the Carbon Monoxide (CO) gases in our Milky Way galaxy.

Many astronomical objects emit radio waves, but that fact wasn't discovered until 1932. Since then, astronomers have developed sophisticated systems that allow them to make pictures from the radio waves emitted by astronomical objects. Radio telescopes look toward the heavens at planets and comets, giant clouds of gas and dust, and stars and galaxies. By studying the radio waves originating from these sources, astronomers can learn about their composition, structure, and motion. Radio astronomy has the advantage that sunlight, clouds, and rain do not affect observations.

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Microwaves Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz.[1] This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter waves), and various sources use different boundaries.[2] In all cases, microwave includes the entire SHF band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering often putting the lower boundary at 1 GHz (30 cm), and the upper around 100 GHz (3mm).

Apparatus and techniques may be described qualitatively as "microwave" when the wavelengths of signals are roughly the same as the dimensions of the equipment, so that lumped-element circuit theory is inaccurate. As a consequence, practical microwave technique tends to move away from the discrete resistors, capacitors, and inductors used with lower frequency radio waves. Instead, distributed circuit elements and transmission-line theory are more useful methods for design and analysis. Open-wire and coaxial transmission lines give way to waveguides and stripline, and lumped-element tuned circuits are replaced by cavity resonators or resonant lines. Effects of reflection, polarization, scattering, diffraction and atmospheric absorption usually associated with visible light are of practical significance in the study of microwave propagation. The same equations of electromagnetic theory apply at all frequencies.
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While the name may suggest a micrometer wavelength, it is better understood as indicating wavelengths much shorter than those used in radio broadcasting. The boundaries between far infrared light, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultrahigh-frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields of study.

Microwave frequency bands

Letter Designation L band S band C band X band Ku band K band Ka band Q band U band V band E band W band F band D band Frequency range 1 to 2 GHz 2 to 4 GHz 4 to 8 GHz 8 to 12 GHz 12 to 18 GHz 18 to 26.5 GHz 26.5 to 40 GHz 33 to 50 GHz 40 to 60 GHz 50 to 75 GHz 60 to 90 GHz 75 to 110 GHz 90 to 140 GHz 110 to 170 GHz.

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Microwaves have wavelengths that can be measured in centimeters! The longer microwaves, those closer to a foot in length, are the waves which heat our food in a microwave oven.

Microwaves are good for transmitting information from one place to another because microwave energy can penetrate haze, light rain and snow, clouds, and smoke.

Shorter microwaves are used in remote sensing. These microwaves are used for radar like the doppler radar used in weather forecasts. Microwaves, used for radar, are just a few inches long.

This microwave tower can transmit information like telephone calls and computer data from one city to another.

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How do we "see" using Microwaves?

Radar is an acronym for "radio detection and ranging". Radar was developed to detect objects and determine their range (or position) by transmitting short bursts of microwaves. The strength and origin of "echoes" received from objects that were hit by the microwaves is then recorded. Because radar senses electromagnetic waves that are a reflection of an active transmission, radar is considered an active remote sensing system. Passive remote sensing refers to the sensing of electromagnetic waves which did not originate from the satellite or sensor itself. The sensor is just a passive observer. What do Microwaves show us?

Because microwaves can penetrate haze, light rain and snow, clouds and smoke, these waves are good for viewing the Earth from space.

The ERS-1 satellite sends out wavelengths about 5.7 cm long (C-band). This image shows sea ice breaking off the shores of Alaska. The JERS satellite uses wavelengths about 20 cm in length (Lband). This is an image of the Amazon River in Brazil.
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This is a radar image acquired from the Space Shuttle. It also used a wavelength in the L-band of the microwave spectrum. Here we see a computer enhanced radar image of some mountains on the edge of Salt Lake City, Utah.

In the 1960's a startling discovery was made quite by accident. A pair of scientists at Bell Laboratories detected background noise using a special low noise antenna. The strange thing about the noise was that it was coming from every direction and did not seem to vary in intensity much at all. If this static were from something on our world, like radio transmissions from a nearby airport control tower, it would only come from one direction, not everywhere. The scientists soon realized they had discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation. This radiation, which fills the entire Universe, is believed to be a clue to it's beginning, something known as the Big Bang.

The image above is a Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) image of the cosmic microwave background, the pink and blue colors showing the tiny fluctuations in it. Micro waves are used in telephone satellites which are used to transmit the human voice in microwave code. Its frequency ranges from 10^6 10^10 Hertz and wavelength ranges from 10^1 to 10^ (-2) m. It has a very short wavelength that, it is easily absorbed by water. The microwave radiation generates molecular rotation and torsion which produces heat. For this purpose, it is used in microwave ovens. It is also used in electron spectroscopy.
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Infrared Rays Infrared waves forms the lower end of the visible spectrum with a frequency ranging from 10^10 10^14 Hertz and a wavelength of 10^ (-3) to 10^ (-6) m. They generate heat formed by the vibration of molecules and are used in infrared detectors, television remote controls etc.

Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.7 and 300 micrometres, which equates to a frequency range between approximately 1 and 430 THz.[1] IR wavelengths are longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of terahertz radiation microwaves. Bright sunlight provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared radiation, 445 watts is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet radiation.

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Infrared: Our skin emits infrared light, which is why we can be seen in the dark by someone using night vision goggles. In space, IR light maps the dust between stars.

Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just like visible light has wavelengths that range from red light to violet. "Near infrared" light is closest in wavelength to visible light and "far infrared" is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter, near infrared ones are the size of cells, or are microscopic. Far infrared waves are thermal. In other words, we experience this type of infrared radiation every day in the form of heat! The heat that we feel from sunlight, a fire, a radiator or a warm sidewalk is infrared. The temperature-sensitive nerve endings in our skin can detect the difference between inside body temperature and outside skin temperature . Infrared light is even used to heat food sometimes - special lamps that emit thermal infrared waves are often used in fast food restaurants! Shorter, near infrared waves are not hot at all - in fact you cannot even feel them. These shorter wavelengths are the ones used by your TV's remote control.

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How can we "see" using the Infrared? Since the primary source of infrared radiation is heat or thermal radiation, any object which has a temperature radiates in the infrared. Even objects that we think of as being very cold, such as an ice cube, emit infrared. When an object is not quite hot enough to radiate visible light, it will emit most of its energy in the infrared. For example, hot charcoal may not give off light but it does emit infrared radiation which we feel as heat. The warmer the object, the more infrared radiation it emits. Humans, at normal body temperature, radiate most strongly in the infrared at a wavelength of about 10 microns. (A micron is the term commonly used in astronomy for a micrometer or one millionth of a meter.) This image ( which is courtesy of the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at CalTech), shows a man holding up a lighted match! Which parts of this image do you think have the warmest temperature? How does the temperature of this man's glasses compare to the temperature of his hand?

To make infrared pictures like the one above, we can use special cameras and film that detect differences in temperature, and then assign different brightnesses or false colors to them. This provides a picture that our eyes can interpret. The image at the left (courtesy of SE-IR Corporation, Goleta, CA) shows a cat in the infrared. The orange areas are the warmest and the white-blue areas are the coldest. This image gives us a different view of a familiar animal as well as information that we could not get from a visible light picture.

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Humans may not be able to see infrared light, but some animals can. Many things besides people and animals emit infrared light - the Earth, the Sun, and far away things like stars and galaxies do also! For a view from Earth orbit, whether we are looking out into space or down at Earth, we can use instruments on board satellites. What does the Infrared show us? This is an infrared image of the Earth taken by the GOES 6 satellite in 1986. A scientist used temperatures to determine which parts of the image were from clouds and which were land and sea. Based on these temperature differences, he colored each separately using 256 colors, giving the image a realistic appearance.

Why use the infrared to image the Earth? While it is easier to distinguish clouds from land in the visible range, there is more detail in the clouds in the infrared. This is great for studying cloud structure. For instance, note that darker clouds are warmer, while lighter clouds are cooler. Southeast of the Galapagos, just west of the coast of South America, there is a place where you can distinctly see multiple layers of clouds, with the warmer clouds at lower altitudes, closer to the ocean that's warming them. We know, from looking at an infrared image of a cat, that many things emit infrared light. But many things also reflect infrared light, particularly near infrared light. Near infrared radiation is not related to the temperature of the object being photographed - unless the object is very, very hot. Infrared film 'sees' the object because the Sun (or some other light source) shines infrared light on it and it is reflected or absorbed by the object. You could say that this reflecting or absorbing of infrared helps to determine the object's 'color' - its color being a combination of red, green, blue, and infrared!
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The narrow band of electromagnetic spectrum which is detected by the human eyes has the frequency of 10^14 Hertz and wavelength of 10^ (6) m. They are produced by the ionization of electrons and retina of the eyes can sense only this range of wavelength. When white light is passed through a prism it splits to form seven different colors known as dispersion.

Visible: Yes, this is the part that our eyes see. Visible radiation is emitted by everything from fireflies to light bulbs to stars ... also by fast-moving particles hitting other particles.

Visible Light

The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (can be detected by) the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 750 nm.[1] In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 400 790 THz. A lightadapted eye generally has its maximum sensitivity at around 555 nm (540 THz), in the green region of the optical spectrum (see: luminosity function). The spectrum does not, however, contain all the colors that the human eyes and brain can distinguish. Unsaturated colors such as pink, or purple variations such as magenta, are absent, for example, because they can only be made by a mix of multiple wavelengths. Visible wavelengths also pass through the "optical window", the region of the
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electromagnetic spectrum that passes largely unattenuated through the Earth's atmosphere. Clean air scatters blue light more than wavelengths toward the red, which is why the mid-day sky appears blue.

The human eye's response is defined by subjective testing, but atmospheric windows are defined by physical measurement. The "visible window" is so called because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum. The near infrared (NIR) windows lie just out of the human response window, and the Medium Wavelength IR (MWIR) and Long Wavelength or Far Infrared (LWIR or FIR) are far beyond the human response region. Many species can see frequencies which fall outside the "visible spectrum". Bees and many other insects can see light in the ultraviolet, which helps them find nectar in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light, rather than how colorful they appear to humans. Birds too can see into the ultraviolet (300 400 nm), and some have sex-dependent markings on their plumage, which are only visible in the ultraviolet range.

Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. We see these waves as the colors of the rainbow. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest wavelength. When all the waves are seen together, they make white light. When white light shines through a prism, the white light is broken apart into the colors of the visible light

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spectrum. Water vapor in the atmosphere can also break apart wavelengths creating a rainbow. How do we "see" using Visible Light? Cones in our eyes are receivers for these tiny visible light waves. The Sun is a natural source for visible light waves and our eyes see the reflection of this sunlight off the objects around us. The color of an object that we see is the color of light reflected. All other colors are absorbed. Light bulbs are another source of visible light waves. What does Visible Light show us? It is true that we are blind to many wavelengths of light. This makes it important to use instruments that can detect different wavelengths of light to help us to study the Earth and the Universe. However, since visible light is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that our eyes can see, our whole world is oriented around it. And many instruments that detect visible light can see father and more clearly than our eyes could alone. That is why we use satellites to look at the Earth, and telescopes to look at the Sky!

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Ultraviolet rays Ultraviolet: We know that the Sun is a source of ultraviolet (or UV) radiation, because it is the UV rays that cause our skin to burn! Stars and other "hot" objects in space emit UV radiation. Ultraviolet rays have a very high energy whose frequency ranging from 10^14 10^16 Hertz and wavelength of 10^ (-6) to 10^ (-8) m. These rays are highly carcinogenic due to ionizing radiations but have some therapeutic features also. Sun is the source of UV rays and hone bees can detect it. This causes sun burns and affects the eyes during long exposure. Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays, in the range 10 nm to 400 nm, and energies from 3eV to 124 eV. It is so named because the spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than those that humans identify as the color violet. Although ultraviolet is invisible to the human eye, most people are aware of the effects of UV through the painful condition of sunburn, but the UV spectrum has many other effects, both beneficial and damaging, to human health. UV light is found in sunlight and is emitted by electric arcs and specialized lights such as black lights. Most ultraviolet can be classified as non-ionizing radiation, and can cause chemical reactions, and many substances to glow or fluoresce under it. However, the higher energies of the ultraviolet spectrum from about 150 nm ('vacuum' band) are ionizing, but this type of ultraviolet is not very penetrating and is blocked by air.

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Ultraviolet (UV) light has shorter wavelengths than visible light. Though these waves are invisible to the human eye, some insects, like bumblebees, can see them!

Scientists have divided the ultraviolet part of the spectrum into three regions: the near ultraviolet, the far ultraviolet, and the extreme ultraviolet. The three regions are distinguished by how energetic the ultraviolet radiation is, and by the "wavelength" of the ultraviolet light, which is related to energy. The near ultraviolet, abbreviated NUV, is the light closest to optical or visible light. The extreme ultraviolet, abbreviated EUV, is the ultraviolet light closest to X-rays, and is the most energetic of the three types. The far ultraviolet, abbreviated FUV, lies between the near and extreme ultraviolet regions. It is the least explored of the three regions. Our Sun emits light at all the different wavelengths in electromagnetic spectrum, but it is ultraviolet waves that are responsible for causing our sunburns. To the left is an image of the Sun taken at an Extreme Ultraviolet wavelength - 171 Angstroms to be exact. (An Angstrom is a unit length equal to 10-10 meters.) This image was taken by a satellite named SOHO and it shows what the Sun looked like on April 24, 2000. Though some ultraviolet waves from the
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Sun penetrate Earth's atmosphere, most of them are blocked from entering by various gases like Ozone. Some days, more ultraviolet waves get through our atmosphere. Scientists have developed a UV index to help people protect themselves from these harmful ultraviolet waves. How do we "see" using Ultraviolet light? It is good for humans that we are protected from getting too much ultraviolet radiation, but it is bad for scientists! Astronomers have to put ultraviolet telescopes on satellites to measure the ultraviolet light from stars and galaxies and even closer things like the Sun! There are many different satellites that help us study ultraviolet astronomy. Many of them only detect a small portion of UV light. For example, the Hubble Space Telescope observes stars and galaxies mostly in near ultraviolet light. NASA's Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer satellite is currently exploring the extreme ultraviolet universe. The International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite has observed in the far and near ultraviolet regions for over 17 years. What does Ultraviolet light show us? We can study stars and galaxies by studying the UV light they give off - but did you know we can even study the Earth? This is an unusual image - it is a picture of Earth taken from a lunar observatory! This false-color picture shows how the Earth glows in ultraviolet (UV) light. The Far UV Camera/Spectrograph deployed and left on the Moon by the crew of Apollo 16 took this picture. The part of the Earth facing the Sun reflects much UV light. Even more interesting is the side facing away from the Sun. Here, bands of UV emission are also apparent. These bands are the result of aurora caused by charged particles given off by the Sun. They spiral towards the Earth along Earth's magnetic field lines.
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X-Rays
X-rays: Your doctor uses them to look at your bones and your dentist to look at your teeth. Hot gases in the Universe also emit X-rays .

X-rays are highly penetrating rays formed when fast moving high energy electrons are stopped by a metal. Frequency range is from 10^16 10^19 Hertz and wavelength of 10^ (-8) to 10^ (-10) m. They are used to determine molecular structures and used in the medical field as they penetrate through flesh but long exposures are carcinogenic. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3 1016 Hz to 3 1019 Hz) and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays and longer than gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is called Rntgen radiation, after Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen, who is generally credited as its discoverer, and who had named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation.[1] Correct spelling of X-ray(s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray(s) and X ray(s). [2] XRAY is used as the phonetic pronunciation for the letter x. X-rays from about 0.12 to 12 keV (10 to 0.10 nm wavelength) are classified as "soft" X-rays, and from about 12 to 120 keV (0.10 to 0.01 nm wavelength) as "hard" X-rays, due to their penetrating abilities. Hard X-rays can penetrate solid objects, and their most common use is to take images of the inside of objects in diagnostic radiography and crystallography. As a result, the term X-ray is metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image
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produced using this method, in addition to the method itself. By contrast, soft Xrays can hardly be said to penetrate matter at all; for instance, the attenuation length of 600 eV (~ 2 nm) x-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer. [3]The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays has changed in recent decades. Originally, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei (gamma rays).[4] Older literature distinguished between X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength, with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10 11 m, defined as gamma rays. [5] However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum "X-ray" sources such as linear accelerators and longer wavelength "gamma ray" emitters were discovered, the wavelength bands largely overlapped. The two types of radiation are now usually distinguished by their origin: X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus.

As the wavelengths of light decrease, they increase in energy. X-rays have smaller wavelengths and therefore higher energy than ultraviolet waves. We usually talk about X-rays in terms of their energy rather than wavelength. This is partially because X-rays have very small wavelengths. It is also because X-ray light tends to act more like a particle than a wave. X-ray detectors collect actual photons of X31

ray light - which is very different from the radio telescopes that have large dishes designed to focus radio waves! X-rays were first observed and documented in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German scientist who found them quite by accident when experimenting with vacuum tubes. How do we "see" using X-ray light? What would it be like to see X-rays? Well, we wouldn't be able to see through people's clothes, no matter what the ads for X-ray glasses tell us! If we could see X-rays, we could see things that either emit X-rays or halt their transmission. Our eyes would be like the X-ray film used in hospitals or dentist's offices. X-ray film "sees" X-rays, like the ones that travel through your skin. It also sees shadows left by things that the X-rays can't travel through (like bones or metal) plus - you can't feel X-rays. We use satellites with X-ray detectors on them to do X-ray astronomy. In astronomy, things that emit X-rays (for example, black holes) are like the dentist's X-ray machine, and the detector on the satellite is like the X-ray film. X-ray detectors collect individual X-rays (photons of X-ray light) and things like the number of photons collected, the energy of the photons collected, or how fast the photons are detected, can tell us things about the object that is emitting them. To the right is an image of a real X-ray detector. This instrument is called the Proportional Counter Array and it is on the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) satellite. It looks very different from anything you might see at a dentist's office!

What does X-ray light show us?

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Many things in space emit X-rays, among them are black holes, neutron stars, binary star systems, supernova remnants, stars, the Sun, and even some comets! The Earth glows in many kinds of light, including the energetic X-ray band. Actually, the Earth itself does not glow - only aurora produced high in the Earth's atmosphere. These aurora are caused by charged particles from the Sun. Recently, we learned that even comets emit Xrays! This image of Comet Hyakutake was taken by an X-ray satellite called ROSAT, short for the Roentgen Satellite. (It was named after the discoverer of X-rays.)

Many things in deep space give off X-rays. Many stars are in binary star systems which means that two stars orbit each other. When one of these stars is a black hole or a neutron star, material is pulled off the normal star. This materials spirals into the black hole or neutron star and heats up to very high temperatures. When something is heated to over a million degrees, it will give off X-rays!

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Gamma Rays

Gamma waves have a frequency greater than 10^19 Hertz and a wavelength less than 10^ (-10) m. They are produced by high energy processes and causes devastation when it strikes atoms or molecules. The gamma radiation produces physiological effects such as mutation, cancer etc.

Gamma-rays: Radioactive materials (some natural and others made by man in things like nuclear power plants) can emit gamma-rays. Big particle accelerators that scientists use to help them understand what matter is made of can sometimes generate gammarays. But the biggest gamma-ray generator of all is the Universe! It makes gamma radiation in all kinds of ways.

Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays (denoted as ), is electromagnetic radiation of high frequency (very short wavelength). They are produced by subatomic particle interactions such as electron-positron annihilation, neutral pion decay, radioactive decay (including isomeric transition which involves an inhibited gamma decay), fusion, fission or inverse Compton scattering in astrophysical processes. Gamma rays have frequencies above 10 exahertz (1019 Hz), and therefore have energies above 100 keV and wavelength less than 10 picometers, often smaller than an atom. Gamma rays from radioactive decay commonly have energies of a few hundred keV, and almost always less than 10 MeV. The upper limit for such energies is about 20 MeV, and there is effectively no lower limit (they are sometimes classed as X-rays if their frequencies are lower than 1019 Hz). Because gamma rays are a form of ionizing radiation, they pose a health hazard.

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Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium.[1] Alpha and beta "rays" had already been separated and named by the work of Ernest Rutherford in 1899, and in 1903 Rutherford named Villard's distinct new radiation "gamma rays."The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays has changed in recent decades. Originally, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei (gamma rays).[2] Older literature distinguished between X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength, with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10 11 m, defined as gamma rays.[3] However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum "X-ray" sources such as linear accelerators and longer wavelength "gamma ray" emitters were discovered, the wavelength bands largely overlapped. The two types of radiation are now usually distinguished by their origin: X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus.

Gamma-rays have the smallest wavelengths and the most energy of any other wave in the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are generated by radioactive atoms and in nuclear explosions. Gamma-rays can kill living cells, a fact which medicine uses to its advantage, using gamma-rays to kill cancerous cells. Gammarays travel to us across vast distances of the universe, only to be absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Different wavelengths of light penetrate the Earth's atmosphere to different depths. Instruments aboard high-altitude balloons and satellites like the Compton Observatory provide our only view of the gamma-ray sky.
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Gamma-rays are the most energetic form of light and are produced by the hottest regions of the universe. They are also produced by such violent events as supernova explosions or the destruction of atoms, and by less dramatic events, such as the decay of radioactive material in space. Things like supernova explosions (the way massive stars die), neutron stars and pulsars, and black holes are all sources of celestial gamma-rays. How do we "see" using gamma-ray light? Gamma-ray astronomy did not develop until it was possible to get our detectors above all or most of the atmosphere, using balloons or spacecraft. The first gamma-ray telescope, carried into orbit on the Explorer XI satellite in 1961, picked up fewer than 100 cosmic gamma-ray photons! Unlike optical light and X-rays, gamma rays cannot be captured and reflected in mirrors. The high-energy photons would pass right through such a device. Gammaray telescopes use a process called Compton scattering, where a gamma-ray strikes an electron and loses energy, similar to a cue ball striking an eight ball. This image shows the CGRO satellite being deployed from the Space Shuttle orbiter. This picture was taken from an orbiter window. The two round protrusions are one of CGRO's instruments, called "EGRET".

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What do gamma-rays show us? If you could see gamma-rays, the night sky would look strange and unfamiliar. The gamma-ray moon just looks like a round blob - lunar features are not visible. In high-energy gamma rays, the Moon is actually brighter than the quiet Sun. This image was taken by EGRET . Credit: D.J. Thompson, D.L. Bertsch (NASA/GSFC), D.J. Morris (UNH), R. Mukherjee (NASA/GSFC/USRA) Gamma-ray bursts can release more energy in 10 seconds than the Sun will emit in its entire 10 billion-year lifetime! So far, it appears that all of the bursts we have observed have come from outside the Milky Way Galaxy. Scientists believe that a gamma-ray burst will occur once every few million years here in the Milky Way, and in fact may occur once every several hundred million years within a few thousand light-years of Earth. Studied for over 25 years now with instruments on board a variety of satellites and space probes, including Soviet Venera spacecraft and the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, the sources of these enigmatic high-energy flashes remain a mystery.

List sources of electro-magnetic waves and the applications.

Electromagnetic Wave Radio Wave Sources Electrons oscillating in aerials/ Radio/ TV
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Characteristics Carry audio and visual transmission

Application y For broadcasting and wireless

transmitter

communication y UHF (Ultra high frequency) radio waves- tv and handphones. y VHF (Very high frequency) radio waves- local radio and wireless communication used by police. Can penetrate the atmosphere/ Suitable for satellite communication/ Can excite the water molecules in fond y Communication system with satellites y Used in radar system y Global Positioning System (GPS) in cellular mobile phones y Cooking microwaves oven y Infrared binocular for night vision y Intruder alarm system y Thermal imaging and physiotherapy y A sensation of warmth is felt when IR falls on the skin y Remote comtrols for TV and video players y Cooking- ovens, grills, toasters y Photography y Photosynthesis y Transmission of

Micro Wave

Radar transmitter/ Microwaves oven

Infrared Rays

Warm or hot objectsflames/ The Sun

Also known as infrared radiation/ When an object absorbs infrared rays, it becomes hotter.

Visible Light

The Sun/ Hot objects/ Electric bulbs/ Flames/ LED

Consists of 7 components : red, orange, yellow, green,

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blue, indigo, violet

information through optical fibres y Visual communication y Fluorescent lamp y Causes sunburn y Vitamin D : prevent rickets y Detection of false notes y Sterilisation of surgical tools and plant seedlings y Luggage x-rays in the airports y Body x-rays y Help engineerscheck welds and metal joints y Help scientistsstudy arrangement of atoms y Detect an art piece y Medicine- cancer treatment y Sterilisation of surgical tools and food y Help engineerscheck welds and metal joints

Ultraviolet Rays

The Sun/ Mercury vapour lamps/ Sparks/ Very hot objects

Can be absorbed by glass and ozone layer/ A small amount is good for producing vitamin D but bad for eyes and can cause skin cancer in a large amount.

X-Rays

X-ray tubes/ Outer space

High energy/ High penetrating power/ Very dangerous

Gamma Rays

Radioactive substances/ Cosmic rays

High energy/ High penetrating power/ Very dangerous

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In physics, terahertz radiation refers to electromagnetic waves propagating at frequencies in the terahertz range. It is synonymously termed submillimeter radiation, terahertz waves, terahertz light, T-rays, T-light, T-lux and THz. The term typically applies to electromagnetic radiation with frequencies between high-frequency edge of the microwave band, 300 gigahertz (31011 Hz), and the long-wavelength edge of far-infrared light, 3000 GHz (31012 Hz or 3 THz). In wavelengths, this range corresponds to 0.1 mm (or 100 m) infrared to 1.0 mm microwave. The THz band straddles the region where electromagnetic physics can best be described by its wave-like characteristics (microwave) and its particle-like characteristics (infrared).

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Detrimental Effects of Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic radiation and health Electromagnetic radiation can be classified into ionizing radiation and nonionizing radiation, based on whether it is capable of ionizing atoms and breaking chemical bonds. Ultraviolet and higher frequencies, such as X-rays or gamma rays are ionizing. These pose their own special hazards: see radiation and radiation poisoning. Non-ionizing radiation, discussed here, is associated with two major potential hazards: electrical and biological. Additionally, induced electric current caused by radiation can generate sparks and create a fire or explosive hazard.

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Detrimental (harmful) effects of UV rays 1. Causes skin cancer UV is an environmental human carcinogen. It s the most prominent and universal cancer-causing agent in our environment. There is very strong evidence that each of the three main types of skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma) is caused by sun exposure. Research shows that as many as 90 percent of skin cancers are due to UV radiation. Causes sunburn

2.

Sunburned back UV burns the skin. Sunburn is a burn that occurs when skin cells are damaged. This damage to the skin is caused by the absorption of energy from UV rays. Extra blood flows to the damaged skin in an attempt to repair it, which is why your skin turns red when you are sunburnt. 3. Damages immune system Over-exposure to UV radiation has a harmful suppressing effect on the immune system. Scientists believe that sunburn can change the distribution and function of disease-fighting white blood cells in humans for up to 24 hours after exposure to the sun. Repeated over-exposure to UV radiation can cause even more damage to the body's immune system. The immune system defends the body against bacteria, microbes, viruses, toxins and parasites (disease and infection). You can see how effective the immune system is by looking at how quickly something decays when it dies and the immune system stops working. Damages eyes Prolonged exposure to UV or high intensities of UV (for example, in sunbeds) damages the tissues of eyes and can cause a burning of the eye surface, called snow blindness or photokeratitis. The effects usually disappear within a couple of days, but may lead to further
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4.

5.

complications later in life. In 1998, the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that even low amounts of sunlight can increase the risk of developing eye damage such as cataracts (which, left untreated, will cause blindness), pterygium and pinguecula. UV damage to the eyes is cumulative, so it is never too late to start protecting the eyes. Ages skin

Tanned older person UV speeds up the aging of skin, since the UV destroys collagen and connective tissue beneath the top layer of the skin. This causes wrinkles, brown liver spots and loss of skin elasticity. The difference between skin tone, wrinkles, or pigmentation on the underside of a person's arm and the top side of the same arm illustrate the effects of sun exposure on skin. Usually, the top side of the arm has had more exposure to the sun and shows greater sun damage. Because photo-aging of the skin is cumulative, it is never too late for a person to start a sun protection programme. Otherwise, though a tan may look good now, you could be paying for it with wrinkly leathery skin or skin cancer later. 6. Weakens plastics Many polymers used in consumer items (including plastics, nylon and polystyrene) are broken down or lose strength due to exposure to UV light. Fades colours Many pigments (used for colouring food, cosmetics, fabric, plastic, paint, ink and other materials) and dyes absorb UV and change colour. Fabrics, furnishings and paintings need protection from UV (fluorescent lamps as well as sunlight) to prevent colour change or loss.

7.

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Detrimental effects of X-rays X-rays belong to a class of radiation called "ionizing" radiation [along with gamma rays, alpha rays, beta rays amd cosmic rays]. Ionizing radiation is any radiation capable of "ionizing" or stripping electrons from their respective atoms or molecules. In the process chemical bonds will be broken. The breaking of bonds can lead to manu different effects according to how many and which bonds are broken. Ionizing radiation can lead to: cancer, burns, nervous system failure, shock, red blood cell production shut down, loss of hair etc. The exact effect depends on the magnitude of the exposure. Everyone receives a certain amount of radiation from "background exposure". For most people that amounts to 100300 milliRems of radiation. To give you some idea what that is, the "mean fatal dose" of full body exposure to ionizing radiation is approximately 500-600 Rems. Federal regulations permit workers in radiation involving industries to be exposed to a maximum of 5 Rems each year. X-ray is a type of high energy radiation and has some harmful effects, which include biological radiation effects. These radiation effects can be destructive to all living tissues and can cause DNA damage and mutations. The DNA damage if occurs can further enter certain states such as senescence that is an irreversible state of dormancy, cell suicide also known as apoptosis and unregulated cell division that forms a cancerous tumor. The x-rays have bad effects on pregnancy and childbirth. The birth defects can deform the body of the infant and could be fatal to his life.X-rays can harm the tissue in the bones which is called bone marrow. X-ray can cause baldness that is the loss of hair on the head. X-rays also cause cancer development, thyroid cancer and invisible spectrum. X-rays have biological radiation effects, which are observed when ionizing radiation strikes living tissue and destroys the molecules of cellular matter. Birth defects are also known as congenital disorders are abnormalities of structure or function that exists at birth. Pregnancy and childbirth imply the gestation period of the human reproductive cycle. Bone marrow is a soft and pulpy tissue that fills the bone cavities, which occur in two forms i.e. red and yellow. Hair loss is a baldness or alopecia that is partial or complete loss of hair affecting the scalp. Thyroid cancer also known as endocrine gland occurs in all vertebrate animals.
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Detrimental effects of Gamma rays All ionizing radiation causes similar damage at a cellular level, but because rays of alpha particles and beta particles are relatively non-penetrating, external exposure to them causes only localized damage, e.g. radiation burns to the skin. Gamma rays and neutrons are more penetrating, causing diffuse damage throughout the body (e.g. radiation sickness, increased incidence of cancer) rather than burns. External radiation exposure should also be distinguished from internal exposure, due to ingested or inhaled radioactive substances, which, depending on the substance's chemical nature, can produce both diffuse and localized internal damage. The most biological damaging forms of gamma radiation occur in the gamma ray window, between 3 and 10 MeV, with higher energy gamma rays being less harmful because the body is relatively transparent to them. See cobalt-60. 1. Acute Radiation Sickness Gamma rays from strong sources can cause acute radiation sickness, or radiation sickness, or even death. This illness is caused when your body is exposed to a high dose of radiation over the course of several minutes. Acute radiation sickness produces symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tendency to bleed, weight loss and increased susceptibility to infection. Your survival rate depends on the radiation dose absorbed by the body, type of radiation, route of exposure and length of time exposed. Radiation sickness recovery can take a few weeks to two years. 2. Irradiated Food Food irradiation is a food safety technique used to eliminate disease-causing pathogens. Irradiated food is food not technically radioactive but radiomimetic, or effects that mimic the actual exposure of ionizing irradiation. Gamma rays are the preferred source for the irradiation of food. These rays change the molecular structure of the food which can produce mutagens such as formaldehyde and benzene, chemicals suspected of causing cancer. Food irradiation also causes nutrients in the food to be destroyed. Vitamins A, C, E, K, the entire B group, amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids are all affected by irradiation.
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3. Radiated cells Gamma rays can cause radiation-induced ionizations which can directly effect the cellular component molecules. The results on radiation-induced ionizations on the cell is that the DNA strands break. Segments of DNA become deleted in cells that are irradiated but survive. Repair of these cells becomes difficult and erroneous joining of broken DNA strands can occur which result in mutations, chromosome aberrations or cell death. Simply, there will be DNA mutation, cellular destruction and even death. Table 1.1 Radio waves Microwaves No evidence of hazard Internal heating of body tissues when they enter our body. Long exposure to mobile phones can cause brain tumor and inner ear complications in children. Just SMS. Skin burns No evidence of hazard Damage to the surface cells (including skin cancer) and blindness Damage to cells. Cancer, mutation The mutated cells may result in the abnormal growth of cancer cells. Pregnant mothers who are exposed to X-rays and radiations too frequently may cause abnormalities in new born babies.

Infrared Visible light Ultraviolet

X-rays

Gamma rays

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Application of Electromagnetic Waves based on Daily Situation : Physics theory

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Question 1# Policeman used radar waves to monitor the speed of cars along the highway road. Suggest how this device works. [Radar waves travel at a constant speed and are reflected like other waves]. Answer 1# Radar Basics

Photo courtesy K40 Electronics Two conventional radar guns

To understand how radar detectors work, you first have to know what they're detecting. The concept of measuring vehicle speed with radar is very simple. A basic speed gun is just a radio transmitter and receiver combined into one unit. A radio transmitter is a device that oscillates an electrical current so the voltage goes up and down at a certain frequency. This electricity generates electromagnetic energy, and when the current is oscillated, the energy travels through the air as an electromagnetic wave. A transmitter also has an amplifier that increases the intensity of the electromagnetic energy and an antenna that broadcasts it into the air. A radio receiver is just the reverse of the transmitter: It picks up electromagnetic waves with an antenna and converts them back into an

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electrical current. At its heart, radio is just the transmission of electromagnetic waves through space. Radar is the use of radio waves to detect and monitor various objects. The simplest function of radar is to tell you how far away an object is. To do this, the radar device emits a concentrated radio wave and listens for any echo. If there is an object in the path of the radio wave, it will reflect some of the electromagnetic energy, and the radio wave will bounce back to the radar device. Radio waves move through the air at a constant speed (the speed of light), so the radar device can calculate how far away the object is based on how long it takes the radio signal to return. Radar can also be used to measure the speed of an object, due to a phenomenon called Doppler shift. Like sound waves, radio waves have a certain frequency, the number of oscillations per unit of time. When the radar gun and the car are both standing still, the echo will have the same wave frequency as the original signal. Each part of the signal is reflected when it reaches the car, mirroring the original signal exactly. But when the car is moving, each part of the radio signal is reflected at a different point in space, which changes the wave pattern. When the car is moving away from the radar gun, the second segment of the signal has to travel a greater distance to reach the car than the first segment of the signal. As you can see in the diagram below, this has the effect of "stretching out" the wave, or lowering its frequency. If the car is moving toward the radar gun, the second segment of the wave travels a shorter distance than the first segment before being reflected. As a result, the peaks and valleys of the wave get squeezed together: The frequency increases. Police officers have been catching speeders this way for more than 50 years. Recently, many police departments have added a new sort of speed detector, one that uses light instead of radio waves. In the next section, we'll see how these cutting-edge devices work. Lidar
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Photo courtesy K40 Electronics Two different lidar gun designs In the last section, we looked at the conventional radar guns police have been using since the 1950s. These days, more and more police departments are using laser speed guns rather than conventional radar. The basic element in a laser speed gun, also called a lidar gun (for light detection and ranging), is concentrated light.The lidar gun clocks the time it takes a burst of infrared light to reach a car, bounce off and return back to the starting point. By multiplying this time by the speed of light, the lidar system determines how far away the object is. Unlike traditional police radar, lidar does not measure change in wave frequency. Instead, it sends out many infrared laser bursts in a short period of time to collect multiple distances. By comparing these different distance samples, the system can calculate how fast the car is moving. These guns may take several hundred samples in less than half a second, so they are extremely accurate. Smile for the Camera! Police may use handheld lidar systems, just like conventional radar guns, but in many areas, the lidar system is completely automated. The gun shines the laser beam at an angle across the road and registers the speed of any car that passes by (the system makes a mathematical adjustment to account for the angle of view).

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When a speeding car is detected, the system triggers a small camera, which takes a picture of the car's license plate and the driver's face. Since the automated system has collected all of the evidence the police need, the central office simply issues a ticket and sends it to the speeder in the mail. Based on how much the frequency changes, a radar gun can calculate how quickly a car is moving toward it or away from it. If the radar gun is used inside a moving police car, its own movement must also be factored in. For example, if the police car is going 50 miles per hour and the gun detects that the target is moving away at 20 miles per hour, the target must be driving at 70 miles per hour. If the radar gun determines that the target is not moving toward or away from the police car, than the target is driving at exactly 50 miles per hour.

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Question 2# Why do microwave ovens cook faster than conventional ovens? Answer 2# Microwave ovens use microwave rays to cause the food particles to vibrate and so they heat up faster while ovens burn fuel or use electricity to produce heat. This heat then transfers to the food particles and heat them which takes longer as some of the heat produced is lost by radiation, condcuation and convection. Microwave ovens are quick and convenient. Unlike a conventional oven, which heats food from the outside, a microwave cooks by heating the dish from the inside out using radio waves. This means that, in comparison to conventional ovens, microwave ovens are energy-saving anyway; a conventional oven has to heat up, whereas a microwave can be used immediately. In fact, microwave ovens use 50 percent less energy that conventional ones; they are particularly energy-efficient when it comes to tasks such as defrosting. How do microwaves cook food?

A microwave oven has several main parts. Inside the strong metal box, there is a microwave generator called a magnetron. When you start cooking, the
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magnetron takes electricity from the power outlet and converts it into highpowered, 12-cm radio waves. It blasts these waves into the food compartment through a channel called a wave guide. The food sits on a turntable, spinning slowly round so the microwaves cook it evenly. When the microwaves reach the food, they don't simply bounce off. Just as radio waves can pass straight through the walls of your house, so microwaves penetrate inside the food. As they travel through it, they make the molecules inside it vibrate more quickly. Vibrating molecules have heat so, the faster the molecules vibrate, the hotter the food becomes. Thus the microwaves pass their energy onto the molecules in the food, rapidly heating it up. Conventional oven cooks at a slower pace and the microwave speeds up cooking time by using specially prepared, packed entrees. This paper will compare and contrast conventional ovens and microwave ovens. Conventional ovens can be found in a majority of homes around the world. Since its invention, consumers have found the conventional oven prepares food to their liking. It bakes food that is appealing to the human eye. "In a conventional oven, the heat has to migrate (by conduction) from the outside of the food toward the middle . This means the temperature of the oven must be set accordingly so foods do not burn before they are cooked in the middle (i.e. chicken, meatloaf, etc.). However, as technology advanced, the microwave oven was introduced. Microwave ovens are the answer to the consumer who does not have the time to wait for a meal. Using radio waves to cook specially prepared, packaged foods, a person can prepare a full-course meal in a matter of minutes. "In a microwave oven, the air in the oven is at room temperature, so there is no way to form a crust". Microwaves cooks foods from the inside out and must use specially designed cookware (called sleeves) to "brown" or even "fry" foods. In conclusion, conventional and microwave ovens both cook foods. The differences between the two are the methods used to prepare foods. Conventional ovens use dry heat and brown foods at slower temperatures. Most cooks prefer the use of conventional ovens to brown.
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Question 3# How do night-vision goggles work? Explain. Answer 3# A beam of infrared light is sent out which is invisible to the human eye. However just like a digital camera the goggles can pick up the infrared light and convert it into the visible spectrum and display it on an small LCD screen inside the goggles. Wearing these on guard duty a couple years ago I found them very strange. First all you have no depth perception and if you look at anything too bright you're gone to get blinded (temporary). The first thing you probably think of when you see the words night vision is a spy or action movie you've seen, in which someone straps on a pair of night-vision goggles to find someone else in a dark building on a moonless night. And you may have wondered "Do those things really work? Can you actually see in the dark?"

The answer is most definitely yes. With the proper nightvision equipment, you can see a person standing over 200 yards (183 m) away on a moonless, cloudy night! Night vision can work in two very different ways, depending on the technology used. Image enhancement - This works by collecting the tiny amounts of light, including the lower portion of the infrared light spectrum, that are present but may be imperceptible to our eyes, and amplifying it to the point that we can easily observe the image.

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Thermal imaging - This technology operates by capturing the upper portion of the infrared light spectrum, which is emitted as heat by objects instead of simply reflected as light. Hotter objects, such as warm bodies, emit more of this light than cooler objects like trees or buildings. There are two type of 'nightvision' that are commonly used -- passive and active. Passive (often called 'starlight vision') nightvision equipment simply amplifies the available light and will not work in absolute darkness. It is similar in principle to adjusting the contrast (difference between light and dark) of a picture. [see the additional answer below] Active night vision, like the type found on many new camcorders, actually projects an near-infrared light source out. The optics in the camera are sensitive to this spectrum, but it is just out of visual range so you can't see it. Some military equipment uses ultraviolet radiation instead of near-infrared because of the potential interference with common devices (like remote controls) and ease of detection.Night vision goggles depend on the photo electric effect. This effect was first discovered experimentally by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and explained by Albert Einstein in 1905 using quantum theory. Basically when a polished plate is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, it may emit electrons. These electrons are referred to as photoelectrons. These electrons are only emitted if the frequency of the incident light exceeds a threshold value f>f0. The threshold value for, depends on the particular metal. The magnitude of the emitted current of electrons depends on the intensity of the light source and the kinetic energy dependent on the frequency of the light source. In the night vision goggles the photoelectric effect is used to amplify the presence of individual photons. A lens system sends any collected light to a glass plate coated with a photoelectric material on the back side. The photoelectrons are accelerated through a potential difference of several hundred volts to a 'channel plate' containing many fine holes about 10 microns in diameter. This hole has a conducting surface and an additional potential difference from one side of the plate to another. When a photoelectron strikes a hole, it ionizes atoms at the
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point of impact. This in turn releases several electrons, which are accelerated farther down the hole to produce even more electrons. This part of the device is called a photomultiplier. The result of this device is tens of thousands of electrons leave the hole. These electrons are further accelerated to strike a fluorescent screen, where the effects can easily be seen by the eyes. Noise keeps this device from being infinitely sensitive. Photons arriving on the photoelectric surface are discreet and hence the numbers fluctuate with time. The smaller the rate of arrival the larger the the fluctuation of any given pixel. This manifests itself as a fluctuating brightness called 'photon noise'. To combat this, the arriving photons are integrated for longer periods by using a fluorescent screen in which the brightness builds up and decays slowly. There are limits to the integration time. Too long an integration time will cause images to become 'smeared' across the screen. Here's how thermal imaging works: 1. A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the objects in view. 2. The focused light is scanned by a phased array of infrared-detector elements. The detector elements create a very detailed temperature pattern called a thermogram. It only takes about one-thirtieth of a second for the detector array to obtain the temperature information to make the thermogram. This information is obtained from several thousand points in the field of view of the detector array. 3. The thermogram created by the detector elements is translated into electric impulses. 4. The impulses are sent to a signal-processing unit, a circuit board with a dedicated chip that translates the information from the elements into data for the display. 5. The signal-processing unit sends the information to the display, where it appears as various colors depending on the intensity of the infrared emission. The combination of all the impulses from all of the elements creates the image.

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Image courtesy of Infrared, Inc. The basic components of a thermal-imaging system Types of Thermal Imaging Devices Most thermal-imaging devices scan at a rate of 30 times per second. They can sense temperatures ranging from -4 degrees Fahrenheit (-20 degrees Celsius) to 3,600 F (2,000 C), and can normally detect changes in temperature of about 0.4 F (0.2 C).

Image courtesy of Infrared, Inc. It is quite easy to see everything during the day...

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Image courtesy of Infrared, Inc. ...but at night, you can see very little.

Image courtesy of Infrared, Inc. Thermal imaging lets you see again. There are two common types of thermal-imaging (night-vision goggle) devices: Un-cooled - This is the most common type of thermal-imaging device. The infrared-detector elements are contained in a unit that operates at room temperature. This type of system is completely quiet, activates immediately and has the battery built right in. Cryogenically cooled - More expensive and more susceptible to damage from rugged use, these systems have the elements sealed inside a container that cools them to below 32 F (zero C). The advantage of such a system is the incredible resolution and sensitivity that result from cooling the elements. Cryogenicallycooled systems can "see" a difference as small as 0.2 F (0.1 C) from more than 1,000 ft (300 m) away, which is enough to tell if a person is holding a gun at that distance! While thermal imaging is great for detecting people or working in near-absolute darkness, most night-vision equipment uses image-enhancement technology.
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A. Electromagnetic Waves http://www.buzzle.com/articles/properties-of-electromagneticwaves.html B. Electromagnetic Waves http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html C. Electromagnetic Spectrums http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html D. Electromagnetic Spectrums http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum E. Electromagnetic Waves http://www.scribd.com/doc/1026882/Nota-Padat-Fizik-F5-Waves F. Electromagnetic Waves http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjOGNVH3D4Y G. UV Rays http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/You-Me-and-UV/Science-Ideasand-Concepts/Positive-and-negative-effects-of-UV H. http://www.blurtit.com/q747916.html I. Gamma Rays http://www.ehow.com/list_7608453_negative-effects-gamma-rays.html J. Radar Waves http://www.howstuffworks.com/radar-detector1.htm K. Microwave ovens vs Conventional ovens http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_cook_in_microwave_more_efficient_than _in_conventional_ovens L. Microwave ovens vs Conventional ovens http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Conventional-Ovens-Vs-MicrowaveOvens/111031 M. Night-vision goggles http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/othergadgets/nightvision.htm N. Night-vision goggles http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae356.cfm O. Reference book : FOCUS Super hot SPM Physic
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Conclusion In this past year, I have learned so many things about Physic including this topic. So, this is summary of what I ve got : Electromagnetic radiation is a flood of energy through space nearly the speed of light these waves are important in the live. it appear in many forms. all living organisms on Earth depend on electromagnetic radiation from the sun. there are many types of electromagnetic such as; x-ray, visible, radio waves. Electromagnetic spectrum used to extend frequencies from the very lowest frequencies to the highest possible frequencies. These waves includes in the life such as; radar,cooking, etc The electromagnetic radiation nowadays in metropolis environment may have no harmful effects on teenagers' electrocardiogram and have harmful effects on teenagers' blood leucocyte-mainly showing decreased total blood leucocyte number, increased percentages of monocyte and eosinophil number. Picture :

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