ASSIGNMENT1 UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

1. Define embedded system with examples and suitable diagram. 2. Classify embedded systems and explain them in detail. 3. Give the difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller in detail. 4. Differentiate between RISC and CISC architecture. 5. Differentiate between Von- Neumann and Harvard architecture. 6. Describe the use of power supply in embedded systems. 7. Describe the use of Clocking Unit supply in embedded systems. 8. Describe the use of RTC in embedded systems. 9. Describe the use of reset circuitry in embedded systems. 10. Describe the use of Memory types in embedded systems. 11. Describe the use of IO ports/ bus and interfaces in embedded systems. 12. Describe the use of Interrupt Handler in embedded systems. 13. Describe the use of DAC in embedded systems. 14. Describe the use of LCD/LED in embedded systems. 15. Describe the use of Keypad in embedded systems. 16. Explain the working of timers and counters with suitable diagram. 17. Explain the working of serial and parallel ports in detail with suitable diagram. 18. Define Assembler, Cross Assembler, Linker, Complier, Cross Compiler and Loader. 19. Define a device driver. 20. Explain VLSI and SOC. 21. What types of hardware parts are typically found in ES? Write in brief.
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22. Define ES. What are the difficulties encountered while writing S/W for ES? 23. What is difference between desktop computer OS & the real time OS of an ES? 24. Mention different applications of ES. 25. On what basis ES differ from a computer? 26. Define Process, Tasks and Threads.

ASSIGNMENT 2 UNIT I MICROCONTROLLERS 1. Give the difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller in detail. 2. State how memory is classified on the basis of write ability and storage permanence 3. Explain how external memory can be wired to a Microcontroller Unit with diagram. 4. Define control store. 5.List the peripheral devices that can be used with microcontrollers. 6. Write major differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller. 7. Discuss the evolution of microcontrollers. What are the applications of microcontrollers? 8. What is the role of RAM in an embedded system? Explain how SRAM and DRAM are constructed and used? 9. What are the different ways of classifying the types of microcontrollers? 10. List differences between RISC and CISC microcontrollers? 11. What is the difference between an embedded and external memory microcontroller? 12. Explain Von Neumann Architecture with diagram 13. Explain Harvard Architecture with diagram 14. Explain Princeton Architecture with diagram 15. What types of hardware parts are typically found in ES? Write in brief. 16. Describe the use of reset circuitry, IO ports/ bus and interfaces in embedded systems.

17. Explain the construction and working of a) Mask ROM b) EPROM memory cell 18. Explain how hardware interface registers (I/O space) are addressed in a) Princeton architecture b) Harvard architecture. 19. Explain how interrupts are handled by a microcontroller. 20. Explain a) Timer used for pulse measurement b) Timer with interval reload c)Timer with PWM signal output.

ASSIGNMENT 3 MICROCONTROLLER HARDWARE 1. Give the format of PSW register of 8051. 2. What is special function registers? 3. What is the use of PCON register? 4. State the function of RS0 and RS1 bits of PSW? 5. Give the interrupt priorities of 8051. 6. List the addressing modes of 8051. 7. What is the use of TCON register? 8. What is the RAM size of 8051? 9. What is the ROM size of 8051? 10. What is the use of B-register in 8051? 11. Explain the memory organization in 8051 controller. 12. Explain TCON and TMOD registers of 8051, with help of timer/counter control logic 13. Describe the architecture of 8051 with a neat diagram. 14. Explain the interrupt structure of 8051 15. Explain various modes available for timer in 8051. 16. Write a program to clear ACC, and then add 3 to the accumulator ten times 17. Write a program to copy a block of 10 bytes from RAM location starting at 37h to RAM location starting at 59h. 18. Write a program to add 34 to 49 BCD 19. Differentiate RRA and RRC A instructions of 8051. 20. Write a program to place the number 3BH in internal RAM locations 30H to 32H
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8051 INSTRUCTION SET 1. Write a program to put the number 34H in registers R4, R5, R6 and R7 using different addressing modes 2. Explain the operation performed by the following instructions i) SWAP A ii) MOV c, b iii) DA A iv) SUBB A, Sr ii)PUSH and POP 3. Write a program to swap the contents of registers R6 and R7 in register bank 0 using i)register addressing mode 4. Use three different instructions to clear the contents of the A register 5. Write a program to add the unsigned numbers found in internal RAM locations 25H, 26H and 27H together and put the result in RAM locations 31H (MSB) and 30H (LSB) 6. Write a program to find the 2s complement of a number in R0. 7. Write a program to OR the contents of port 1 and 2; put the result in external RAM location 0100H 8. Write a program to add 1 to the A register using five different instructions. 9. Write a program to subtract the contents of R1 of Bank 0 from the contents of R0 of Bank2. 10. Write a program to add 2 16 bit numbers. 11. Explain the addressing modes of 8051 12 a) Write a program to swap the contents of registers R6 and R7 in register bank 0 using register addressing mode b) Write programs that will invert every bit in register R6 of bank 0 13. Explain the following instructions of 8051 with examples. i. CJNE destination, source, label ii. MUL AB

iii. RRC A iv. SWAP A v. SETB P2.0 14. Write the 8051 program and flowchart to find the average of given N numbers 15. Write the 8051 program and flowchart to transfer data from memory block1 to memory block2

UNIT III: TIMER PROGRAMMING AND INTERRUPTS 1. Describe the timer 0 and timer1 registers. 2. Draw and explain the bit pattern of the TMOD register. 3. Determine the timers clock frequency and its period for 8051 systems with following crystal frequencies i)12 MHz ii)11.0592 MHz 4. Explain the interrupt structure of the 8051 microcontroller. 5. What is the last instruction in most interrupt service routines? What does this instruction do? 6. Write 8051 program to initialize Timer 0 and Timer1 in mode 0.INT0 controls Timer0, and Timer1 is fully controlled by TR1 7. How does 8051 determine which interrupt to service when there are several pending interrupts? 8.Distinguish between (a)Maskable and non maskable interrupts (b)Vectored and non vectored interrupts 9.Describe the special function registers required to use 8051 interrupts? 10. Write a program to create a square wave of 50% duty cycle (with equal portions high and low) on the P1.5 bit. Timer 0 is used to generate the time delay 11.a)Write 8051 program to initialize Timer 0 in mode 2.(Load TH0 with preset value 55H and load TL0 with starter value 55H) wave of 50 Hz frequency on pin P2.3. to initialize timer 0 in auto reload mode. 13.a)What are the steps in executing an 8051 interrupt [5 Marks] [5 Marks] [10 Marks] b) Assuming XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a square 12.Discuss the various timer modes supported by 8051 and write a program

b) Show the instructions to (a) enable the serial interrupt, Timer 0 interrupt, and external hardware interrupt 1 (EX1), and (b) disable (mask) the Timer 0 interrupt, then (c) show how to disable all the interrupts with a single instruction. [10 Marks] 14. Write a program that continuously gets 8-bit data from P0 and sends it to P1 while simultaneously creating a square wave of 200 ms period on pin P2.1. Use Timer 0 to create the square wave. Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. 15. Assume that the INT1 pin is connected to a switch that is normally high. Whenever it goes low, it should turn on an LED. The LED is connected to P1.3 and is normally off. When it is turned on it should stay on for a fraction of a second. As long as the switch is pressed low, the LED should stay on.

UNIT IV SOFTWARE 1.State data types available in 8051 C compiler. State the points that must be considered while selecting the data type in 8051 C program. 2. State the various logical operators supported by 8051C 3. What is an integrated development environment? 4.Explain the function of Assembler and Linker 5.What is checksum byte? How is it useful for checking data integrity 6. Explain with example how 8051 C compiler uses RAM data space and code data space 7. Write a 8051 C program to toggle bit 0 of PORT P1 20,000 times 8. Explain the use of the following keywords in Keil C for 8051 programming with example (a) idata (b) sbit (c) interrupt (d)bdata (e)_at_ 9. Write a 8051 C program to monitor bit P1.5,If it is high send 00H to P0,otherwise 00H to P2. 10.Where can you initialize the interrupt service routines in the program memory? Discuss with the help of a programming example. 11.Describe the outline of the PIC 16F84 microcontroller 12. Write an 8051 C program to calculate checksum byte for given data of four bytes 18H,5AH,46H,69H.Describe checksum byte and how is it useful for checking data integrity. 13.What is the difference between a simulator and Emulator. 14.Describe memory organization of PIC 16F84 microcontroller.

UNIT V DESIGNING WITH MICROCONTROLLERS 1. Interface 8051 to a stepper motor and write a program to rotate it continuously .Explain with diagram. 2. Interface a 4X4 matrix keyboard to 8051 .Write the required block schematic and assembly language program. 3.(a) Interface an ADC to 8051 and write an ALP to convert analog input to digital .(b) Interface DAC 0808 to 8051 .Write an ALP to generate a triangular wave form 4. Write a program to rotate DC motor with different speeds in clockwise direction. Explain with diagram. 5. Write a program to display 0 to 9 in a seven segment display card using 8051 interfacing 6. With a diagram, explain the operation of Port 0 7. Explain the alternate functions of port 0 and port 2 8.Write a 8051 assembly program for staircase ramp generation using 8051 9.What do you mean by contact debounce ?How is the contact debouncing problem taken care of while interfacing keyboard with a microcontroller? 10.Why do you need a delay of around 1s while sending a new 7 segment code each time to a seven segment display? Explain with diagram. 11. What is the function of ALE and EOC pin in ADC 0808? 12. List the ports which have internal pull up resistors .List ports which have alternate functions. 13. What is key bounce? What is the software solution to a key bounce? 14. In a 4X4 Matrix keyboard, if 0 number key is pressed, then what is the condition of the column line in hexadecimal. List the steps to detect a key in

4x4 matrix keyboard. 15. List the registers in LCD .Name the control pins in LCD.