Report

http://technicalsupportindia.blogspot.
com/
The Sanatorium
(A Hospital Information System)
Project Report Submitted to REGIONAL CENTER (IGNOU) , LUCKNOW

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Master IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Under the Guidance of ******** Prepared by ********
ENRL.NO. **** ***
Regional Center, IGNOU Lucknow Year 2005
Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)
http://technicalsupportindia.blogspot.com/
Table of Content
1. Synopsis4 A. Title of project.4 B. Introduction..4 C. Objectives..4 D. Project Category.5 E. Data Flow Diagram6 F. ER-Diagram.15 G. Input Modules16 H. Output Of The Project20 I. Data Structure21 J. Tools And Environment.32 K. Hardware And Software Specification..32 L. Security Mechanism33 M. Future Scope..34 N. Further Enhancement.34 2. Guides Bio Data..35 3. Certificate Of Originality..36 4. Project Report37 A. Introduction.37 B. Objectives38 C. Identification of Needs.38 1. Draw Back Of Existing System39 2. Proposed System40 3. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION..40 1. FEASIBILITY STUDY.47 D. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PARADIGM51 1. Business modeling51 2. Data Modeling.53 3. Process Modeling..55 4. Application Generation55 5. Testing And Turn Over.55 E. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION..56 1. Objectives..56 2. Goals.56 3. USER REQUIREMENT.56 4. Interface..56 5. Informational description58 6. Functional description58 1. Input Screens59 2. Output Screens.71 3. Error Message75 7. External interface requirements75 F. Design Of System.76 G. Design Objectives.76 H. Design Overview77 1. High Level Design.77 2. Low Level Design..78 1. Default database design..78 2. Module design78 Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
3. User preferences..79 4. Generate the program79 5. Program specification.79 I. Design Design.79 J. Development Of Software.80 K. Development of Front-End81 L. Development Of Back End..368 M. Developing Laws Of Software.368 1. Performance Requirements....368 N. Code Efficiency...369 O. Code Optimization.369 P. Validation Checks..370 Q. Testing Technique And Strategies.371 1. Testing Strategies.373 R. System implementation..375 S. System Evaluation..376 T. Scope of future enhancement377 U. Maintenance378 V. Security Measures378 W. Cost Estimation of The Project..379 X. PERT Chart383 Y. Benefits of Sanatorium384 Bibliography386 Appendix A..387 Appendix B..388 Appendix C..388 Glossary.392
Synopsis
Title of the Project
The Sanatorium - (A Hospital Information System)
Introduction
Krishna Medical Centre, Lucknow (K. M. C.) is a prestigious hospital situated in the heart of Hazrat Ganj with a very large patient capacity. The popularity of this hospital is gaining momentum day by day because of the state-of-the art facilities provided here to the patients.
Its rich Medical Store serves to the purpose of the medicines of the patients who visit this hospital. The medical store currently is facing problems in maintaining its inventory and keeping its relations up-to-date with its suppliers. The Medical Store
issues medicines to the patients and also receives the unused medicines in good
condition from the patients to minimize wastage. With increasing number of patients this record keeping has become a burden and is no longer sustainable with the current manual system. It, therefore, badly needs an improved and efficient computerized system for maintaining its Inventory, Issue, and purchase activities.
The hospital treats both indoor patients and the outdoor patients. It has to maintain full information of the indoor patients as well as outdoor patients for the purpose of hospital; however, sometimes-external doctors are used to handle complicated cases. historical use. Doctors who serve to the hospital are the regular employees of the So the hospital needs to maintain its Doctors records separately along with the records of its other employees. All these operations are getting unmanageable day by day because of the stiff rise in data.
With an eye on the future, the Senior Management of K. M. C. has decided to invest records of its patients, employees, medical store, doctors etc and may also be able to pathology lab, which is also run as a service in the hospital.
into a computerized Hospital Management & Information System which may keep the handle its complete Accounting. It is also desirable to maintain the activities of
Objective
The Sanatorium is designed to achieve the following objectives: I. The system should be menu-driven and must have a user-friendly Graphical User Interface. II. When a patient comes for treatment and is admitted to the hospital his card should be filled and all jobs to be done should get listed. status of the medical store and vice-versa. pathology lab of the hospital. III. If the medical store issues medicines to patients, it should reduce the stock IV. It should be able to handle the test reports of patients conducted in the V. The inventory should be updated automatically whenever a transaction is made. The system should be able to ring an alarm if the stock level of certain medicines reaches the minimum level (Reorder Limit). record should be kept in the system for historical purposes. that this job need not be outsourced.
VI. The prescription of the Outdoor patients should be kept up to date and there VII. The accounting of the hospital should be integrated into the new system so VIII. The record and fee details of external doctors should be maintained separately with the internal doctors record. IX. Since the test results, treatment results and accounting information are software.
crucial to the hospital there must be a good security mechanism in the
X. While admitting a new patient room allocation and availability check for the same should be done by the system. XI. The system must have digital image processing facilities to process ultra
Project Category
sound & other reports, and Employees photographs.
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) + Computer Graphics The project falls under the category of Relational Database Management System. Since it also has a module for Image Processing so this project comes under the hybrid category of the RDBMS + Computer Graphics
Data Flow Diagrams
Based on the requirement analysis of the system the following are the data flow diagrams of the proposed system:
Fig: -Context Level Diagram
Fig:-0 Level Indoor Patient Information System
Fig:-1 Level Patient Information System (Deletion)
Fig:-0 Level Patient Registration System
Fig:-1 Level Patient Treatment System
Fig:-0 Level OPD Patient Information System
Fig:-1 Level OPD Patient Information System
Fig:-1 Level Purchase Medicine System
Fig:-1 Level Issue Medicine System
10
Fig:-1 Level Patient Appointment Information System
Fig:-1 Level Discharge Patient Information System
11
Fig:-0 Level Employee Information System
Fig:-1 Level Employee Information System (Deletion)
12
Fig:-1 Level Employee Information System (Update)
Fig:-1 Level Grant System
13
Fig:-0 Level Account Information System
Fig:-1 Level Account Information System
14
Fig:-1 Entity Relationship-Diagram
15
Input Modules
1. Purchase
The medical store purchases medicines from suppliers and make payment for only those items, which are up to, mark. This module handles this operation. It keeps the supplier only when Reorder Limit is reached in the inventory. Process Logic of Purchase Module First of all a list of items falling below the reorder limit are queried from the inventory file. Thereafter, a list of suppliers is prepared for each item. Order is placed with these suppliers. When the suppliers fulfill the orders, the supplied item is checked for updated with the item information. The payment is made for only those medicines, module. record of suppliers listed with what items they supply. An order is placed with the
damaged and expired medicines. Such medicines are returned. The inventory is which are found in good condition. This payment information is sent to the accounting
2. Indoor Patient
This module is responsible for keeping the records of indoor patients. This module tracks all the payments made by the patients in advance account. When a patient is admitted and a room is allotted, his card is issued which can be used by the patient in all further activities. Process Logic of Indoor Patient Module Whenever a patient is referred for admission into the hospital, his referral is checked admitted and advance payment is taken. The patient treatment card is generated which is used by the patient for all the treatment activities, patient undergoes. against the availability of rooms in the wards. If the request is accepted the patient is
3. Accounting
The accounting module works fine by collecting all the transaction information and generates medicine of accounting. Important reports generated by accounting module are Balance Sheet, P/L account, Cash flow statements, and fund flow statements, etc. The receipt generation is also the job of accounting section. Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)
16
Process Logic of A/C Module All income statements and all expense statements are gathered by accounting module and it processes those statements to generate the medicine of accountings, balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash and fund flow statements, Day Book, designed as per Govt. of India norms.
Bank Book, etc. This is a standard practice observed all over the India and is
4. Issue
This module handles all the activities related to the medicines issued to the indoor patients. Whenever medicines are issued to the patients it decreases the inventory
level. All these activities are updated automatically. The medicines issued to the patients are recorded in a data store, which is used as lookup while calculating the final bill of the patient. Process Logic of Issue Module Medicines are issued to those patients who are admitted in the hospital. Medicines are issued on the basis of doctors prescription. The patient has to produce the prescription before he could get any medicine from the store. Medicines, which are
available in the store, are issued to the patients. If the Payment DB of the Patient
shows insignificant amount, he is asked to deposit more sum. Once the sum is deposited, medicines are issued to the patient. If the patient has enough balance, the cost of the medicine is deducted and the information is stored in the Medical Issue DB.
5. OPD (Outdoor Patients)

Outdoor module handles the outdoor patients incoming into the hospital for their medical examination. They are referred to the respective doctors and are charged as per their bill. The records of Outdoor Patients are maintained in the hospital so that survey bodies.
vital reports regarding most common diseases should be presented to the medical Process Logic of OPD Module Outdoor patients are not admitted in the hospital. They arrive in the hospital, get examined by the doctor, pay the examination charges and walk out. No room
17
allotment is done for them. They may or may not arrive as per scheduled appointment. If, however, there is an appointment fixed beforehand its records are maintained. Appointments may be cancelled by the doctors and/or by the patients. Medicines are not issued to the outdoor patients, however, if they wish to purchase medicine from the hospital medical store they must produce their prescription. In this the inventory is updated accordingly. Sold medicines are not accepted by the store. generates the bill and gives the receipt.
case, no Medical Issue DB is updated. However, for all the sales made to the patient, All payments made by the patient, are sent to the accounting section, which
6. Discharge
When the indoor patients are relived from the hospital, this module comes into action. All the payments made by the patients in different accounts and the cost of all is sent to the accounting section, which receives the payment and generates the receipt for the same. Process Logic of Discharge Module bill all the expenses and payments made by the patient are read from respective A request of discharge comes from the patient and he asks for the bill. To print the
the services enjoyed by the patients are read and the final bill is generated. This bill
modules (Room Charges from Ward/Room module, Test fees from test module, Medicine DB from Issue module, etc). The bill is generated from the collected information and a bill is printed. This bill is sent into the accounting section where the
payment is made by the patient. When the payment is received from the patient by the accounting section, it generates the receipt for the same. With the discharge of the patient, the room status is also updated.
7. Ward & Room

There are many wards in the hospital located at different floors. These wards have a large number of rooms. Rooms have beds and beds are allotted to the patients. Even and comes into play when a new patient is required to be admitted. Process Logic of Ward & Room Module a complete room can be allotted to a patient. This module handles all these activities
18
When a new patient requests for admission, he is asked to specify which ward he will prefer. There are many wards viz. General Ward, Emergency Ward, etc. These wards patient specifies his ward a search is made to see if there are vacant rooms as per have different kinds of rooms, example, A.C., Deluxe, Premium, General, etc. When a the patients choice. If a match is found the room is allotted to the patient as soon as he makes the payment. If a match is not found the patient is asked for an alternative, the course of his treatment a patient may also shift his room as per his choice. if the patient is reluctant to such requests, his admission request is denied. During
8. Treatment
All the information regarding patients treatment are kept and produced by this module. Information regarding patients diagnosis, prescription, daily vital, test reports etc. is a part of this module. Process Logic of Treatment Module A doctor diagnoses the patients and refers them a few tests as required. This may not hold true every time. Besides, every time doctor treats an old patient it may check his previous treatment records as well as his daily vital. All this information is used as input by the doctor who then prescribes the patient normal treatment, an emergency treatment or an operation.
9. Employees
This module is where employees information is kept and maintained. This module is concerned acceptance/rejection etc. Employee type, grade, designation, currently assigned duty, and all other personal information of the employee including Date of Joining the module is fed as input to the Payroll Module. Process Logic of Employee Module This module receives update, delete, and add requests from the valid user and categories and subcategories. It also process leave applications of the employee and performs the same action on the Employee. It also registers employees under all the valid applications are accepted while the infeasible requests are denied. It also with Employees addition, deletion, updating, leave application
Hospital is maintained by this module. The leave and absence information of this
19
tracks Employees regularity by recording their absence. For all those a day (except
holidays) for which employee is not marked absent, he is considered present. This requirements of the system.
method reduces the need to record the daily attendance and hence reduce memory
Output of the Project

Report generation is a major activity handled by this software. Depending upon the needs of the management of Krishna Medical Centre this software produces the following reports: 1. Indoor Patient Register: - This report gives the information of all the patients who are currently admitted in the Hospital. patients of the Hospital. 2. OPD Patient Register: - This report gives the information of all the OPD 3. Employee Register: - This report outputs the information of all the employees in the Hospital. This report can be classified as per need and may be used to generate Employees list according to their grade, type or designation. 4. Bed Register: - This report Show the Information of All the beds in Hospital. 5. Fee Collection: - This report generates the fees collected by the Hospital to a patient. This Report Contain Registration Fee, Testing Fee etc. Purchase made by medical store. hospital at a specific time period. 6. Purchase Report: - As the name suggests it generates the Report of all the 7. Profit & Loss Report: - This report generates the profit & loss made by 8. Issue Report: - This report generates the information of all the medicine book.
issued by the library. This report may be useful in analyzing the most popular
9. Return Report: - This report informs the user about which medicine are returned and which are not returned by the patient.
20
10. Balance Sheet Report: - This report generates the balance sheet of hospital at a specific time period. patient. 11. Daily Vital Report: - This report generates the list of daily vital report of opd
Data Structure
Table Name :-> admission Column Name Length Refno 4 Name 50 Catname 50 bedno 4 Doa 8 Dod 8 status 50 docincharge 250 diagnosis 250 Aot 8 Dot 8 Table Name :-> ADDRESS Column Name Length ACCODE 6 CONTACT 50 ADDRESS 255 CSTNO 15 CSTDT 8 LSTNO 15 LSTDT 8 PH_O 25 PH_R 25 FAX 25 EMAIL 100 Table Name :-> apnt Column Name Length AptNo 4 RefNo 4 name 100 doap 8 time1 8 surgeon 100 nameofsur 100 placeofsur 100 anas 100 instopat 250 notes 250 Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Int Date Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Date Date Column Type Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Date Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Column Type Int Int Varchar Date Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No Constraints Primary Key
Constraints Primary Key
Constraints Primary Key Foreign Key
21
Table Name :-> beddetail Column Name Length catcode 4 bedno 50 detail 50 status 50 refno 4 rate 4
Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Varchar Int Int
Allow Null No No No No No No
Table Name :-> bill Column Name Length BillNo 4 billdate 8 SerialNo 4 Estimate_Amount 4 discount 4 Advance 4 Total_Due 4 Amount_paid 4 Balance 4 RegistrationNo 4 paidby 50 status 50 Table Name :-> billdetail Column Name Length BillNo 4 Discription 50 Amount 4 Table Name :-> billmast Column Name Length BillCode 4 Discription 50 Amount 8 Table Name :-> DateWiseInvest Column Name Length Regno 4 invest_date 8 XRAY 50 EDD 50 HIV 50 HBs 50 GPRH 50 VDRL 50 Gravindex_Text 50 PPBS 50 FBS 50 MH 50 HB 50
Column Type Int Date Int Int Int Int Int Int Int Int Varchar Varchar Column Type Int Varchar Int Column Type Int Varchar Decimal Column Type Int Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar
Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No Allow Null No No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Foreign Key
22
OBST URINE USG DIABETES HYPER GENERALcase pCASE
50 50 50 50 50 50 230
Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar nvarchar Column Type Varchar Varchar Column Type Int Varchar Column Type Int Varchar Int Varchar Varchar Date Int Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Date Date Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar nvarchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar nvarchar nvarchar Varchar
No No No No No No No Allow Null No No Allow Null No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No Constraints Primary Key
Table Name :-> Department Column Name Length DCode 4 DepartmentName 50 Table Name :-> DiMast Column Name Length dicode 4 diname 250 Table Name :-> DischargeTicket Column Name Length regno 4 name 50 Age 4 Sex 50 dname 50 Doa 8 Bno 4 bcateg 50 Dod 8 diag 50 invest 50 treat 50 advise 50 Toa 8 Tod 8 Table Name :-> DocMast Column Name Length Id 4 title 50 fname 100 mname 100 lname 100 iden 250 speciality 250 address 203 city 200 pincode 100 phoneoff 100 phoneres 100 mobile 100 notes 230 hospital 230 AccountNo 50
23
Table Name :-> DocTemp Column Name Length regno 4 patname 50 type 50 fees 4 vdate 8 dname 50
Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Int Date Varchar
Allow Null No No No No No No
Table Name :-> DrAnas Column Name Length dateofsur 8 amount 4 optno 4 regno 4 pname 50 Table Name :-> ITEM Column Name Length ItemCode 5 Item_Desc 50 IGCode 4 ManufCode 4 Packing 50 PharmasistName 50 ReOrderLevel 4 OverFlowLevel 4 Sale_Rate 8 Purch_Rate 8 Remark 4 Table Name :-> Hospital Column Name Length Registration 4 registrationfees 4 dateOfMarriage 8 registration_date 8 company 50 Title 50 First_Name 50 Middle_Name 50 Last_Name 50 Date_of_birth 8 Sex 50 Age 4 Marital_Status 50 Blood_Group 50 Occupation 50 Religion 50 father_name 50
Column Type Date Int Int Int Varchar Column Type Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Int Int 5 5 Int Column Type Int Int Date Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Date Varchar Int Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar
Allow Null No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Constraints Foreign Key Foreign Key
Constraints Primary Key Foreign Key Foreign Key
24
Ref_Doctor_Name Ref_Tel Family_Doctor_Name Fem_Tel Notes Purpose_For_Visit Doctor_Incharge Street City State Country Zip Phone_R Phone_O E_mail cStreet cCity cState cCountry cZip cPhone_R cPhone_O cE_mail Gp_RH VDRL HIV HBs LMP EDD Gravindex_Text FBS PPBS PERSONAL_HISTORY HB MH URINE_EXAM OBST_HISTORY DIABETES USG GENERAL_EXAM HYPERTENSION registration_time OpdID AccountNO
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 230 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 8 50 50
Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar nvarchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Column Type Varchar 4 131 5 5
No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No
Foreign Key Foreign Key Constraints Primary Key Foreign Key
Table Name :-> ITEMSIZE Column Name Length ICODE 5 ISIZE 4 STOCK 19 OPPRCHRATE 8 PRCHRATE 8 Table Name :-> Ledger
25
Column Name ID VTYPE VNO VDATE ICODE ISIZE QTY Rate Free
Length 4 2 6 8 5 4 19 8 4
Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Date Varchar 4 131 5 Int
Allow Null No No No No No No No No No
Foreign Key Foreign Key
Table Name :-> OPDBillDetail Column Name Length BillNo 4 SerialNo 4 Discription 50 Amount 4 Table Name :-> MANUFACTURER Column Name Length ManufCode 4 Manuf_Desc 50 Table Name :-> ITEMGROUP Column Name Length IGCode 4 IGDesc 50 Table Name :-> OPD Column Name Length regno 4 dor 8 regfee 4 tim 8 sex 50 age 50 docincharge 100 address 250 company 50 Title 50 FName 50 MName 50 LName 50 Table Name :-> OPDbill Column Name Length BillNo 4 BillDate 8 SerialNo 4 Estimate_Amount 4 discount 4
Column Type Int Int Varchar Int Column Type Varchar Varchar Column Type Varchar Varchar Column Type Int Date Int Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Column Type Int Date Int Int Int
Allow Null No No No No Allow Null No No Allow Null No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No
Constraints Primary Key Foreign Key Constraints Primary Key
26
Advance Total_Due Amount_paid Balance RegistrationNo paidby status
4 4 4 4 4 50 50
Int Int Int Int Int Varchar Varchar Column Type Int Varchar
No No No No No No No Allow Null No No
Foreign Key
Table Name :-> Remark Column Name Length sno 4 remark1 250 Table Name :-> OPDPres Column Name Length RefNo 4 cDate 8 Age 4 Sex 50 weight 50 bp 50 dateofmarriage 8 Name 50 DoctorID 50 DiseaseName 50 Title_Head 50 Prescription 536870910 Table Name :-> OPDUltraSound Column Name Length ultradate 8 id 4 name 100 lmp 50 edd 50 dgaweek 50 dgadays 50 Foetus 50 bpd 50 bpdweek 50 bpddays 50 fl 50 flweek 50 fldays 50 ac 50 acweek 50 acdays 50 fweight 50 ImpressGA 50 liquor 50 ImpressW 50 Placenta 50
Column Type Int Date Int Varchar Varchar Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar nvarchar Column Type Date Int Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar
Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Foreign Key
27
Table Name :-> OptNote Column Name Length optno 4 refno 4 name 250 surgeon 250 dateofsur 8 assis1 200 assis2 200 anes 100 sthr 8 cohr 8 finding 536870910 pro 536870910 outcome 536870910 dramount 4 anamount 4 Table Name :-> Prescription Column Name Length ID 4 RefNo 4 cDate 8 Age 4 Sex 50 weight 50 bp 50 dateofmarriage 8 Name 50 DoctorID 50 DiseaseID 50 Title_Head 50 Prescription 230 Table Name :-> Purchase Column Name Length ID 4 VTYPE 2 VNO 6 VDATE 8 ACCODE 6 ACDESC 100 SUPP_INV_NO 10 SUPP_INV_DATE 8 PROD_VALUE 19 NET_PAYABLE 19 REMARK 100 CARTAGE 4 TAX 4 Table Name :-> PurchaseDetail Column Name Length VNo 50
Column Type Int Int Varchar Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Date Date nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar Int Int
Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Column Type Int Int Date Int Varchar Varchar Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar nvarchar Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Date 131 131 Varchar 4 4 Column Type Varchar
Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No
Foreign Key Foreign Key
Constraints Primary Key Foreign Key Foreign Key
28
VType ProductCode ExpDate MFGDate Qty BatchNo
50 50 8 8 4 50
Varchar Varchar Date Date Int Varchar Column Type Int Varchar
No No No No No No Allow Null No No
Foreign Key
Table Name :-> WorkMast Column Name Length workcode 4 workname 250
Table Name :-> Sale Column Name Length ID 4 VTYPE 2 VNO 6 VDATE 8 ACCODE 6 ACDESC 100 SALESMANCODE 6 PROD_VALUE 19 DISCPER 19 DISCOUNT 19 TAXPER 4 TAXAMT 8 NET_PAYABLE 19 REMARK 100 Table Name :-> SUPMAST Column Name Length ID 4 COMPNAME 250 NAME 250 STREET1 250 STREET2 250 CITY 250 PINCODE 250 PHONE1 250 PHONE2 250 FAX 250 MOBILE 250 WEB 250 NOTES 230 opbal 4 type 50 Table Name :-> UltraSound1 Column Name Length ultradate 8 id 4
Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Decimal Decimal Decimal Int Decimal Decimal Varchar Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar nvarchar Int Varchar Column Type Date Int
Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Allow Null No No
29
name lmp edd dgaweek dgadays Foetus bpd bpdweek bpddays fl flweek fldays ac acweek acdays fweight ImpressGA liquor ImpressW Placenta
100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar
No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Table Name :-> VISIT Column Name Length RegNo 4 sno 4 dat 50 Compl 150 Temp 4 BP 4 bp2 4 Weight 50 gencond 50 pulse 4 rr 4 pa 50 neuropupil 50 neuroplanter 50 vtime 50 neuropupil1 50 neuropupil2 50 neuropupil3 50 neuroplanter1 50 Table Name :-> Voucher Column Name Length SNO 4 VTYPE 2 VNO 6 VDATE 8 ACCODE 6 ACCONTRA 6 DRAMT 8 CRAMT 8
Column Type Int Int Varchar Varchar Int Int Int Varchar Varchar Int Int Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Decimal Decimal
Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No
Foreign Key
30
DRCR NARR
1 536870910
Varchar nvarchar Column Type Int Int Date Varchar Varchar Varchar Currency nvarchar
No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No Constraints Primary Key
Table Name :-> Workdone Column Name Length serialno 4 regno 4 visitdate 8 patientName 50 AttendingDoc 50 workdone 50 amount 8 remark 536870910
Table Name :-> UserAuditDetails Column Name Length ReportId 50 FormAffected 50 PreviousRights 50 NewRights 50 Table Name :-> UserAuditTrail Column Name Length ReportId 50 Executioner 50 Appliedon 50 Date 8 ActionId 50 Remarks 50 Table Name :-> UserPermission Column Name Length UserId 50 FormName 50 Permission 50 Table Name :-> Users Column Name Length UserId 50 Password 50 UserName 50 EmployeeId 50 DateofCreation 8 CurrentStatus 50
Column Type Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Column Type Varchar Varchar Varchar Date Varchar Varchar Column Type Varchar Varchar Varchar Column Type Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar Date Varchar
Allow Null No No No No Allow Null No No No No No No Allow Null No No No Allow Null No No No No No No
Foreign Key
Constraints Foreign Key
31
Tools/Environment Used
Back-End Front-End : : MS SQL SERVER 2000 MS Visual Basic 6.0
Hardware/Software Specification
The Hardware requirements for this system are tabulated as follows: Hardware Computer Memory (RAM) Hard disk space Monitor Pointing device CD-ROM drive Intel or compatible Pentium 500 MHz or higher. 128 MB Minimum; 256 MB Recommended 1 GB for the database and the client software. VGA or higher resolution. 800x600 or higher resolution required for the SQL Server graphical tools Microsoft Mouse or compatible Required for installation purposes only. Minimum requirements
The Software requirements for this system are tabulated as follows: The ability to support a large number of operating systems makes this software unique. SQL Server edition or component Enterprise Edition Operating system requirement Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0, Microsoft Windows NT Server Enterprise Edition 4.0, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Data Center Server.
Security Mechanism
The system has been designed to stand against damage (physical and logical), errors, and unauthorized access. Password facility has been incorporated into it to access the GUI and database as well. Not only has this, the user name and the password been facilitated to be stored in a remote database in encrypted form. There are users levels and modified by the database administrator.
defined in the database having individual security levels, which can only be accessed
32
There is also a facility of changing and recovering forgotten passwords at the users
discretion. Nonetheless, the database administrator has the authority to alter the password and user level of a user without the prior permission of the user. He is also capable of adding and removing users from the database and can restrict the rights of an existing user. Audit control is another security measure used which protects the system from
external security breaches and internal fraud or embezzlement. System integrity is another security measure taken which concentrates on the functioning of hardware, database and supportive software, physical security, and operating procedures.
Future Scope
India where the belief Service to humanity is service to god- is hold strongly, hospitals are a common sight. There are at least 5-10 good hospitals in every city of India, which are rushed by patients. These hospitals are better accustomed to treat patients and fight diseases, than to handle a large amount of patients data and a lot of papers. A big hospital, like one dealt in this project, faces a large number of problems involving data maintenance, storage and mining. The manual system of data processing and record keeping is error prone, labor intensive and thus costly. It requires a lot of paper handling which further requires proper storage facilities. Moreover, this modus operandi adversely affects the smooth functioning of the organization. The Lifeline Information system helps in a great deal, to reduce manual labor of collecting and piling up data for later references, which is very often difficult to maintain, because of overwork or misplace of collected information. This system also figures out the human engineering considerations (ergonomics), which, in turn, has resulted in a user friendly, menu-driven Graphical User Interface. This system simplifies the upholding of large amount of data and the speed of processing is off the capacity of any manual system. It minimizes the time and efforts of the user with efficiency. It is possible at any point of time to extend the software to stand
33
at ceremony. This project is developed in such a way that any implementation or extension can be done easily. With so many outstanding features, it is expected that the proposed system (The Sanatorium) would find its use in hospitals.
Further Enhancement
are as follows: 1. Module for payroll generation.
There are few enhancements, which are pointed out, in the proposed system. They
2. Enhanced module for handling pathology lab. India.
3. A complete accounting system matching the VAT policy introduced by Govt. of 4. It must also interact with the world through the Internet. So there must be a web interface.
34
Name Fathers Name Date of Birth Address Phone No E-Mail
Guides Bio Data

: : : : : :
******** ******** ******** ******** ******** ********
Professional Qualification B.E. From Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College Gorakhpur Work Experience Presently Working as Project Manager in Amtech Soft wares since last 3 years
Date:Place:( Vipul Verma )
35
Certificate of originality
36
Project Report
Introduction
Krishna Medical Center, Lucknow (K. M. C.) is a prestigious hospital situated in the heart of Hazrat Ganj with a very large patient capacity. This number is increasing at a rapid pace with each passing day. The Management of the hospital is concerned with activities. The hospital also keeps the information of its employees. With an eye on the increasing effort in keeping the records of the patients and recording their the future, the Senior Management of Krishna Medical Center, Lucknow (K. M. C.) has decided to shift to a computerized hospital Management and Information System, which may keep the records of its patients, employees, and medical tests. Besides, it may be able to efficiently handle the Patient Evaluation track and Patient feedbacks.
Its rich Medical Store serves to the purpose of the medicines of the patients who visit this hospital. The medical store currently is facing problems in maintaining its inventory and keeping its relations up-to-date with its suppliers. The Medical Store
issues medicines to the patients and also receives the unused medicines in good this record keeping has become a burden and is no longer sustainable with the computerized system for maintaining its Inventory, Issue, and purchase activities.
condition from the patients to minimize wastage. With increasing number of patients current manual system. It, therefore, badly needs an improved and efficient The hospital treats both indoor patients and the outdoor patients. It has to maintain full information of the indoor patients as well as outdoor patients for the purpose of hospital; however, sometimes-external doctors are used to handle complicated cases. historical use. Doctors who serve to the hospital are the regular employees of the So the hospital needs to maintain its Doctors records separately along with the records of its other employees. All these operations are getting unmanageable day by day because of the stiff rise in data.
With an eye on the future, the Senior Management of K. M. C. has decided to invest records of its patients, employees, medical store, doctors etc and may also be able to pathology lab, which is also run as a service in the hospital.
into a computerized Hospital Management & Information System which may keep the handle its complete Accounting. It is also desirable to maintain the activities of
37
Objective
Objectives as Stated in Synopsis on Page No.
Identification of need:

Draw back in existing system:

In the Existing system a great amount of manual work has to be done. It gave extra presser on employee and required to be minimized. often take the advantage of manual work. Many time company suffer with many types of problems because employee The business of hospital is expending at a tremendous speed, number of heavy manual posting of the detail in the concerned files.
customer and transactions are also increasing, which has resulted in the Hospital employee cannot immediately satisfy the customer in case of past regarding to that query, thus increasing the response time.
information, because it takes a lot of time to search the information In filling record duplicate value of unique field can be written such as in purchase made by hospital i.e. item number. Finding out the detail regarding any information was very difficult, as the user has to go through all the books thoroughly. Since the system was not-on-line, absence of any concerned person create problem in case of any inquiry since the other person has to go through the heavy books which is next to impossible.
In case of error, no one can help the user except that person who is handling that portion of job. Considering the availability of the concerned person and according to month .it leads to great financial loss.
persons own schedule, processing was sometimes delayed for more than a Existing system has no systematic way since all the transaction of a transactions occur.
particular date been posted into the concerned file as and when the
38
The lack of security check is also found in existing system.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:
Developing a system is feasible if and only if it is beneficial and removes all the drawbacks of the existing system and also enhances the way of operation to make the operation performing easy. The user should be satisfied with its system would be futile. My basic aim is to develop this system is to improve its functionality and removes all the drawback of existing system. The proposed system can be summarized as: As Stated in synopsis on Page No.16
functionality. If system does not fulfill this requirement then developing that
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION:
The out come of preliminary investigation: In preliminary investigation we find out that the system can be categorized in for major department. basis. Opd department: this department deals with outdoor patients those come on daily Indoor department: this department deals with patient those get admitted in hospital and those undergoes with registration, investigation, test or other process. Medicine department: this department deals with sale/purchase of medicine.
Medicines are also issued to indoor patients, those charge in taken on discharge of that patient. Account department: This department deals with money transaction such as daybook, cashbooks, and payment Boucher etc. On the basis of these departments category the system is divided into many form. 1. Company Setup
In company setup, user can fill company details. These details will reflect in all the reports of this software. This is flexibility of this
39
software. User can change his company information according to his will. 2. Master Entry The purpose of master entry is to give the way to user to enter all master information once and use it, when it is required. In master entry we provide many options as follows: Doctor Master Entry The purpose of this option is to provide way to enter all doctors related whenever required. Department Entry The purpose of this option is to provide way to departments related Ward Master Entry The purpose of this option is to enter all rooms and beds information, which is used in patient registration process and bed shift process. Bill Master Entry The purpose of this option is to enter Bills Fee for all heads such as Glucose Fee, Daily vital charge etc. this information is used at the time of bill generation on discharge of patient. Account Group Entry The purpose of this option is to create accounts of all types used in organization creation to purchase, sale etc. these group will be used at the time of account organization. categories different type of related accounts such as account group of supplier, employee, in software whenever required. information once, which is used everywhere enter all information once, which is used everywhere in software
in
Create Account Entry
40
This process creates account for organization those will use in voucher entry and various report generation such as cashbook, bankbook etc. Item Group Entry Hospital purchase items of different type so to categories these item group those use at the time of purchase. Item Master Entry This form provide facility to fill item main or most frequently used item information to filled by used at one time and can be used at purchase time. This will make users work easy at purchase or sale can use it in purchase and sale form. Item Opening Entry The purpose of this form is to enter information of products opening quantity such as how many numbers of product are already available purchase time. 3. Patient Entry a. Indoor patient Entry The purpose of this process is to enter information of those patients who admitted in hospital and undergoes to many activities. Such ultrasound, discharge, bill generation. This is the main working module at the installation time of software. Those will use in stock, sale, and there is a need of this process through this process user creates item
time. Users have to enter information only into item master form and
registration, Admission, Prescription, Investigation such as testing, on patient all the process related to patients are conducted here.
Operation such as allotment of ward & bed to a patient is done in
registration operation. Information related to patient, whether it is Investigation report such as urine exam, FBS, X-Ray, HIV,
personal or related to illness is also entered here. Patients daily Hypertension, diabetes is also fed here. Information of patient used
41
anywhere in this system is provide by this process. This is most important part of system. b. Out door patient Entry This process handle all patients to come just for take medicine and for undergo in activities those are done on INDOOR Patients. 4. Transaction Entry Transaction entry deals with all purchase, sale, and purchase return, sale return. Purchase This process is used to feed purchase product information into database. information fed here affect purchase account, stock status. Issue/Sale This equipments. This process also affects stock status. Payment is also amount will be added to bill of that patient on discharge time. Deep account View This is special facility provided by us to user to let him investigate all accounts from one place. User can check all account in tree fashion. And can navigate form one account to base account. Such as form currents to bank or cash book, form cashbook to cash in hand, from cash in hand to detail of cash in hand source. This very mush useful is check account in organized way and in finding mistake. 5. Voucher Entry This module is related to account all the money transaction made in organization is handled in the form of voucher such as purchase voucher, sale organization for different purpose. voucher, and General voucher. There is four sort of voucher used in process deals with sale/issue medicine or other medical This deals with both credit and cash purchase .the consult of doctor. These patients do not get admitted, thus do not
made by customer/patient on basis of that sale. If sale is on credit then
42
Payment voucher This voucher is used to feed payment related information such as how much payment is made to whom on which date with detail narration of that payment.
Receipt voucher This voucher is used to feed receipt related information such as how narration of that receipt. much amount is received from whom on which date with detail
Contra voucher This voucher is a special type of voucher. If there are two parties, one is to pay some payment to organization and other is to receive some amount from that party and is also to pay organization. Then contra another. voucher is used which directly transfer amount from one account to
General voucher This voucher is used to feed general expenses related information such as electricity bill, repairing in building and other general expenses.
6. Inventory Report a. Sales register Sales register provides detail report about sale made by organization. both between two dates. b. Purchase register Purchase register is also like sales register. It also provides all facilities and option provides in sales register except that it deals purchase related information. c. Stock register Stock register provides information related to stock. Stock report can be viewed of particular group of item. It also gives option to show sale made on credit only or cash only or
43
d. Stock statement Stock statement is a statement that gives information of particular product on a particular date like opening quantity of that item, purchase quantity, sale quantity, closing quantity of that item between two dates. This statement is like a summery of all products. e. Stock ledger Stock ledger is a report of a single product, which provides summery report of particular selected product between two dates. 7. Account Report Account reports are actually the out come of accounting process which Ledger, Day book, Bank Book, Cash Book, Balance Sheet, Profit & Loss account. a. Opening trial Opening trial report is summery of organizations opening balance on a debit on a particular date. particular date. This report shows whether organization is on credit or produces many reports such as opening trial, Trial Balance, Financial
b. Trial Balance:
A trial balance is a list of the balance on all the accounts in the books, prepared as a document additional to the ledger after all the that the trail balance is not an account. It forms no part of the double transaction of a period has been entered. It must be carefully noted entry, nor does it appear in the actual books of account. It is a accounts.
statement drawn up as a test of the arithmetical accuracy of the ledger c. Financial ledger Financial ledger is actually a summery of all accounts debit, credit and balance. It shows all the transaction carried out in a particular account such as all debit and credit transaction form cash in hand account.
d. Day Book:
44
The daybook is ledger, which shows daily transaction summery. It is a book of original entry or journal as well as ledger account, bound separately for the sake off convenience.
e. Cash Book:
The cashbook is unique in accounting in that it plays a dual role. It is a separately for the sake off convenience. The cashbook is a part and parcel of the journal dues to the following reason: o book of original entry or journal as well as ledger account, bound
For the sake of convenience, the journal is divided into various subsidiary book or books of original entry, and the cashbook is one of them.
o All cash transaction is first at recorded in the cashbook

phonologically as they occur and ledger accounts are posted their form. Thus it acts as a subsidiary to the ledger. made in the cashbook.
o The analysis of the cash transaction under debit and credit is
f. Bank Book:
The Bankbook is unique in accounting in that it plays a dual role. It is a book of original entry or journal as well as ledger account, bound parcel of the journal dues to the following reason:
separately for the sake off convenience. The Bankbook is a part and For the sake of convenience, the journal is divided into various subsidiary book or books of original entry, and the Bankbook is one of them. All Bank transaction is first at recorded in the Bankbook phonologically as they occur and ledger accounts are posted their form. Thus it acts as a subsidiary to the ledger. made in the Bankbook.
The analysis of the Bank transaction under debit and credit is
45
g. Balance sheet:
The balance sheet is a summery of firms assets and liabilities. It provides information to profit & loss account. Balance sheet is a statement of financial position of a business unit disclosing at a given moment of time its assets, liabilities.
h. Profit & Loss account:

Profit and loss account measures the income generated by the entity. The income is generated from or with the use of its assets. Thus, the concern of the profit and loss account is the income arising out of the assets, rather than the assets themselves.
FEASIBILITY STUDY
Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing the process followed making this determination is called feasibility study. This of determines if a project can and should be taken. Once it has been determined that a project is feasible, the analyst can go ahead and prepare the project
specification which finalizes project requirements. Generally, feasibility studies written and oral feasibility report. The contents and recommendations of
are undertaken within right time constraints and normally culminate in a such a study will be used as a sound basis for deciding whether to proceed, postpone or cancel the project. Thus, since the feasibility study may lead to the commitment of large resources, it becomes necessary that it should be errors of judgment are made.
conducted competently and that no fundamental and that no fundamental There are following types of inter-related feasibility Technical feasibility Operational feasibility Economic feasibility Social feasibility Management feasibility
46
Legal feasibility
Time feasibility Technical feasibility:

This hardware that will successfully satisfy the user requirement. The include: is concerned with specifying equipment and software and
technical needs off the system may vary considerably, but might The facility to produce output in a given time. Response time under certain conditions. Ability to process a certain volume of transaction at a particular speed. Facility to communicate data to distant location.
In examining technical feasibility, configuration of the system is given
more importance than the actual make of hardware. The configuration should give the complete picture about the system requirements. What speeds of input and output should be achieved at particular quality of printing.
According to the definition of technical feasibility the compatibility between front-end and back-end is very important. In our project the 6.0 and SQL SERVER 2000 is very good. The speed of output is very compatibility of both is very good. The compatibility of VISUAL BASIC good, when we enter the data and click button then the response time
is very fast and give result very quickly. I never find difficulty when always smooth and constant. This software provides facility to
used complex query or heavy transaction. The speed of transaction is communicate data to distant location.
We use VISUAL BASIC 6.0. The designing of front-end of any project is very important so we select VISUAL BASIC 6.0 as front-end due to following reason:
47
Easy implementation of code. Well define interface with database. Well define hand shaking of SQL SERVER 2000. Easy debugging.
I have selected SQL SERVER 2000 because of the following number of reasons. Able to handle large data. Security. Robust RDBMS. Backup & recovery.
With the help of above support we remove defect of existing software. To
ensure that system does not halt in case of undesired situation or events. Problem affected of any module does not affect any module of the system. A change of hardware does not produce problem.
Operational Feasibility:
It is mainly related to human organizational and political aspects. The points to be considered are: What changes will be brought with the system? What organization structures are disturbed?
What new skills will be required? Do the existing staff members have these skills? If not, can they be trained in due course of time? At present stage all the work is done by manual. So, throughput and response time is too much. Major problem is lack of security check that was must to be applied. Finding out the detail regarding any information was very difficult,
because data store in different books and each books at different places. In field is not present.
case of any problem, no one can solve the problem until the master of this
48
that will look like a current structure of organization. But the system, which is, delivered by me, removes all the overheads. All the computational work will be done automatically in our system. Response time is very quick. At present communication is based on telephone or manual meet. After
I will not change the structure of organization. I will deliver a system
computerization the manual meet must be removed or avoid. Telephonic communication also avoids because with the help of Intranet we can the help of another person, which is on-line. At any time we can consult or users at same time. When the telephone is only medium to communicate to reservation of bandwidth. communicate each terminal and query of any subject solve very quickly with chatting more than one person at same time. Management can also talk all then the problem is only one person can talk each other not more than on due Now, we will explain the last point of operational feasibility .it is a shop
of hardware and he appoints engineer for hardware problem. So, he cant face operation so the training of this software is not a difficult task.
difficulty in hardware and all employees of company know about computers
Economic feasibility:
Economic analysis is the most frequently used technique for evaluating
the effectiveness of a proposed system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis: the procedure is to determine the benefits and saving that are expected from a proposed system and compare them with cost. If benefits
outweigh cost, a decision is taken to design and implement the system.
Otherwise, further justification or alternative in the proposed system will have effort that improves in accuracy at each phase of the system life cycle.
to be made if it is to have a chance of being approved. This is an ongoing Hence the engineer will not find any difficulty at the installation time and after response time.
installation user also newer find difficulty i.e. hang, slow speed or slow either dummy or lives. If I am developing a live project then it gives a lot of One project is compulsory for each student this project is
confidence. It is better for me and for company because, I am developing a
49
system with out any money. So every thing is in favor now, I can say the cost of this software is I think negligible. Hence the economical feasibility is very good.
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PARADIGM

In our project I have used RAD model. Rapid application development (RAD) is an incremental software development process model; that emphasizes an extremely short development cycle. The RAD model is a high-speed adaptive of the linear sequential model in which rapid development is achieved by using componentsbased construction. If requirements are well understood and project scope is constraint, the RAD process enables a development team to create a fully functional system with in very short time periods. The RAD approach encompasses the following phase: o o o o o Business modeling Data modeling Process modeling
Application modeling
Business modeling:
o o o o
Testing and turnover
Business modeling solves the following question in our project. What information drives the business process? What information is generated? Who process it? Where does the information go?
The goal of business process engineering is to define architectures that will enable a business to use information effectively. In our project I have determined, three different architecture of business objective and goals: o o o Data architecture Application architecture
Data architecture:
Technology architecture The data architecture provides framework for our project, to develop a
business function. The individual building blocks of the architecture are the
50
data objects that are used by the business. Data objects contain a set of attributes that define some aspect, quality, characteristics, or descriptor of the data that are being described. For example an information engineer might define the data object PATIENT. To more fully describe PATIENT, the following attribute are defined: Object: Attribute: PATIENT
Name
Company Name
Job classification & Purchase authority Product interest(s) Past purchase Quantity Price
Business addresses and contact information
Status of control
A RELATIONSHIP indicates how objects are connected to one another.
Once a set of data objects is defined, their relationships are identified.
Example: Now I am describing only one example of relationship among all the relationship, consider the Objects: CUSTOMER and PRODUCT A. The relationship PURCHASE; customer purchases A that a customer purchase between business functions, and organized within a database product A or product can connect the two objects. The object flows transformed to provide information that serves the needs of the business.
and
Application architecture:
within the data architecture for some business purpose. We consider the transaction. In our project context, the application architecture
In this concept we determine those element that transform objects
relationship architecture to be the system of program that performs this incorporate the role of customer/vender and business procedures that have not been automated. might
Technology infrastructure:
51
application
The Technology infrastructures provide the foundation for the data and architectures. This includes computers, operating systems,
network, and links storage. In our project we use Windows 98 as operating system, SQL SERVER 2000 for data storage, and security. For GUI we use VISUAL BASIC 6.0.
DATA MODELING:
refined into a set of data objects that are needed to support the business. relationships between these objects defined. Data objects Attributes The information flow defined as part of the business-modeling phase is
The characteristics (called attributes) of each object are identified and the In our project first we concentrate to establish the following points
Data object:
Relationship
In this project the data object is a representation of any composite
information that must be understand by software. By COMPOSITE INFORMATION, we mean something that has a number of different anything that produce or consumes information) data object properties or attributes. Data object can be external or internal (i.e., encapsulates data only there is no reference within a data object to
operations that act on the data. Therefore the data object can be represent as a table as bellow. The heading is the table reflects make part no, code, warrantee. attributes of the object .in this case, a product is defined in term of
52
Attributes:
R REPRE SENTATION OF D ATA OBJECT

Attributes define the properties of a data object.
TABULA
names, describe its characteristics, and in some cases, make reference to another object. Relationships:
Attribute
connected to one another. Now we will explain the relation with the help of our project component for example we consider two data using the simple notation as bellow: object, product and Medical Store. These objects can be represented
Relationships indicate the manner in which data object are
Medicine
Medical Store
CONNECTION BETWEEN OBJECTS
I have used more than one connection in our project for the following reason: Medical Store orders the Medicine Medical Store display Medicine Medical Store stock Medicine Medical Store sell Medicine
Medical Store purchase Medicine Medical Store return Medicine
53
The relationship as follows:
ORDER
PROCESS MODELING:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBJECTS
data to achieve the necessary information for implementing a business or retrieving a data object.
After defining the data in data modeling phase. I have transformed the
function. Processing descriptions are created for adding, modifying, deleting,
Application generation:
software using conventional third generation programming language the RAD process works to reuse existing program components or create reusable the software. RAD assumes the use of fourth generations. Rather than creating
component. In all cases automated tools are used to facilitate construction of
Testing and turnover:

components must be tested and all interfaces must be fully exercised. In the project process emphasizes reuse, many of the program
54
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

OBJECTIVE: Objective of the project define in the Page 3 of this Report Goals: Goal is describe in Page 3 of this report
USER REQUIREMENT
Interface Opd department
User wants to computerized all department of hospital:
Indoor department Medicine department
Account department
1. Company Setup 2. Master Entry Doctor Master Entry Department Entry
55
Ward Master Entry Bill Master Entry Account Group Entry Create Account Entry Item Group Entry Item Master Entry Item Opening Entry
3. Patient Entry a. Indoor patient Entry b. Out door patient Entry 4. Transaction Entry Purchase Issue/Sale Deep account View
5. Voucher Entry Payment voucher Receipt voucher Contra voucher General voucher
6. Inventory Report Sales register Purchase register Stock register Stock statement Stock ledger
7. Account Report Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)
56
Opening trial
Trial Balance:
Financial ledger
Day Book: Cash Book: Bank Book: Balance sheet: Profit & Loss account:
The following points to should be determined:
Registration should be done before any treatment is done to any

patient. Voucher number is auto and numeric field. Each voucher number must have narration. After 31st march voucher number start with 1. If user pays payment in cash and cheque then operator first input bank entry in bank-file then cash in cash file. A man /women can enroll more than one account head. We have some primary account and some sub account head. Primary account head does not create like sub account head
INFORMATION DESCRIPTION :
Informational description is described in detail. In synopsis on Page 3
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION:
57
The system use following input screens: Splash Screen
Login Screen
58
1. Company Setup
2. Master Entry Doctor Master Entry
Department Entry
59
Ward Master Entry
Bill Master Entry
60
Account Group Entry
Create Account Entry
61
Item Master Entry
Item Opening Entry
62
3. Patient Entry Indoor patient Entry
Out door patient Entry
63
4. Transaction Entry Purchase
Issue/Sale
64
Deep account View
5. Voucher Entry
65
Receipt voucher
Payment voucher
Contra voucher
66
1. Inventory Report Sales register
Purchase register
67
Stock register
Stock statement
68
Stock ledger
69
The system use following Output screens:

1. Account Report Opening trial
Trial Balance:
70
Financial ledger
Day Book:
71
Cash Book:
Bank Book:
72
Balance sheet:
Profit & Loss account:
73
Error messages
blank
At the minimum, following error messages are to be given. When any field is blank then gives error message, the particular field is When we input character in numeric field then give error message. When the data is less than or grater than range then gives error message. When unauthorized person accesses the data or any matter then gives error message. At searching when code is not matching then error the code is not present.
External interface requirements:

User Interface
User command: only one user command is required. The system should prompt for the input file form. 1. Data Flow Diagram 2. Design Constraints HARDWARE constraints PENTIUM/CELERON 433 MHz 2 64 M.B. RAM 3 50 M.B. SPACE (APPROXIMATELY) REQUIRED 4 14 MONITOR
3. SOFTWARE constraints OPERATING SYSTEM: WINDOWS 95/98/NT/2000. BACKEND FRONTEND : SQL SERVER 2000 : Visual Basic 6.0
74
DESIGNING OF SYSTEM
Purpose of designing of system is to state that how a system will meet the
requirement identified during system analysis, often refer to this stage as
logical design, in contrast to the process of developing program software, identifying reports, the requirement and output need by the system. Then the displays they expect from the system. This can also be done on a paper or on
which is referred to as physical design. System analysts being the process by specific data on each are pinpointed. Usually, designers sketch the form or the computer display with the help of automated system tools available. The
system design also describes the date to be input, calculated, or stored. procedures tell how to process the data and produce the output. Designers are
Individual date items and calculation procedures are written in detail. The responsible for providing programmers with complete and clearly outlined questions, clarify fuzzy areas, and handle problems that confront the programmers when using the design specifications. As the software is to be designed in VISUAL BASIC 6.0 and back-end SQL SERVER 2000, the concept of database is must for quantity designing. It will be designed of the database, designing of forms, designing of reports.
software specification. As programming starts, designers are able to answer
Unlikely the existing system, separate table have been created for specific details. In order to make the response time negligible; all the tables have created on the tables in which the number of records is very large. Therefore, been created in the memory file system (MFS). Moreover, indexes have been in the proposed system, search for a value has been made direct. This is contrast to the sequential search being done in the existing system have been taken care of in the system.
Design objectives:

The following goals were kept in mind while designing the new system: To reduce the manual works required to be done in the existing system. To avoid errors inherent in the manual works and hence make the output consistent and correct.
75
To improve the management of permanent information of the company by this information as efficient as possible.
keeping it is properly structured tables and to provide facilities to update To make the system complete menu-driven and hence user-friendly. This is necessary so that even non-programmers could use the system effectively and system could act as catalyst in achieving objective.
To make the systems compatibility i.e. it should fit in in the total, integrated system. To design the system in such a way that reduces feature maintenance and enhancement times and efforts. To make the system reliable, understandable and cost effective.
Design overview:
The design stage takes the final specification of the system from analysis and finds the best way of fulfilling them; give the technical environment and previous decision on required level of automation. The system design is carried out in two phases: Architectural design (high level design). Detailed design (low level design).
a. High Level Design: The high-level design maps the business system described in the program requirement specification to logical data structure. It involves: Identifying the entities: All the entities related to the module were identified, checked and consolidated. Identifying the relationship: The relationships between entities, within and outside the system were identified. Attribute defination:
76
The pertaining to the entities was identified and their field characteristics were specified. Normalization: The entities were normalized. After first and second normalization go to Dknf was achieved for all the entities of systems. Interface: Interfacing with other system was done and attributes related to were defined, entity relationship diagrams. b. Low Level Design: The low-level design maps the logical; model; have the system to a physical database design: Default database design: This utility create column and constraint definitions form the entity model and the table / entity mapping entered in CASE* dictionary. This database design can be refined according to your application regarding using can be refined according to your application regarding using the tables, columns sand key constraint definition screen to make amendments. The step involved here were: Module design: This screen is used to enter module information during the design stage of business system development. The application systems, function, Generation of table. Check constraint. Primary key. Unique key. Foreign key. external entities were identified. Once the entities and their attributes
77
tables and columns must already exist in CASE* dictionary before being referenced.
User preferences: Based on user preference like form name, validation of primary key, layout of forms, layout of fields. Creating title for forms, mandatory input field prompts etc. was incorporated here.
Generate the program: The program was generated based on the relationship specified and according to the user preferences.
Program specification:
The program specifications were written for the master, transaction, who does not know system will be able to code the logic. Field report, and queries. The logic for each fields, from were so that anyone validations and user-friendly error message were written as a part of activity carried out in the LLd stage. This is done mainly for two reasons: Saving the development time As the procedures will be common to many programs, keeping saves the development time substantially. Testing become easier As the procedures become an independent entity, it can be easily tested.
the program specification. Identifying common procedure is yet another
D ESI GN D ECI SI ON :
products like crystal report and back-end SQL SERVER 2000 has been chosen since the system has the following requirement and it categorized all: The system has been decided to develop on Visual Basic using its various
Large database and space management control
78
amount of database. It stores the data in the form of tables making optimal use of the available storage. To make efficient use of expensive hardware devices, its full control of space usage. Many concurrent database users
VISUAL BASIC 6.0 and back-end SQL SERVER 2000 supports the large
large number of concurrent users existing a variety of database application operating on the same data. High transaction processing performance VISUAL BASIC 6.0 with back-end SQL SERVER 2000 maintains the
Front-end VISUAL BASIC 6.0 and back-end SQL SERVER 2000 support
preceding features with a high degree of overall system performance. Database user does not suffer slow processing performance. Controlled availability
database level and sub-database level. For example, an administrator can disallow use of a specific application so that applicants data can be related, without affecting other application
SQL SERVER 2000 can selectively control the availability of data, at the
DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE
custom-designed programs. The choice depends on the cost of each option, the time available to write software, and the available to write software, ands the availability the permanent professional staff. In smaller firms, without programmers, outside of programmers. Typically, in large organizations computer programmers are part of programming service may be retained on a contractual basis. Programmers are also responsible for documenting the program, providing an explanation of how and why program and carry on maintenance once the application has been installed. certain procedures are coded in specific ways. Documentation is essential to test the The standards enforced were in conformance with development statement manual Software developers may install purchased software or they may write new,
of KRISHNA MEDICAL CENTRE. Before starting any coding of any subsystem we were required to carefully study the information and requirements regarding that
application. Once the problem was well though off, ands ideas were shared/ discussed
79
among other team members about, how exactly the user interface should be and down the flow of logic and other parameters being used or getting affected on a D). This P S D has to get approved from, our manager and users to get further
what is the best way to deduce the logic of the application, we are required to write document of KRISHNA MEDICAL CENTRE called program specifications document (P S suggestions; also this P S Ds are used to prepare the documentation of the final
system at later stages and help to keep trace of the changes subsequently made in logic. The whole application is maintained in the menu from so that it remains user friendly and easy to use and less complex. The system security is maintained by
means of the starting form, which takes the required user name and the password.
80
Development of Front-End Development of Back-End

Data structure Objectives as Stated in Synopsis on Page No. 21
Developing Laws Of Software

There are following point must be considering at the development phase: Performance requirement Exceptional handling Acceptance criteria Design hints and guidelines
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS The following performance characteristics were taken care of in developing the systems: U se r Fr i en d l in e s s:
the system effectively, without any difficulty. User satisfaction: The system is such that it stands unto the users expectation. R e s p o n se t i m e:
The system is easy to learn and understand. A native user can also use
possible by careful programming. E r r o r h an d l in g :
The response time of all the operations is very low. This has been made
of to ensure that the system operations without halting in case of such situation and proper are given to user. S af e t y :
Response to user errors and undesired situations has been taken care
The program is able to avoid catastrophic behavior. R o b u st n e s s :
81
intervention.
The system recovers from undesired events without human S e cu r it y :
of password, which is incorporated in it. Therefore only authorized people can access the databases. T o v a l id a t i o n s :
This system provides protection of information through the mechanism
that likely to changes and modifications can be easily incorporated in it. P o r t a b i l it y : The system can move to a new hardware/ operating system after
This results in a thorough testing of the details, and the system is such
making minor modifications to it. E x ce p t i o n h a n d l i n g :
events exception conditions are taken care of providing the corresponding exception responses while developing the system
To ensured that the system does not halt in case of undesired situation or
CODE EFFICIENCY:
in the coding. Most of codes are efficient enough to perform quick, accurate retrieval of data, validation and showing outputs. In this software, most of codes are used which were designed and tested by famous vendors, such as, Microsoft, Crystal Due to modular concept of visual basic this software also inherits this concept
Corporation etc. We have used active x technology, which help user and vendor to ADO technology.
design software, which provides better, accurate design and reusability code, such as,
CODE OPTIMIZATION:
where needed due to its modular concept, it is possible to reduce coding. The following points represent the code optimization. 1. Use of modules 2. Fixed type variable Most of codes are reused to reduce repeated coding and the result set are reused
82
3. Short and meaning full name 4. Disconcerted record 5. Connection established once 6. In built function 7. Different scope of variable for different purpose 8. Maximum use of independent procedure 9. Use of function
U se o f M o d u l e
use connection string in the module and avoid many times of repetition of same code because we use many forms and each form must connect the database.
With the help of module we avoid the repetition of code for example: we
F ix e d T y p e V a r i a b l e
input date I have used date picker in numeric value, use integer or float, for character use string.
I am using fixed type variable not a variant for example: when we want
S h o r t an d M e a n i n g F u l l N a m e for address etc.
I have use short and meaning full name for example name for name adds
D i sc o n n ec t R ec o r d produce some error.
The disconnection of record set close with in its scope because it may
I n B u i lt F u n ct i o n
I have used in built function of VB. I.e. input box, msgbox etc.
VALIDATION CHECKS:
I have use following type of checks: a. Data type b. Length
83
c. Constraints d. Blank field e. Format
D at a t yp e :
date type. No numeric field insert in date. Character never inputted in numeric field as phone no never accept character if any person input wrongly give message. When this problem is removed then user perform further operation
I have use character type for character, number for numeric, and date for
Length:
example if I define numeric length is 5 then it stores either equal to length or less than length. If user gives more character than required then display message and stop processing.
When we define a max length. Then it never accepts more data .for
C o n st r a in t s :
message. For example code of product is four-character purchase. The field of blank then it display message with out halt, But stop processing.
I have defined range of data if data is less than then display error with
date must be 8 characters. Blank field: When users add data and some field is
Fo r m a t :
of date DD/MM/YYYY: 01/01/2005 is used in all date type field. If user inserts an other format then display message.
The pre define format is used not change daily to daily for example format
TESTING TECHNIQUE AND STRATEGIES

There are following rules that can serve well as testing objectives: i. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. ii. A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an asyet-undiscovered error. iii. A successful test is one that uncovers as-yet-undiscovered error.
84
There are two types of testing techniques: 1. W h it e b o x t e st in g . B l ack b o x t e st i n g .
W h it e b o x t es t i n g :
derived to ensure that all statement in the program has been executed at least once during testing and that all logical condition has been exercised. Basic set of linearly independent test that will ensure coverage. 2 . C y cl o m a t ic C o m p l ex it y : complexity of a program. 3 . C o n d i t i o n T e st i n g : path testing, a white box testing, makes use of program graph to derive the
White box test focus on the program control structure. Test cases are
This is software metric that provides a quantitative measure of the logical
conditions contain in a program module. A simple condition is a Boolean variable or a relational expression. 4 . B r an ch T e st i n g :
Condition testing is tests case design method that exercise the logical
and false (in project i.e. null values) for each branch. 5 . D at a F l o w T e st i n g :
I have used Branch testing is probably the for compound condition, the true
the locations of definitions and uses of variables in the program. 6 . L o o p T e st in g : loop where m<n.
I have used data flow testing due to check the path of program according to
In our project I have use only simple loop. And I have use m pass through the
7. BLACK BOX TESTING:
is, black-box testing enable the software engineer to derive set of input conditions that will fully exercise all functional requirements for a program. 8 . G r ap h - B a s ed T e st i n g M et h o d :
Black box testing focuses on the functional requirements of the software. That
85
relationships. The first step in this testing is to understand the objects that are modeled in software and the relationship that connect these objects. 9 . E q u i v a le n c e P a r t i t io n i n g : This testing is used for the following reason: Specific numeric values Range of values Set of related values Boolean condition
I have used graph-based testing method for removing errors associated with
type, password etc. 10.
For example: Check in phone number, code generation, voucher type, bill B o u n d a r y V al u e A n a ly s is :
equivalence partitioning. Rather than selecting any element of equivalence class the selection of test cases at the edges of the class. Rather than focusing solely on the input condition, The point of equivalence partitioning as; 1. An input condition specifies a range boundary by values a and b, test cases should be design with values a and b and just above and just below a and b. that exercise the minimum and maximum number.
Boundary value analysis is a test case design technique that complements
2. An input condition specific a number of values, test cases should be developed
TESTING STRATEGIES
S y st em t e st i n g During system testing the system is used experimentally to ensure that
the software does not fail i.e. it will run according to its specifications and in the way users expect. Special test data are input for the processing and the
results examine. A limited number of users try to use it in unforeseen ways. It is preferable to discover any surprise before the organization implements the system and depend upon it. In many organizations persons other than those who wrote the original programs to ensure more complete and unbiased
86
testing and more reliable testing perform testing. The norms that were
followed during the phase were that after the developer of the software has satisfied regarding every aspect of the software under consideration he is required to release the program source code. A setup name release is used to copy the name file from the developers user area to a project area in the directory named with developer user name. Here all the final testing used to be done by persons other than the developer himself .if some changes were desired in the program the developer were required to use another setup. areas. As in this system data is entered at different levels I considered providing various types of checks like range check, validity check, Retrieve, which copied back the latest version of the program to developer
completeness check etc. in different data entry screens according to the screens were designed in such a way that were-. Consistent Easy to use Has a fast response time
requirements. Since the user are not familiar to the new system the data
The following convention were used while designing the various screen: U n it t es t in g : In unit testing I have testing a single program module in an isolated
environment. Testing of the processing procedures is the main focus. I n t eg r at i o n t e st i n g :
testing. In other words it ensures that the data moving between the modules is handled as intended. S y st em t e st i n g :
Because of interfaces among the system modules, we use integration
It is done either in a simulated environment or in live environment. T e st r e v i e w :
System testing is the testing of the system against its initial objective.
87
planned. Test review decides whether or not the program is ready to be shipper out for implementation S e cu r it y t es t i n g :
Test review is the process that ensures that testing is carried out as
a system will, in fact, protect it form penetration mechanisms.
Security testing attempt to verify that protection mechanism built into
System implementation
new equipment into use train users install the new application and construct any files of data needed to use it. Depending on the size of the organization that will be involved in using the application and the risk associated with its use developers may choose, To pilot the operation in only one area of the firm say in one department or with only one or two persons. Sometimes they will run the old and new systems old system one-day and begin to use the new one the next day. Anyway each Implementation is the process of having system personnel check out and put
together to compare the results. In still other situations developers will stop using the implementation strategy has its merits. Depending on the business situation in which it is considered. Regardless of the implementation strategy used developers strive to ensure that the systems initially used is trouble free. Once installed applications are often used for many years. However both the organization and the user will change and the environment will be different over weeks and months. Therefore the application will be different over weeks and months. Therefore the application will undoubtedly have to be maintained. Modifications and changes will be made to software, files or procedures to meet emerging user requirements. Since organization systems and the business environment undergo continual change, the information systems should keep pace. In this sense implementations an ongoing process. DATA LOADING
1. The whole database created earlier for development purpose was created.
dropped and then using case tools the entire database was freshly
2. Required data files executables scripts were released into client server from the developer machine.
88
USER TRAINING
the development stages. They were given user documentation, which gave
Users of the proposed system had already the feel of the system during
them the exact steps to be performed for getting their job done starting from a right way after the very first training class. They were given the explicit
getting the terminals on. Most of the users were quick to get their job done in advantages of the new system and also the areas it was having shortcomings. After this was the stabilizing the system as the users started to give in new suggestions and requirements. For us the maintenance phase had begun.
SYSTEM EVALUATION
Evaluation of the system is performed to identify its strengths and weakness. O p e r a t i o n al ev a l u at i o n In this assessment of the manager in which the system functions
including ease of use, response times, suitability of information formats, overall reliability and level of utilization is undertaken. As the above aspects were very well taken into considerations from the very beginning. Infarct one
of the user felt that job were reduced to nothing because of the ease with available at every possible screen and press return. They dont have to keep
which system runs, all they have to do is to select from the list of values checking the status of the job they are doing, since every job is on-line and all information and messages flash at screen. The reliability of the billing, voucher entry is very high and till writing of this document, the system hadnt ever failed. All the recovery methods are
exceptional occurs it that user has a way to come out of the undesirable goes normal. As far as the level of utilization is concerned, the BMS is one of has been utilized heavily and it has respond favorable to the users expectations. It O r g an iz at i o n al im p act : includes
well written, even if something
situation and carry on the work. The committing takes place when everything the busiest activity with the orders pouring in round the clock, so the system
organization in such areas as financial concerns (cost, revenue, profit),
identification
and
measurement
of
benefits
to
the
operational efficiency, and competitive impact. Also includes impact on internal Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)
89
and external informational flows. The rewriting of the applications on new
platform of course had cost a fortune to the company, however in the long term planning it will certainly prove beneficial. Since the response time and throughput has increased by manifolds, the processing would increase, hence resulting in more profit for the company specially with the increase in the ease in processing the Sanatorium can schedule their manpower accordingly rather than trying up personnel for specific applications. This will restore and enhance
the spirits of the users. Competition wise KRISHNA MEDICAL CENTRE is far ahead than any other Hospital and the credit for this goes to its timely and computing. speedy information retrieval and looking ahead with its modern facilities in U se r m an a g em en t a s se s sm e n t
within the organization as well as end users. Everybody has heaped accolades to the system for giving a reliable, fast improvised with lot of ease in using system. Overall the system has changed the users working style and their throughput. D e v e l o p m en t p er f o r m a n c e
This includes evaluation of the attitudes of senior and user managers
such yardsticks as overall development time and effort, conformance to of development methods ands tools. By all means our development
It includes evaluation of the development of process in accordance with
budgets and standards, and project management criteria. Includes assessment performance was fairly good as the project was completed with in budgets and there was no schedule slippage, target date was met, all along the standards that were followed were consistent.
Scope of future enhancement

or finished; the system continues to evolve throughout its life cycle, even if its It is unreasonable to consider a computer based information system complete
successful. It is the case with this system too. Due to the creative nature of the
design, there remain some lapse-mistaken communications between the users and the developers. So, certain aspects of the system must be modified as operational change and enhancements. experience is gained with it. As users work with the system, they develop ideas for
90
Conclusion
Looking forward to a more efficient and streamlined processing system and better quality, service, profits, market, share and competitive ness. The Computer Based Management is an asset for KRISHNA MEDICAL CENTRE
coordination between customers and the finance leading to desired results in terms of
MAINTENANCE:
any modification can be done very easily. All the data are stored in the software as Maintenance of the project is very easy due to its modular design and concept
per user need & if user wants to change he has to change that particular data, as it
will be reflected in the software every where. Some of the maintenance applied is: -
1 . B R E AK D O W N M A I N T E N A N C E :-
processing cannot be done .At this time user can view documentation or consult user gets a error report width is larger than paper size while printing report & the paper size to A4 size of default printer will rectify the problem.
The maintenance is applied when an error occurs & system halts and further
us for rectification & we will analyze and change the code if needed. Example: - If reports can not be generated then by viewing the help documentation & changing
2. P R E VE N T A T I V E M A I N T E N A N C E : -
(operation) of software as per procedure and steps mentioned in the manual. Some reasons for maintenance are: Error Correction: - Errors, which were not caught during testing, after the system has, been implemented. Rectification of such errors is called corrective maintenance.
User does this maintenance at regular intervals for smooth functioning
New or changed requirements:- when business requirements change due to changing opportunities. Improved performance or maintenance requirements: -Changes that is the future are called preventive maintenance. Advances in technology
made to improve system performance or to make it easier to maintain in
91
(Adaptive maintenance): - Adaptive maintenance includes all the changes made to a system in order to introduce a new technology.
S E C U R I T Y M E A S U R E S :The security measures imposed in the software are: (1) A login password is provided in the software. User must login to activate the application. (2) User cannot change the password. To change password he must contact the administrator. (3) The user/password are given through SQL SERVER 2000 Server. If this is installed on NT 4.0 then it is highly secured. (4) Data security, correctness integrity is checked up before saving, update or delete if errors found the procedure is aborted. (5) A primary key & foreign key concept is implemented for avoiding incorrect data entry or intentional or accidental delete or modification of data. used by other data, if found the deletion aborted. (6) When user tries to delete the data then this first check for its reference (7) I am also providing various securities at user level or at forms.
COST ESTIMATION OF THE PROJECT

I have used the COCOMO model for estimating the cost of the system .It is regarded as a semidetached system. Since this project is somewhat small, COCOMO estimate might be inaccurate. COCOMO is designed for use on system technical project staff. It does not include the cost of the secretarial staff that might be needed. The basic steps in this model are: (1) Obtain an initial estimate of the development effort from the estimate of thousands of delivered lines of source code (KDL). (2) Determine a set of multiplying factor from different attribute of the project.
larger than 2 KDL.This model estimates the total effort in term of person-month of
92
(3) Adjust the effort estimate by multiplying the initial estimate with the entire multiplying factor. The initial estimate is determined by an equation of the form used in the static, single-variable modes, using KDL as measure of size. To determine the initial effort Ei in person-months the equation used is of the type Ei = a*(KDL) b There are 15 different attributes, called cost driver attributes that determine the multiplying factors. These factors depend on product, computer, personal, and technology. All 15 factors are multiplied together to get the effort adjustment factor (EAF). The final cost estimate, E, is obtained by multiplying the initial estimate by the EAF. E = EAF * Ei Cost estimation The size estimates for these in lines of code are. 5634=5.634 KDL Category of project is semidetached so constraint of a & b a follows A=3.0 & b =1.12 So, Ei= 3.0(5.634)1.12 = 3.0(6.932) = 20.789 Rating of multiplier for different cost drivers.
C o st d r i v e r
Software reliability Data base size Product complexity Analyst capability
R at i n g High High High
Very high
Values 1.40 1.08 1.15 1.15 0.86
Computer turn around time
Very high
93
Application experience
Programmer capability Modern prog. Practice Use of software tools
Nominal High High High Low Nominal
1.00 0.86 0.95 0.95 1.10 1.00
Programming language exp.
Development schedule
The effort adjustment factor (EAF) is EAF = 1.4*1.08*1.15*1.15*.86*1*.86*.95*.95*1.1*1 =1.46 The initial effort of the project is = 1.46*20.789 =30.52 PM E = Ei*EAF
PHASE DISTRIBUTION OF EFFORT

Using the table given above, we obtain the percentage of the total effort consumed in different phase. The BMS s size estimate is 5.786KDL. Now the and cost of that phase: PHASE
effort estimates for the different phase according to percentage of different phase
PERCENTAGES* E =PM .03*30.5=. 915 .03*30.5=. 915 .15*30.5=3.6 .03*30.5=. 915 .03*30.5=. 915 .042*30.5=1.2 8 .06*30.5=1.89 .09*30.5 =1.83 .15*30.5=3.6 .189*30.5= 4.5
SALARY PER EMPLOYEE PER MONTH (thousand) 6 4 12 7 8 9 9 10 8 10
Problem Evaluation (PE) Calculating Fact (CF) Analysis (A) Identify Need & benefits (INB) Feasibility (F) Design Layout (DL) Detail Design (DD) Testing of Design (TD) Coding(C) Testing of Code (TC)
94
Code Optimization (CO) Implementation (I)
.03*30.5=. 915 .069*30.5=1.8 3
8 8
PHASE PE CF A NB F DL DD TD C TC CO I
TIME (Week) 1 1.3 3 1 1 1.4 2 3 5 6 1 1
AMOUNT (In single person) 1400 1066 25200 1633 1866 3400 4200 6300 6240 14985 1866 3000
S o , t h e t o t a l c o s t o f t h e p r o j e c t i s- 7 1 1 5 0
PERT CHART, Gantt chart: determine the critical path- the chain of tasks that determines the duration of the project; establish most likely time estimates for individual task by applying particular task statically models; calculate boundary times that define a time window for a Boundary time calculations can be very useful in software project scheduling. PERT, GANT chart provide quantitative tools that allow the software planner to
95
T h e sc h ed u l i n g o f m y pr o je ct is a s f o l lo w s : WORK TASKS Problem Evaluation (PE) Calculating Fact (CF) Analysis (A) Identify Need & benefits (INB) Feasibility (F) Design Layout (DL) Detail Design (DD) Testing of Design (TD) Coding (C) Testing of Code (TC) Code Optimization (CO) Implementation (I)
ESTIMATED TIME (week) 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 4 5 1 2
Now the PERT chart of the above data is as follows:
96
BENEFITS OF HOSPITAL SYSTEM

(1) Timely and accurate orders processing. (2) High volume of transactions in the Hospital would have been system. impossible to handle manually or very difficult to handle on old
97
(3) System is very easy and allows multi user to perform the job simultaneously. do their job. (4) Requires no special commands to be remembered for the users to (5) Security aspects have been brought under Total control. Each
user can perform only the role assigned to him. the finance persons. his jobbing wrong.
(6) The new system maintains the backup, which is very important for (7) Due to total automation there is very less chance that user can get (8) Complex jobs like validation and error correction made very simple with.
for the end user and require minimal keystrokes for getting it ever
(9) Reduced manpower requirements. (10) Reporting on pungencies and exception events.
98
BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOK NAME

A text book of account Elementary Account Accounting Principal Accounting & Management Action An Introduction To Data Base System An Introduction To Data Base System SQL SERVER 2000 documentation Bipin C. Desai
AUTHOR NAME
A.Ghosh, S.C.Mittal Monial Das Anthony, Robert Gray, jack & Kenneth C.J. Date
99
ABOUT THE OPERATING SYSTEM

is its Graphical Use Interface (GUI). Windows lets users issue commands by clicking icons (appropriately) windows. Windows 98 represents the marriage of the windows operating system and Internet accesses. known as Web integration helps the user to perform routine computer tasks such as and work with programs within easily manipulated screens called Windows is the worlds most popular operating system and one reason for this
APPENDIX A
This unique melding of form and function
writing a letter while maintaining seamless access to the information we need from operating system. Command and navigation procedures, as well as the look of the windows 98 interface, all more closely resemble their counterparts on the web.
the Internet. Web integration also changes the way we interact with the windows
Windows 98 lets the user to manage the files and folders that contain them using the methodology of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Thus windows offer these advantages:
Easier to use: With the desktop options such as single clicking to open files and the single computer dramatically increasing the size of the workplace. Installing new hardware is easy because windows 98supports the Universal Serial Bus standard allowing to plug in new hardware and use it immediately without restarting computer. More reliable: User can support online website for answers to common questions test hard disk and system files and even automatically fix some problems. The problem.
addition of browse buttons in every window. User can use multiple monitors with a
and to keep copies of windows up-to-date. Windows 98 tools can help regularly and troubleshooters and the Dr. Watson diagnostic tool also help to solve computer Faster: By using the maintenance wizard we can easily improve computers speed
and efficiency. The power management feature allows newer computers to go into restarting computer. We can use the FAT32 file system to store files more efficiently and save hard disk space.
hibernation mode and awaken instantly instead of requiring shutting down and
100
simple. Using the web style Active Desktop can view web pages as the desktop wallpaper. In Microsoft Outlook @ Express we can send e-mail and post messages to Internet news groups.
True web integration: The Internet connection wizard makes connecting to the web
More entertaining: Windows 98 supports DV, digital audio and VRML so can play high quality movies and audio on computer as well as see the full effect of web pages program listings by using Microsoft Web TV for windows. that use virtual reality features. Can also watch television broadcasts and check TV
ABOUT VISUAL BASIC 6.0

The need of todays software development in a G.U.I based front-end tool, which can connect to relational database engines. This gives the programmer the opportunity to develop client/server based commercial applications.
APPENDIX B
These applications give users the power and ease of use of a G.U.I with the multiuser capabilities of NT based RDBMS engines like SQL SERVER 2000. From the array of G.U.I based front-end tools I select Developer 2000 because as we best compatibility with SQL SERVER 2000 and most of all the security in VISUAL BASIC 6.0 is as same as in SQL SERVER 2000 database. other front-end tools.
know that developer 2000 is a product of SQL SERVER 2000 corporation and it has
SQL SERVER 2000 VISUAL BASIC 6.0 offers a host of technical advantages over many
Introduction to the SQL SERVER 2000 Server

This chapter provides an overview of the SQL SERVER 2000 server. The topics include: Introduction to Databases and Information Management Database Structure and Space Management
APPENDIX C
101
Memory Structure and Processes The Object-Relational Model for Database Management Data Concurrency and Consistency Distributed Processing and Distributed Databases Startup and Shutdown Operations Database Security Database Backup and Recovery Data Access
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

A database server is the key to solving the problems of information management. In
general, a server must reliably manage a large amount of data in a multi-user be accomplished while delivering high performance. A database server must also prevent unauthorized access and provide efficient solutions for failure recovery. following features: Client/server (distributed processing)
environment so that many users can concurrently access the same data. All this must
The SQL SERVER 2000 server provides efficient and effective solutions with the
environments
To take full advantage of a given computer system or network, SQL SERVER 2000 allows processing to be split between the database server and the client application programs. The
computer running the database management system handles all of the database server responsibilities while the workstations running interpretation and display of data. the database application concentrate on the
Large databases and SQL SERVER 2000 supports the largest of databases, which can space management contain terabytes of data. To make efficient use of expensive
102
hardware devices, SQL SERVER 2000 allows full control of space usage. Many concurrent database users SQL SERVER 2000 supports large numbers of concurrent users executing a variety of database applications operating on the concurrency. High transaction processing performance High availability same data. It minimizes data contention and guarantees data SQL SERVER 2000 maintains the preceding features with a high degree of overall system performance. Database users do not suffer from slow processing performance.
At some sites, SQL SERVER 2000 works 24 hours per day with no down time to limit database throughput. Normal system system failures do not interrupt database use. operations such as database backup and partial computer
Controlled
availability
SQL SERVER 2000 can selectively control the availability of data, at the database level and sub-database level. For example, an administrator can disallow use of a specific application so that the application's data can be reloaded, without affecting other applications.
Openness, industry standards
SQL SERVER 2000 adheres to industry-accepted standards for and network communication protocols. It is an open system that protects a customer's investment. SQL Management SERVER Protocol 2000 also (SNMP) supports the Simple
the data access language, operating systems, user interfaces,
management. This protocol allows administrators to manage heterogeneous systems with a single administration interface. Manageable security To protect against unauthorized database access and use, SQL
standard
for
Network system
SERVER 2000 provides fail-safe security features to limit and monitor data access. These features make it easy to manage even the most complex design for data access.
Database enforced
SQL SERVER 2000 enforces data integrity, business rules that
103
integrity
dictate the standards for acceptable data. This reduces the costs of coding and managing checks in many database applications. SQL SERVER 2000 software works under different operating systems. Applications developed for SQL SERVER 2000 can be ported to any operating system with little or no modification. SQL SERVER 2000 software is compatible with
Portability
Compatibility
standards, including most industry standard operating systems. virtually any system with little or no modification.
industry
Applications developed for SQL SERVER 2000 can be used on Distributed systems For networked, distributed environments, SQL SERVER 2000 combines the data physically located on different computers into one logical database that can be accessed by all network users. Distributed systems have the same degree of user yet receive the advantages of local database management. Replicated environments transparency and data consistency as non-distributed systems; SQL SERVER 2000 software lets you replicate groups of tables and their supporting objects to multiple sites. SQL SERVER 2000 supports replication of both data- and schema-level changes to these sites. SQL SERVER 2000's flexible replication technology supports basic primary site replication as well as advanced dynamic and shared-ownership models.
The following sections provide a comprehensive overview of the SQL SERVER 2000 architecture. Each section describes a different part of the overall architecture.
T H E S Q L S E R V E R 2000
The SQL SERVER 2000 server is an object-relational database management system that provides an open, comprehensive, and integrated approach to information management.
104
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)

SQL (pronounced SEQUEL) is the programming language that defines and manipulates the database. SQL databases are relational databases; this means simply that data is stored in a set of simple relations. A database can have one
or more tables. Each table has columns and rows. A table that has an employee database, for example, might have a column called employee number and each row in that column would be an employee's employee number.
You can define and manipulate data in a table with SQL statements. You use data definition language (DDL) statements to set up the data. DDL statements include statements for creating and altering databases and tables. You can update, delete, or retrieve data in a table with data manipulation The most common SQL statement is the SELECT statement, which allows you to retrieve data from the database.
language (DML). DML statements include statements to alter and fetch data.
In addition to SQL statements, the SQL SERVER 2000 server has a procedural language called PL/SQL. PL/SQL enables programmers to program SQL variables, and to write error-handling procedures. statements. It allows you to control the flow of a SQL program, to use
GLOSSARY
E.R.D. D.F.D. DATA Entity-Relationship Diagram Data Flow Diagram of elements in the system-data flows,
processes, and data stores-are described in detail in a data dictionary. structure.
DICITIONARY: All definitions
COUPLING: Coupling is a measure of interconnection among modules in a software COHESION: Cohesion is a natural extension of the information-hiding concept. column is candidate for a primary key.
PRIMARY KEY: The column should be able to uniquely identify each row. Such a
105
FOREIGN KEY: The Foreign key is a set of attribute of one relvar R2, whose values are required to match values of some candidate key of some relvar R1. columns which are identified as primary key. SCHEMA: types and record types stored in database. COMPOSITE KEY: The composite key is a combination of two or more than two The term Schema is used to mean & overall chart of all the data item
ENTITY & ATTRIBUTE: All such item about which relevant information is stored in the database is called Entities. The qualities of the entity, which we store as information, are called Attributes.
SHARING DATA: A database allows the sharing of data under its control by any number of application program or users. both accurate & consistent. DATA SECURITY: DATA INTEGRITY: Data integrity means that the data contained in the databases Data is a vital importance to an organization and may be
confidential. Unauthorized persons must not access such confidential data. Different level of security could be implemented for various types of data and operations.
106

Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

http://technicalsupportindia.blogspot.

Project Report Submitted to REGIONAL CENTER (IGNOU) , LUCKNOW

Master IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Regional Center, IGNOU Lucknow Year 2005

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

crucial to the hospital there must be a good security mechanism in the

sound & other reports, and Employees photographs.

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Data Flow Diagrams

Fig: -Context Level Diagram

Fig:-0 Level Indoor Patient Information System

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Fig:-1 Level Patient Information System (Deletion)

Fig:-0 Level Patient Registration System

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Fig:-1 Level Patient Treatment System

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Fig:-0 Level OPD Patient Information System

Fig:-1 Level OPD Patient Information System

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Fig:-1 Level Purchase Medicine System

Fig:-1 Level Issue Medicine System

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Fig:-1 Level Patient Appointment Information System

Fig:-1 Level Discharge Patient Information System

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Fig:-0 Level Employee Information System

Fig:-1 Level Employee Information System (Deletion)

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Fig:-1 Level Employee Information System (Update)

Fig:-1 Level Grant System

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Fig:-0 Level Account Information System

Fig:-1 Level Account Information System

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Fig:-1 Entity Relationship-Diagram

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

5. OPD (Outdoor Patients)

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

7. Ward & Room

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Output of the Project

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Constraints Primary Key

Constraints Primary Key Foreign Key

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Varchar Int Int

Constraints Primary Key

Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No Allow Null No No No Allow Null No No No Allow Null No No No No No No No No No No No No No

Constraints Primary Key

Constraints Primary Key

Constraints Primary Key

Constraints Primary Key Foreign Key

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

OBST URINE USG DIABETES HYPER GENERALcase pCASE

Constraints Primary Key

Constraints Primary Key

Constraints Primary Key

Sanatorium (A Hospital Information System)

Column Type Int Varchar Varchar Int Date Varchar