Viruses

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What are Viruses?

A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.
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 Obligate parasites Specific to type of cells they target Examples: -poliomylelitis virus attacks nerve cells -hepatitis virus attacks liver cells Much smaller than bacteria (20300nm)
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Is a Virus a Living Organism?

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Viruses are infectious agents with both living and nonliving

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Living characteristics of viruses

They reproduce at a fantastic rate, but only in living host cells.

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Living characteristics of viruses

They can mutate.

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Nonliving characteristics of viruses

They carry out no metabolism on their own and must replicate using the host cell's metabolic machinery.

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In other words, viruses don't grow and divide. Instead, new viral components are synthesized and assembled within the infected host cell.
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They are acellular, that is, they contain no cytoplasm or cellular organelles.
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Nonliving characteristics of viruses

The vast majority of viruses possess either DNA or RNA but not both.

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Viruses are thus "alive when they replicate in cells, while outside cells viral particles are metabolically inert and are no more alive than fragments of DNA."

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Invasion of a cell by a virus

Virus can lie dormant for many years until it comes into contact with a suitable host cell Binds with molecules on surface of host cell
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Parts of a Virion (a virus particle)

Nucleic Acid RNA or DNA Capsid protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA in a virus
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Lipid Membrane a membrane around the capsid in many kinds of viruses; helps the virus enter cells (enveloped viruses; without the membrane, the virus is naked) Made of proteins, lipids, and glycoproteins

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The Structure Of a Virus

The Nucleic core is either made up of DNA or RNA but never both

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RNA or DNA?
Viruses with RNA Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Influenza viruses Rabies Viruses with DNA Warts Chickenpox mononucleosis
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Virus Shapes
Helical: Rodlike with capsid proteins winding around the core in a spiral

TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS

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Polyhedral

Virus Shapes

Has many sides. Most polyhedral capsids have 20 sides and 12 corners.

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Virus Shapes
Polyhedral capsid attached to a helical tail.

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HIV

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CORONA VIRUS

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ADENOVIRUS

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T4 Phage Virus

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Filamentous Phage Virus

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Smallpox Virus

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Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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Influenza Virus

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Phage p22 Virus

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Phage 29

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Canine parvovirus

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Hepatitis C Virus (flavivirus)

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SARSCoV (SARS corona virus)

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Herpesvirus

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Herpes Virus

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T4 Bacteriophage

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VIRUS TAXONOMY A universal system for classifying viruses, and a unified taxonomy, has been established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) since 1966.
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The system makes use of a series of ranked taxons, with the: - Order (-virales)being the highest currently recognised. - then Family (-viridae) - Subfamily (-virinae) - Genus (-virus) - Species ( eg: Tobacco mosaic virus)
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How do viruses replicate?

2 methods of replication:

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Lytic Cycle
the virus enters the cell, replicates itself hundreds of times, and then bursts out of the cell, destroying it.

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Lysogenic Cycle

the virus DNA integrates with the host DNA and the hosts cell helps create more virus DNA. An environmental change may cause the virus to enter the Lytic Cycle.

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The red spiral lines in the drawing indicate the virus's genetic material. The orange portion is the outer shell that protects it.

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In the lysogenic cycle, the virus reproduces by first injecting its genetic material, indicated by the red line, into the host cell's genetic instructions.
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E. Coli and the Bacteriophage

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Cycle of Lytic and Lysogenic

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Viruses Enter Living Cells Viruses enter bacterial cells by punching a hole in the cells wall and injecting its DNA

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Viruses Enter Living Cells

Viruses enter plant cells through tiny rips in the cell wall.

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Viruses enter animal cells by endocytosis.

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Viruses are host cell specific.

Most viruses are restricted to certain kinds of cells (those that infect plants cannot infect animal cells). Why? Scientists think that viruses originated from escaped genetic material from host cells.
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Viruses can be beneficial

Bacteriophages attack & destroy bacteria Baculovirus ebola-like virus that attacks insects Could use for pest control in crops

Cabbage loopers eat

cabbage crops

Virus can kill pests in days

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The spread of West Nile virus (1999 2002) bird, horse, mosquito or human
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Also important
Any agent (not just viruses) that causes disease is a pathogen. When a virus inserts its genetic material into a hosts DNA, it is called a provirus. Some viruses replicate very slowly and only cause damage when the conditions are right. (cold sores)
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What is a retrovirus? Change DNA into RNA. Example of a Retrovirus is HIV

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

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Basic Structure
Viral envelope lipid bilayer; glycoproteins protrude from surface Glycoproteins enable virus to recognize surface proteins of special immune cells and to enter the cell (like a key to the cells door) 2 strands RNA only 9 genes; 3 are found in many viruses (structural proteins) Reverse Transcriptase turns RNA into DNA (this makes HIV a retrovirus); DNA instructs cell to make more viruses
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HIV Making Factories

Virus enters cell through endocytosis

Virus replicates RNA to DNA with reverse transcriptase

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DNA enters nucleus & binds with host DNA mRNA is created (carries instructions for making new viral proteins) and leaves nucleus Uses host cells enzymes to make new viruses

New virions exit cell through exocytosis to infect other cells (notice cell isnt destroyed)
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How Is HIV Spread?

Sexual contact Sharing contaminated needles Blood transfusions Breast feeding (mother to baby) Mother to baby during pregnancy or birth.

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Note the strong resemblance between a bacterial virus - T2, T4 or T6 phage of E coli, which evolved possibly billions of years ago and the only human-crewed spacecraft to have landed on another planet.

T-Even phage structure

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Lunar excursion module (LEM) of Apollo 16

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SAN PABLO COLLEGES HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT City of San Pablo ADVANCED BIOLOGY
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Mrs. J. Velecina

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