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Mycenaean and Protogeometric Tombs in the Halicarnassus Peninsula Author(s): George F. Bass Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol.

67, No. 4 (Oct., 1963), pp. 353-361 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/501620 . Accessed: 10/06/2011 08:58
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Mycenaean and
in

Tombs Protogeometric
GEORGE F. BASS
PLATES 81-84

the

Halicarnassus Peninsula*

During the summerof 1962,while directingthe the line of the embankment,which was steadily at underwater excavation Yas- moving backward. The sections of the tombs Museum's University to st Ada, Turkey,' I found it necessary make pe- showed domed chambers,averagingperhapsone riodic trips to Bodrum (Halicarnassus)for sup- and a half meters in width on their floors, and plies. The people of Bodrumtake a great interest the samein height; becausethe face of the hill had in ancientpottery becauseof the vast number of been cut away,we could not expectto find dromoi. While we were lookingover the area,one of the raisedfrom the sea by sponge-divers and amphoras While sitting in a coffee shop, villagersbrushedaside some earth in one of the sponge-draggers.2 I was shown a vase (pl. 82,fig. 7) by severalfriends tombs with his hand, revealingthe top of a small who wished to know its date. The owner of the false-necked just a few centimeters beneaththe jar Muhittin Helvacioglu, upon learning of surface.We quickly told him to leave the tombs piece, but its importance,producedanother (pl. 81, fig. 6) untouched, decidedthat this piece,now visible, which had come from the same area. I was told should be noted and taken to the museum.It was tombsnearMiis- photographed Miss Mellink in situ, but its rethatthe vasescame from separate by kebi,3and that there were a numberof tombs in moval revealedtwo more vases packedclosely behind it. There was nothingto do but to photograph the same place. Later I was able to visit Miiskebi,accompanied and remove these, and anotherpair of vases apby Haluk Elbe, Directorof Antiquitiesin Bodrum peared.When these were recordedand removed, commissioner our underwa- we coveredthe area with earth and Haluk Bey for and archaeological that no one should be allowedto and MachteldMellink. Haluk Bey left instructions ter excavation, explainedour mission to a group of townspeople, work there in the future. It was an unplanned but and soon severalmore vases were producedfrom salvageoperation, luckilyno evidencewas lost, we housesin the village.Afterwards were led along and a full reportwas sent to the Departmentof a track, by Bekir Aras, to a low hill about one Antiquities. During the followingweeks,a number and a half kilometersfrom Miiskebi.The face of of new pieceswere broughtto Haluk Bey by Halil the hill had been cut away by camel driverswho Oztiirk, and these were placed with the othersin had been seeking white clay for making mortar. the BodrumMuseum.I am unableto providehere at The scarphere revealed leastsix chamber tombs, a plan showingthe locationof the cemeteryor the close together,which had been cut in half locationof the tomb which yieldedthe pottery,for quite by the digging; all were filled with rocksand soil, a planned return to the site proved impossible and therehad been no attempton the part of the during the summer. In the following catalogue,the first five vases cameldriversto clearthis fill any fartherbackthan
* This is an annotated version of my talk at the 64th General Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America. Since that time, new material has been added largely through the great kindness of Vincent Desborough; the views expressed here are not necessarily those of Professor Desborough, however, and any criticism of them should be directed against the author. 1 AA (1962) 537-564. The illustrations for this report were all made by divers from that excavation: Mycenaean objects I-io by Susan Womer, and nos. II, 14 and 15 by Mustafa Kapkin; Protogeometricvases I and 2 by Laurence Joline, and 3-5 by the author with Mr. Joline. Plans of the tomb by Eric Carlson. 2 At the urging of H. Gultekin, P. Throckmorton, and M. Kapkin, most of the boat captains of Bodrum have become amateur archaeologists;amphoras caught in nets are no longer thrown back into the sea, but are labeled with the captain's name, with the location and depth at which they were found, and placed in the Bodrum Museum. Civic pride in the project is great and will hopefully set an example for other communities. 8For a map of the area, see G. Bean and J. Cook, "The Halicarnassus Peninsula," BSA 50 (1955) 86, fig. i; the possibility that Lelegian Telmissus was located at, or near, Miiskebi is discussed here
(153-I155).

354

GEORGE F. BASS

[AJA 67

are those found together in the tomb. Nos. 6 and 7 were the original pieces given by Muhittin Helvacioglu, and the others were given by Bekir Aras and Halil Oztiirk. i. False-necked jar (pl. 81, fig. i). H. o.131. D. o.iii. Buff fabric with very smooth yellowish buff slip. Widely flaring foot with deep depression, below stem, in center of slightly concave base. Wide, short stem curves out to form body. Top of lip in same plane as top of flat disk, which has very slightly raised point at its center. Decoration in glaze turning from dark brown on base to quite red on upper part of vase. Thin, orangeish lines between lower and upper pairs of bands on body, and between base coating and band just above it. Spout banded near its base, and lip coated. Handles coated on top except for thin concentric circles on disk. Four stylized flowers on top of shoulder, each tangent to the uppermost body band. The shape finds its best parallels in Athens in LH IIIC.' The wide foot, more like that normally found on kylikes, makes it uniquely Attic; Rhodian false-necked jars with such wide feet are dissimilar in many respects. 0. Broneer has found examples in the fill of the underground fountain on the Acropolis, although the shoulder of his sole complete piece is more rounded.5 These would presumably have been dumped into the passage after the fountain had fallen into disuse, and would, therefore, also be dated to IIIC, when local peculiarities were common.6 The broad, flat disk with small pointed bump in its center is assignable to LH IIIC:I,7 as is one of the Mycenaean flowers used as decoration.8

Decoration is very streaky red-brown glaze over buff slip on exterior. Band on base, two thin bands at bottom of body, three bands just below handles, and thin band covering lip. Horizontal row of daubs, or crude vertical strokes, in handle zone. Handles are striped and are ringed with glaze around their bases. Interior is plain orange-red. The shape is closely matched by Furumark's bell-shaped bowl 284,' which lasts from LH IIIA:2 through IIIC:ie, but the thin paint and the strongly flaring lip might point to the later date. I have found no exact parallels for the decoration, but Desborough points out that it occurs on other shapes in IIIB-C.10 3. Kylix (pl. 81, fig. 3). H. o.ii5. Mouth d. o.i25. Base d. 0.067. Creamy buff fabric (as pyxis no. 4), covered completely except for bottom of base with crackling, very dark brown glaze. Base disk has convex upper surface and a hemispherical concavity directly under the stem in center of slightly concave bottom. Completely open, with greatest diameter at the mouth. Handles, level with plane of rim at their highest points, are not quite vertical; the base of each is twisted in clockwise fashion away from the point directly beneath the junction with the rim. The shape corresponds to Furumark's no. 264," and the description follows closely his description of the monochrome type of IIIA:2.12 The very dark coloring points, however, to either an earlier or later date.,3

4. Pyxis (pl. 81, fig. 4). H. o.I27. D. o.156. Mouth d. 0o.o104. Creamy buff fabric (as no. 3). Slightly convex bottom. Sides of body slightly constricted, or concave. Three loop handles, almost 2. Skyphos (pl. 81, fig. 2). H. o.o10. Mouth d. round in section, on shoulder. Beveled lip. Pattern of concentric circles on bottom. Body 0.149. Base d. 0.052. Orange-red fabric. base with slightly convex bottom of body banded with three wide bands of streaky brown Ring within. Body flares at mouth and terminates in glaze. Net pattern in handle zone on shoulder, thin lip. Loop handles remain close to body and banded at top and bottom, with one thin band below and four above. Narrow band on neck, with rise almost to height of lip.

4 F. H. Stubbings, "The Mycenaean Pottery of Attica," BSA Antiquity 30 (1956) I3, I5. 7 A. Furumark, The Mycenaean Pottery (hereafter MP) 42 (I947) 20, type H, with 15, fig. 2, H. The date of this piece is given by Stubbings in his Mycenaean Pottery in the (Stockholm 1941) 86. 8 ibid. 293, fig. 45, nos. 146 and 149. Levant (Cambridge i95i) I9, n.i. 5 Oscar Broneer, "Discoveries on the North Slope of the 9 ibid. 48-49, figs. 13-14. Acropolis, 1938," AJA 42 (1938) 450, fig. 6; "A Mycenaean 1o The parallel objects are as yet unpublished. 11 Furumark, MP 60, fig. 16. Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis," Hesperia 8 (i939) 391, 12 ibid. 62. with fig. 72. 6 ibid. and 0. Broneer, "Athens in the Late Bronze Age," 13 ibid. 428.

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glaze coat over upper part of neck, lip, and into mouth. Handles coated. The shape most closely corresponds to Furumark's closed cylindrical squat jars of IIIA:2-IIIB.14 The net pattern covers the wide range from IIIA : to IIIC:I.1" This vessel contained spindle-whorl no. 14, and a mass of grey earth which may have contained particles of either bone or ash, but which has not been analyzed. 5. One-handled jug (pl. 81, fig. 5). H. 0.107. D. o.io. Mouth d. 0.05. Orange-red fabric (as no. 2). Dark reddish brown slip over all of exterior and into mouth. Perhaps closest in shape to Furumark's no. 112, which he assigns to IIIA:2e.16 6. Spouted jug (pl. 81, fig. 6). H. 0.232. D. 0.185. Part of lip and end of spout missing. Light brownish buff fabric (as no. 7). Bottom of base very slightly concave. Thick ribbon handle, with light groove down its center, joins slightly flaring lip, but extends higher than mouth. Spout is completely open. Decoration in streaky brown glaze. Three bands just below base of handle, with wider band at junction of body and neck. Between lower bands and upper band is a curve-stemmed spiral pattern. Lip coated. Banded chevron pattern on handle. The most similar shapes are found on Crete. The closest parallel was excavated at Gournia, dated to LMI by its excavator." A less similar, somewhat squatter piece appeared in a good context from LM IIIA:2,"1 a date which matches that assigned by Furumark to the use of the curve-stemmed spiral (IIIA:i to IIIA:2 I).19 7. Three-handled piriform jar (pl. 82, fig. 7). H. 0.32. D. 0.241. Light brownish buff fabric (as no.

Rounded rib runs down center of each of three loop handles. Decoration in dark brown glaze. Base and bottom of "stem" coated. Three sets of triple bands on body. Shoulder decoration made up of eight groups of arched lines, paired between handles, possible variations on Furumark's "bivalve shell" motive,20 sharing top arched line in each group, and fill ornaments of stylized birds or arrows. Bases of handles, neck, and mouth coated. I have found no exact parallels for shape or decoration, but this would seem to be closest in date to the transitional IIIA:2/B vase no. 24 from Tomb 520 at Mycenae;21 cf. also vase no. 7 from the same tomb, but from an earlier date. The "bivalve shell" motive does not seem to appear earlier than IIIA. 8. Amphoriskos (pl. 82, fig. 8). H. 0.228. D. 0.19. Mouth d. 0o.o104. Brownish buff fabric. Hollow base filled with hard lime deposit at time of cataloguing. Hole, perhaps from pick, in lower part of body. Two vertical loop handles, almost round in section, on shoulder. Decoration in quite streaky brown glaze. Base and "stem" coated, with band just above. Two bands below, and three bands on and above plane of maximum body diameter. Quadruple wave pattern on shoulder. Wavy line between two bands on neck. Five groups of stripes (3 to 5 lines in each group) on lip, and wide band of glaze inside mouth. Splash of glaze over each handle. A similar vase has been found in a Late Mycenaean cemetery on Cos,22 and a less similar, but still noteworthy, example appears in a LH IIIB-C necropolis at Diasela, near Olympia.23Such vessels seem to be the forerunners of the crude sub-Mycenaean amphoriskoi, such as those excavated in the cemetery north of the Eridanos.24 9. Three-handled piriform jar (pl. 81, fig. 9). H. 0.098. D. 0.089. Mouth d. o.o66. One handle missing. Reddish brown-buff fabric.
21 A. J. B. Wace, "Chamber Tombs at Mycenae," Archaeologia 82 (1932) 2Iff, with pl. 17, no. 24. The date is from Furumark, The Chronology of Mycenaean Pottery (Stockholm 1941) 58. 22 L. Morricone, "Scavi e Ricerche a Coo (1935-1943) Relazione Preliminare,"BdA 35 (1950) 323, fig. 97, upper right. 23 "Chronique des Fouilles en 1956," BCH 81 (I957) 574579, with fig. 6. 24 W. Kraiker and K. Kiibler, Die Nekropolen des 12. bis Jahrhunderts, KerameikosI (Berlin 1939) pls. 16, 18 and ig. ,o.

6).
Base very slightly concave on bottom. Piriform body with concave splaying neck and beveled lip.
14 ibid. 599, no. 94. 15 ibid. 383, fig. 67: "diaper net," 2. 16ibid. 30, fig. 5, no. 112/129. 17'H. B. Hawes et al., Gournia (Philadelphia 1908) pl. 8, nos. 3 and 39. Is Sinclair Hood and Piet de Jong, "A Late Minoan III 'Kitchen' at Makritikhos (Knossos)," BSA 53-54 (1958-59) i86, no. 8, with 19o, fig. 6, no. 8. 19 Furumark, MP 362, with 363, fig. 62. 20 ibid. 315, fig. 53.

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Body flares out strongly, above thick, disk-like base, and joins shoulder with sharp angle. Groove in the form of a flat ledge between shoulder and neck. Handles, with bases just above carination,are round in section. Decoration in dark brown streaky glaze. Base and bottom of body coated, with band just above. Pair of narrow bands on body with single band at base of handles. Hatched zigzag on shoulder. Neck coated, but lip reserved except for groups of parallel diagonal lines. Top of each handle coated. Although small vessels of approximatelythe same shape are not uncommon, the quite angular shape is not found elsewhere. The hatched zigzag is assigned by Furumark to IIIC:I.25 io. Cup (pl. 8I, fig. Io). H. 0.057. Body h. 0.034Mouth d. 0.093. No break to reveal fabric, but exterior is reddish buff with bands in orange-red, and interior is light brown-buff with quite brown glaze. Flat base. Flaring lip with one loop handle. Base coated, with two bands just above, and third band just below lip. Ladder pattern on handle. Lip, with short strokes as rays, banded inside. I have found no really close parallel for this piece. I1-13. Fragments of a small one-handled jug with orange bands (pl. 81, fig. ii), a second kylix, and a small plain-ware jug may be completely restored after excavation of the site. 14. Terracotta spindle whorl (pl. 82, fig. 12). L. Hole d. 0.006. Part of one end broken around hole. Coarse brown micacaeous clay with white grit. Shaped like two truncated cones joined at bases, then pierced. Such whorls, or buttons, were in use throughout the Mycenaean period.26
0.02.

flattenedin firing. Decorationimpressed:net patternsframedby bandsat both ends of each bead. Although such patternedbeads are frequently called cylinder seals, it seems much more likely thatgroupssuchas this,which may have contained many more beads, were strung as necklaces.Almostidenticalbeadshave been found at Gezer,but the contextdid not allow accuratedating.27 It would be prematureto attempta full interpretationof these finds until the results of the recently planned Turkish excavationof the site arepublished. The mere knowledgeof a Mycenaean colony near Halicarnassus, from at least LH IIIA to LH IIIC:I,is, however,in itself significant. Tentative answersto problemsof preclassical Cacausedby disagreement ria,partially amongancient havebeenbasedalmostcompletely negaon writers, tive archaeological evidence. J. M. Cook, after his thorough and exhaustive doubtsthat the surveyof the areawith G. Bean,28 CariansoccupiedCariaduring the second millennium B.c. for, with the exceptionof Miletus,and Mylasa with its scanty Mycenaeanremains,"the coast appearsa blank on the map . . . and the interior of Caria seems to have been virtually uninhabited throughout prehistorictimes."29 Paton and Myreshad previouslysuggestedthat the lack of Mycenaean remainsin Caria,within sight of so islandswhich wereoccupiedby Mycenaeans, many must have been due to some unknown mainland opposition."a One solution to the problemof the position of Ahhijawdis subjectto the same lack of archaeological evidence. D. Page places Ahhijawd on Rhodes after concludingthat Arzawa lies in the southwesternsection of Asia Minor; must lie, according Page, westward Arzawa,31 to of Ahhijaw. and there is simply no room for a powerfulkingdom on the westor southwest coastof Asia Minor.32 But is it not more a questionof "inhabited room" than simply of "room"?And was Arzawa really on the southwestern coast? Once more negative evidencehas providedone possibleanswer.J. MelAsia Minor," CAH II, Chap. 38 (rev. ed., fasc. 6; Cambridge 1961) 22; "Greek Archaeology in Western Asia Minor," Archaeological Reports for 1959-60, 50.

15-17. Cylindrical faience beads (pl. 82, fig. 13). Lengths, o.oi6, o.o19, and 0.02o respectively, with diameters in same order: 0.008, 0.009, 0.010; hole diameters ca. 0.004. Blue-green faience. One bead
25 Furumark, MP 383, fig. 67, zigzag no. I8. 26 Furumark, Chronology (supra, n. 21) 89-91. 27 R. A. S. The Excavation Gezer

Macalister,

of

1912)

346, no. 29, with pl. 214.10. L. Morricone informs me

II (London

that he has also found a similar bead in Tomb 38 (Myc. IIIA) at Langada on Cos.
28G. 29

50 (i955)

J. M. Cook, "Greek Settlement in the Eastern Aegean and

E. Bean and J. M. Cook, BSA 47 (1952) 85ff; BSA 52 (1957) 58ff.

17Iff;

BSA

California 1959) 9. 32ibid. 13.

SoW. R. Paton and J. L. Myres, "Karian Sites and Inscriptions," JHS I6 (1896) 264-265. a' Denys L. Page, History and the Homeric Iliad (U. of

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The tomb lies less than halfway up the south a sites, laart,certainly masterat spottingprehistoric aftera look at the areathat "thenegative slope of Burgaz Tepesi, which in turn lies to the concluded resultof this surveyof the south and south-western south of the village of G6kgebel(Dirmil). There coast of Anatolia will seriouslyaffect attemptsby seems to be some confusion as to the names of and scholarsof Anatoliangeographyto locate the Ar- theseplaces,for both Patonand Myres,37 Bean discussthe remainson top of Burgaz, zawa and Lugga on this coast during the second and Cook38 and each presentsa plan of the site; the latterpair millenniumB.c."33 Our cemeterydoes not, of course,signify a king- of surveyorstentativelyequate it with Lelegian Although I was assuredby the people dom, nor even a large city, but its discoveryin an Uranium."9 few areathoughtto offer "singularly antiquities"" who took me to the hill that it was Burgaz,and it emphasizesthe futility of making further judg- would seem strange for them not to know the mentson earlyCariabeforemore studytakesplace name of the mountain beneath which they live, in the field. Apparent contradictions among the the standing walls do not coincidewith those in resolvedby future the plans mentionedabove.The remains,however, ancientsourcesmay be partially excavation,and the relationshipbetween Leleges, do match the plan of the fort which Paton and Bean and Carians,and, possibly,the Myresdescribeas lying above Tremil.40 Minoans,Mycenaeans, Cook mentionthe same fort (here calledDirmil), people of Ahhijawdbetter understood.35 of and rejectan earlieridentification it as ancient A PROTOGEOMETRIC TOMB NEAR DIRMIL Termile on the grounds that Termile probably This site was found exactly as was the first, and neverexisted;`" they suggestthat it may have been but from the same coffee shop. I was again visiting Bo- Pliny'sNariandos, admitthatthereis "no posidrum for supplies when Captain Kemal Aras"6 tive evidence."42 Recently the modern village has beckoned me to look at a pile of pottery in the changedits name from Dirmil to G6kgebel. The farmerwho owned the land had struckthe back of a jeep parked nearby; there were six Protocornerof the tomb'scoverslab,while digvases. Again I consulted Haluk Elbe, southeast geometric and we traced the pieces to the office of a local ging into the side of the hill, and had brokenaway official.All of the materialwas eventuallygiven a largepieceof stone.Whetheror not the resultant to the Bodrum Museum, where it was cleaned and hole was subsequently enlargedI do not know, but on our arrivalit allowed a man to lower himself catalogued. The discoverer the tomb said of Meanwhile, we located the owner of the land into the chamber. us that the vases were all lying near the back of the where the pottery had been found and he told with only the skyphosstandingupright. of the spot where he had discovered the pieces. chamber, The season's diving had stopped by this time and, He alsosaid that therewere no bones,and it seems accompanied by several members of the Yassi Ada likely that he would have noticed any, for he staff, I visited the site with Haluk Elbe and Belkis showed us teeth and bones which had come from Mutlu, one of the assistant commissioners of the a latertomb found nearby. The tomb consists of a chamberentered by a underwater excavation. Eric Carlson and Laurence of the tomb ?byflashlight and short dromos (ca. 1.20 m. long). The dromos is Joline made plans gas lantern(pl. 82, fig. I4a, b, c). i.o meter wide and i.15 meters high at its outer
33 James Mellaart, "Preliminary Report on a Survey of PreClassical Remains in Southern Turkey," AnatSt 4 (1954)
177-178. 34 Bean and Cook, BSA 50 (I955) 129.

the Leleges separately (II. 10.428-29), but Pausanias (7.2.8) says that the Leleges formed a section of the Carian race. Herodotus (I.17I) states that the Carians were called Leleges when they lived in the islands, once as subjects of King Minos, before they were driven to the mainland by the lonians and Dorians. Thucydides (I.4) agrees that the Carians once inhabited the islands, but believes that it was Minos himself who drove them out. Strabo (14.2.27) says that it is most probable that the Carians, known as Leleges while living in the islands under Minos, migrated to the mainland where they met other

38Homer calls Miletus Carian (1. 2.867-68) and mentions

Leleges and Pelasgians and took away much of their land. The Carians themselves believed that they were indigenous to Caria (Herod. 1.171). For Leleges in Greece, see George Huxley, Crete and the Luwians (Oxford I96I) 41. 36 Captain Kemal, who was in charge of our boats and crew, is already noted for supplying the information to Peter Throckmorton which led to the excavation of the Bronze Age shipwreck at Cape Gelidonya and the Byzantine wreck at Yassi Ada. 37 Paton and Myres, JHS I6 (I896) 206, with fig. 7 on 207. 38 Bean and Cook, BSA 50 (I955) 118-I20, with fig. 6(a). 39ibid. i55. 40 Paton and Myres, JHS I6 (1896) 207-208, with fig. 8. 41 Bean and Cook, BSA 50 (I955) 130, 16o. 42 ibid. I6o, n. 315.

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end, which is walled up with roughly rectangular stones. The walls of the dromos contain the best masonry in the tomb, approaching ashlar in the bottom courses; the walls rise vertically to half the height of the dromos, above which they are corbelled and no longer are built of good stone. Three large slabs roof the dromos. The chamber, which is entered by the dromos in the center of one of its short sides, is almost rectangular in its bottom course (2.15 m. wide at south end, 2.14 m. at north end, but 2.45 m. and 2.55 m. on east and west sides, respectively). Above the first course, however, the walls converge with corbelling, and the corners begin to disappear until the plan of the chamber becomes a rough oval. In the north wall, opposite and at approximately the same height as the roof of the dromos, is a large slab wider than the chamber; above this slab and above the height of the dromos roof, the rubble masonry continues for two courses, and on this rests the large slab which roofs the entire chamber. The purpose of the slab in the north wall is not clear, unless the tomb-builderfeared the rubble corbelling would not support the roof; the chamber diminishes in width from 2.15 meters to i meter in a height of 2.31 meters. The floor was not excavated, but it seems to have been only of earth. Tombs of this type are not uncommon in Caria, and have been well described by both Paton and Myres,43 and Bean and Cook;44 they are sometimes called Lelegian because of their frequent proximity to Lelegian sites.45 The earliest discovered are those at Asarlik which contained early Protogeometric pottery,46 and the same mode of construction would seem to continue into the fifth century B.c.47Whether or not the tomb at G6kgebel originally protruded above the surface of the surrounding terrain, as is usual, cannot be known before soundings are made. It is noteworthy that tombs of this type and size, which are almost certainly related to Mycenaean

tholos tombs,48 also appear on Crete during the Early Iron Age, although these had made their first appearance in the Late Minoan period.49 Hood lists, for the Late Bronze Age, four rectangular chamber tombs with corbelled beehive vaults like those of tholos tombs; three are in eastern Crete, one in western Crete, and one on Samos.50For the Iron Age there are, besides those mentioned in Caria, ten similar tombs in eastern Crete."1It is possible that there are still more in Crete, among excavated tombs, for Pendlebury has shown that a number of tombs which were originally published as "true tholoi, i.e. circular from the foundations," are actually rectangular. Indeed, almost all of those which were re-examined have domes beginning about a meter from the ground.52 The tombs at Karphi are especially interesting because they, like those of Caria, so obviously projected well above the surface of the earth.53 Until further work is done on the Mycenaean remains in ICaria,it would be presumptuous to interpret this relationship between Cretan and Carian tomb construction; all that may be said at the moment is that, in spite of the obvious differences in the pottery found within the tombs, we may be seeing some echo of the traditional connection between Lego-Carians and Minoans, which is the one point on which most early historians agree. The catalogue of pottery from the tomb follows: unless otherwise indicated, both sides of each vessel may be considered the same and only one side of each is described. Mouth d. 0.405I. Krater (pl. 83, fig. 15). H. 0o.469. Part of conical base and half of one double handle missing. Body cracked. Orange-red fabric with some grit. High flaring foot. Beveled lip. Two double loop handles set horizontally on each side of body. Decoration, applied over very light buff slip on exterior, is too badly worn to give original quality

43Paton and Myres, JHS i6 (1896) 24550 ibid. 167, with fig. i. Cf. St. A. Xanthoudides, ArchEph 44 Bean and Cook, BSA 50 (1955) 165-166. (1904) 23-24, figs. 5a and 5b. The Samos tomb seems to be ibid. On 127 they explain why certain sites are considered unpublished except for brief notices. 45 Lelegian. 51 ibid. Cf. E. H. Hall, Excavations in Eastern Crete, Vro46 W. R. Paton, "Excavations in Caria," JHS 8 (1887) 66ff. kastro (U. of Pa. Mus. Anthrop. Publ. III, 3; Philadelphia 47 Bean and Cook, BSA 50 (i955) 166. 1914) 12452 J. D. S. 48Paton and Myres, IHS i6 (1896) 265. K. Bittel, KleinPendlebury, The Archaeology of Crete (London asiatische Studien (Istanbul 1942) 70. Ekrem Akurgal, Die 1939) 306-307. Kunst Anatoliens (Berlin 1961) 161-162; "The Early Period 53Pendlebury, "Excavations in the Plain of Lasithi III. and the Golden Age of Ionia," AJA 66 (1962) 370. BSA 38 (1937-38) Karphi ...," iiI; for other tombs, looff, 49 M. S. F. Hood, "Tholos Tombs of the Aegean," Antiquity with table on Io9. 34 (I96o) 175.

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of glaze. Foot banded at bottom and at junction 2. Shoulder-handled amphora(pl. 83, fig. 16). H. with body, with pair of bandsbetweenand nearer 0.456. D. 0.322. Mouth d. 0.192. Buff fabric. bottom.Wide band on body,just beneathhandles, Low ring base; handles, oval in section, from with threesmallerbandsaboveand below. Handle shoulderto junction of shoulderand neck; high zone in three panels, each containinga reserved neck flaresout sharplyat mouth.Smallroundhole cross,with darkcenter,circumscribed concentric in body near base seemsto have been made intenby circles.Panels are framed by verticalrows of loz- tionallyin antiquity. enges, but these differ in the following manner: Decorationin very dark brown,cracklingglaze, a and b are both flankedby pairs of verticallines; which variesfrom nearlyblack to red. Dark band c is flankedby single lines, but lozenges are wid- at junction of base and body with two narrow ened by being divided and separated a pair of bands just above. Belly covered with two broad by reservedverticallines runningdown their centers; bands,with pairsof smallerbandsbetween,below, and d is simply flankedby verticallines. (It must and above; the last is adjacentto the bottomsof be noted that the circlesdo not overlapthe vertical handles.Handle zone is reserved a pairof confor with solid hourglassfillings. A but panels, as in illustration, were all centeredas centricsemicircles is the central circle shown there.) A small band ten-brushcompasswas used for each semicircular runs along the top of the panel zone, with groups pattern,and the compassneedlewas set neitheron of irregular, short lines pendantfrom it on either the base line nor in the center of the hourglass side of each circle and above the handles.Above, (which would, in any case,have been added last), wide band covers lip and continuesinto interior but somewhere between.Semicircles, in flankedby coating. Handles each with three banners, and pairs of wiggly verticallines, are separatedby a beneathhandles are crude "horns"which may be pairof nearlyverticaldottedlines, and are attached to the upperpanelborder pairsof obliquedotted by only splashes. The piece finds its closest parallelsat Marma- lines. Zone of upperhandle attachment filled with in the group I45-I49.4"In common dottedhorizontalline framedby solid bands.Neck riani,especially The deep body and and rim, to a point just inside mouth, are coated are the shape and decoration. foot are the same,and the slight ridge with very dark brown glaze. The handles are high flaring on below the lip, which is common in Attica, also stripedhorizontally outer surfaces. several differencesexist, the closest where it is usually more occurs at Marmariani, Although Many parallel seems to be from Andros.58Again the pronouncedand serrated,as at Miletus.55 a in of the featuresdescribed Desborough defining date is in the late Protogeometric by period,"9 date are the group at Marmariani found here: circles furthersuggestedby similarities the late Prototo betweendividingzones and filled with re- geometricneck-handled amphora,no. 2024, Tomb cramped served crosses,rectilinearpanels adjacent to the 44, from the Kerameikos.o? motives. The use of the "leaning" verticalrows of dots to handles,and solid diamondsas rectilinear with hourglassfillDesboroughplaces this group late in the Proto- separateconcentricsemicircles geometricperiod and would suggest, in terms of ings, I have found only in Athens on a jug which absolutedating,that Protogeometric began at Mar- also bears horizontalstripeson its one handle." mariani after the middle of the tenth century;56 the Dirmil krateris closest to the later examples 3. Trefoil-lippedoinochoe (pl. 84, fig. 17). H. fromthatsite. 0.32. D. 0.25. Bright orange, slightly micacaeous Another close parallelwas found on the island fabric. Low conical base, rather globular body, with but of Thera,57 in that case the central panel is rather slight bulge at base of neck. filled with a net or cross-hatched pattern
than concentric circles. Decoration in reddish-orange glaze. Thin band
58 Desborough, PgP pl. I6, no. 150. Theophil Sauciuc, An54 V. R. d'A. Desborough, Protogeometric Pottery (hereafter PgP) (Oxford 1952) I43f, with pl. 23. T. C. Skeat and W. A. dros (Wien 1914) 47, fig. 58, center. 59 Desborough, PgP 37, 39-40. Heurtley, "The Tholos Tombs of Marmariani,"BSA 31 (193060 ibid. 31) 32-33, pl. II. I I, with pl. 3. 1A. Skias, Praktika (I900) 92ff. S. Wide, "Die Altesten 55 Peter Hommel, "Der Abschnitt 6stlich des Athenatempels," IstMitt 9/10 (1959-60) pl. 51. Dipylonvasen in Attika," Opuscula Archaeologica Oscari Mon56 Desborough, PgP 147. telio (Holmiae 1913) 208-209, with fig. 3. 57Hans Dragendorff, Thera II (Berlin 1903) 30, fig. 81.

360

GEORGE F. BASS

[AIA 67

on bottomof base, and wider band on lower part Protogeometric.65 decoration matchedalmost The is of body. Group of nine concentricsemicircleson identicallyon a sherd from Miletus which bears shoulder,below spout, resting on group of three concentriccircles with a wiggly horizontal line bands,of which the middleband is wider.Twelve on eitherside (one slightlyhigherthan the other), from bandat baseof neck.Lip is glazed a darkdot at the centerof the circles,and a narrow languettes insideand out. band beneatha coatedlip.e6A less certainparallel The globularbody, the clay ground,the lack of is from Lindos, but the joining wiggly lines in central filling in the semicircles,and the use of that exampleare triple."7 mentionsthe Desborough hold-over from sub-Mycenaean) similarityto a skyphosfrom Zagora,Andros;"8 the languettes (a would point toward an early date in the Proto- datingof the Zagoratombs is difficult, may be but It to geometricperiod.62 is not wise to comparedeco- transitionalfrom Protogeometric Early Geoof rationson differentshapes,but the similarity the metric.69 decoration that of a belly-handled to amphora(no. oinochoe (pl. 84, fig. Tomb 4, from the Kerameikos)63 from the ,5. Jug or trefoil-mouthed 549, 19). H. 0.298. D. o.i8. Most of neck and all of lip period should be noted. very early Protogeometric It shouldalso be borne in mind that oinochoaiof missing.Brownishbuff fabric. Low conicalbase.Slimmerbody than thatof no. ClassI, however,of which this is an Desborough's 3. Handle joins the shoulderfar from the point example,do continueuntil the late phasesof Protobeneaththe join with the lip. It is not posgeometric,althoughthe coated shouldersof Class directly sible to know if mouth was originally round or II are then more popular."' trefoil. Conical-footed Decorationin dark brownglaze. Base completeskyphos(pl. 84,fig. 18). H. 0.175. 4. Mouthd. 0.173. Light brownishbuff fabric.Wheel ly coated. Most of body below shoulder covered marksprominenton interiorsurface. with two wide bands, between and above which Conical base with horizontalgrooves or wheel are pairs of narrowerbands. Shoulderpatternof marks. Sides of rather deep body slightly con- concentricsemicircles rests on topmostband; censtrictedjust below splayingrim. ter of circles in bottom half of hourglassfilling. Two narrow,reddishbandsnearbottomof coni- The nine-brush used so that compasswas carelessly cal base.Lower third of body coveredwith red to the lines run togetherin places and have jagged dark brown glaze, above which are two narrow, ends. Semicircles flankedby pairs of dotted lines, motives neitherof which is truly vertical,and attachedto red to darkbrownbands.Main decorative are pairsof groupedconcentric circles,nine circles band at base of neck by a single dotted line. Base to each group, with a dot in the center of each. of handle ringed with glaze. The innermostcircleof each group is appreciably The more slenderbody, and the use of central thickerand darkerthan the others,but this may be filling in the semicircles pointsto a date somewhat due only to the brushesused.Between,and joining, later than that of no. 3. That its mouth may have the groups of circles is a wiggly horizontalline, been roundis suggestedby its closestparallel,the and on one side, at least,anothersimilarline runs one-handledjug from the southwestslope of the towardthe handle at a slightlyhigher level. Nar- Acropolismentionedabove."1 row band just below lip, which is coated with a continuation the darkbrownglaze which covers 6. Belly-handled of amphora(pl. 84,fig. 20). H. 0.405the inside of the vessel. A pair of strokes begin D. o0.285. Mouthd. o0.17. fabric(as no. 3). Orangeish in the dark area at the bottom of the body and Wheel markspronounced insideneck. run up over eachhandle. Low conicalbase,flatinside.Pairof loophandles,
Although definite parallels do not come to hand, this is probably closest to Desborough's Type IIb, which would seem to date from the late phase of
62 Desborough, PgP 64-65.

horizontally placed at point of maximum diameter of rather globular body, slant upward. Strongly splaying lip.
67 Chr. Blinkenberg, Lindos I (Berlin 1931) 239, no. 831, with pl. 33. 68 Desborough, PgP pl. 16, no. 146. 69 ibid. I6I, 163.

63 ibid. 21-22, with pl. 5, no. 549. 64 ibid. 65. 65ibid. 80, 85. 66 P. Hommel, op.cit. (supra, n. 55) 55, pl. 55, no. 6.

1963]

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Decoration in very reddish glaze. Bottom part of vase in very poor condition, but it is doubtful that body was painted beneath handles. Shoulder decoration, which rests on broad band with narrow band just beneath, consists of concentric semicircles with hourglass fillings. Between two of these is a vertical panel of solid lozenges framed by a pair of vertical lines. Neck and lip are coated. A vase found at Knossos, which seems to be an import, is similar in shape and, to a lesser extent, in decoration, except for its neck and lip.70 The neck of the Dirmil vase is closer to the Attic examples of Desborough's Class I amphoras."

much closer to the Attic series than those found in the cist tombs on Cos," which is so much closer geographically. His suggestion that better parallels would probably be found at Miletus has been proven true, at least in the case of the skyphos, and we would expect to find still closer ties between the two sites in the future. The discovery of a krater at Dirmil having its best parallels in Thessaly and on Thera, however, is disturbing if one seeks common Ionian traits; this factor may be due only to the fortunes of excavation, for few Protogeometric kraters are known elsewhere. With a Turkish investigation of this site also being planned, it would again be premature to The pottery and the practice of cremation found speculate too broadly on its significance. Hopefully at Asarlik had suggested a connection between At- the current and planned work in the Halicarnassus tica and Caria during the early Protogeometric pe- Peninsula will lead to the discovery of still more riod,72and a continuation of this connection may be early Carian sites, whose excavation, as Professor seen at Dirmil where cremation, although not cer- Cook has stated often, is so urgently needed.73 tain, again seems likely. Exact parallels for the THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, PHILADELPHIA Dirmil pottery are not found in Attica itself, but has pointed out that "the vases are Desborough
ibid. 35, with pl. 33, no. xI, 4. 71ibid. 23, with pl. 5. 72 V. Desborough, "The End of Mycenaean Civilization and the Dark Age," CAH II, chapt. 36 (revised ed., fasc. 13; Cam70

bridge 1962) 17. 73 J. M. Cook, Archae. Reports for 1959-60 50; CAH (supra, n. 29) 23.

(supra, n. 29)

BASS

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8I

FIG. 2

FIG. I

FIG.

FIG. 3

FIc. 5

FIG.4

FIG. II

FIG. IO

FIG. 6

PLATE

82

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FIG. 12

"_ID!
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FIG.

13

FIG. i4a

FIG. I4C

FIG. I4b

FIG. 14. Protogeometric tomb at Dirml. a: plan; b: longitudinal section; c: section through A-A on plan

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83

FIG. 15

FIG. 16

PLATE

84

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17

FIG. 18

FIG. I9

FIG. 20

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