Summary-Derivative

1. The LHopital Rule Given functions f and g where both functions are differentiable. If is then, by the L Hopital Rule

or

(called indeterminate form)

Note i. ii. The LHopital Rule can be used repeatedly as long as after the substitution we still obtained the indeterminate form. Other indeterminate form such as before the LHopital Rule can be used. or must be change to or

form

2. The Instantaneous Rate of Change

It is the rate of change one quantity (variable) versus another quantity (another variable). Thus derivative is rate of change. Depending on what the function represent, the derivative (rate of change) of it is given special name such slope, velocity, acceleration, current, power, marginal cost, rate of reaction, and many more.

3. Related Rates
Related rate is relationship between rates of change. Thus, in a related problem is finding rate of change of some quantity by relating this quantity with some other quantity (ties) where their rates of change are known. The independent variable in related rate problem is time (t).

4. Optimization
Derivative is used as a tool in solving maximum/minimum problems. There are three methods that can be used depending on the problem given. i. The Closed Interval Method. or undefined. a. Find the critical numbers that makes b. Evaluate the function at these critical numbers and the end points. c. The maximum or minimum depends on answer in (b) above. Note: In this method, the closed interval must be known.

Review Notes Applications of Derivative FAM 0035 Jan 2010

Examples 2010
ii. The First Derivative Test. a. b. c. d. or undefined. Find the critical numbers that makes Form intervals based on answer in (a) above. in each interval in (b). Test the sign of changes from positive to negative between two If the sign of the consecutive intervals, the shared critical number will gives maximum value. changes from negative to positive between two However, if the sign of consecutive intervals, the shared critical number will gives minimum value. The Second Derivative Test. or undefined. a. Find the critical numbers that makes at these critical numbers in (a). b. Evaluate the sign of is positive that critical number will gives minimum value, c. From (b) above if is negative that critical number will gives maximum value. however if Note: For the ii and iii method, closed interval is not a must.

iii.

5. Determine feature of a curve/graph

In the process of determining features of a curve such as maximum and/or minimum point(s), interval where the curve increases and/or decreases, interval the curve concave up and /or concave down, stationary point and point of inflection, derivative is used. By determining these features it able to assist us in sketching the curve of the function given. i. Interval(s) increasing and/or decreasing a. b. c. d. or undefined. Find the critical numbers that makes Form intervals based on answer in (a) above. in each interval in (b). Test the sign of is positive that interval is where the curve is increasing and if If the sign of is negative that interval is where the curve is decreasing. the sign of

ii. Maximum and/minimum point as in 1st Derivative Test iii. Interval(s) concave up and/or concave down. a. b. c. d. Find that make or undefined. Form intervals based on answer in (a) above. in each interval in (b). Test the sign of is positive that interval is where the curve is concave up and if If the sign of the sign of is negative that interval is where the curve is concave down.

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iv. Point(s) of Inflection. a. b. c. d. Find that makes or undefined. Form intervals based on answer in (a) above. in each interval in (b). Test the sign of If there is in concavity, the shared is the x-coordinate of the point of inflection.

v. Stationary Point(s) that make To get the point(s) evaluate at all these x.

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Examples 2010
Limit using LHopital Rule:
Example 1 Find the limit of each of the following. a. b. Solution a.



after 1st substitution

By LHopital rule

b.

after 1st substitution or

Before using LHopital Rule we need to make it becomes either

One possibility: Now, by LHopital rule

after 1st substitution

Example 2 Find Solution , after 1st substitution , after 1st substitution By LHopital rule or does not exists

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Instantaneous Rate of Change
Example 1

The volume of a cone is given by the formula V ! both measured in centimeter (cm). a. b. c.

1 2 Tr h where the radius is r and h is the height 3

Find the rate of change of V with respect to h if r remains constant. Find the rate of change of V with respect to r if h remains constant. Find the rate of change of h with respect to r if V remains constant.

Solution a. b. c. Rewrite h in terms of r and V

Example 2

Find the equation of the normal line to the curve ( xy 3  y ) 3 ! 8 xy at the point (1, 1). Solution By implicit differentiation

Equation of the normal line at the point (1, 1) is

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Example 3
The power, P, dissipated when 9-volt battery is put across a resistance of R ohms is given by

What is the rate of change of power with respect to resistance when Solution volts/ohm

Example 4

An object moves along the horizontal line and its position at each time t u 0 is s ! t 3  4t 2  4t  3 , where s in meters and t in minutes. Determine

a. b.
c. d.

when the velocity is zero? when the acceleration when the velocity is zero?
what does negative velocity means? what does positive acceleration means?

Solution

a.

: velocity

b.

: acceleration m/min m/min

c. d.

The object moving to the left of the starting point. The object is increasing in velocity.

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Related Rate
Example 1

A particle is moving along the curve x 3  5 x 2 y  2 y 2 ! 4 y  11 . As it passes through the point (1, 2), its y-coordinate is decreasing at the rate of 2 units per second. At what rate is the x-coordinate changing? Solution

3x 2

dx dx dy dy dy  5[ 2 xy  x2 ]  4y !4 dt dt dt dt dt dx dx 3(1) 2  5[ 2(1)( 2)  (1) 2 ( 2 )]  4( 2)( 2) ! 4( 2) dt dt dx 18 ! dt 23 units/sec

Example 2 If a spherical shape snowball melts so that its surface area decreases at a rate of 1 cm2/min, find the rate at which the diameter decreases when the diameter is 10 cm.

Solution , where A surface area of sphere and r radius of the sphere.

cm/min

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Example 3 Coffee is poured at a uniform rate of 20cm3/s into a cup whose inside is shape like a truncated cone. If the upper and lower radii of the cup are 4cm and 2cm respectively, and the height of the cup is 6cm, how fast will the coffee level be rising when the coffee is halfway up? (Volume of cone: V ! Solution:

1 3

3 T r h)

r 2

6 12

Let the added small cone (the dotted line part) volume be V1 (this is constant). Using similar triangle:

r 4 1 ! r! h h 12 3
Let V be the volume of coffee in the cup.

1 V ! Tr 2 h  V1 3

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Examples 2010
Using r !

1 h 3 1 1 T 3 V ! T ( h ) 2 h  V1 ! h  V1 3 3 27 V ! T 3 h  V1 27

dV T dh (3h 2 ) ! 0 27 dt dt
Using the value

dV ! 20 , h ! 3  6 ! 9 dt 20 ! T dh (3(9) 2 ) 27 dt

dh 20 ! cm/sec. dt 9T

Example 4 An aircraft is flying horizontally at a constant height 4000ft above a fixed observation point (see figure below). At a certain instant the angle of elevation U is 30 degree and decreasing, and the speed of the aircraft is 300 mi/h. a. b. How fast is U decreasing at this instant? Express the result in degree/sec. How fast is the distance between the aircraft and the observation point changing at this instant? Express the result in ft/sec. (1 mi=5280ft)

Aircraft z 4000ft Observation Point x

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Solution a.

tan U !

4000 x

You can straight away differentiate with respect to time t or you can do this first.

tan U !

4000 x

x tan U ! 4000 x! 4000 tan U

x ! 4000 cot U
Now differentiate with respect to time, t.

dx dU ! 4000 (  csc 2 U ) dt dt
Before we substitute, beware of the unit.

dx ! 300 mi/hr dt ! (3000 x5280 ) / 3600 ! 440 ft/sec

Now substitute U ! 30 Q,

dx ! 440 dt

dx dU ! 4000 (  csc 2 U ) dt dt 440 ! 4000 (  csc 2 30) 4000 dU sin 2 30 dt dU dt

440 ! 

440(sin 2 30) dU ! ! 0.0275 rad/sec 4000 dt

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440(sin 2 30) dU ! ! 0.0275 } 1.6 Q/ sec 4000 dt

b.

sin U !

4000 z

You can straight away differentiate with respect to time, t or you can do this first.

z!

4000 sin U

z ! 4000 csc U
Now differentiate with respect to time, t.

dz dU ! 4000 (  csc U cot U ) dt dt

Now substitute U ! 30 Q ,

dU ! 0.0275 rad / sec dt

dz ! 4000 (  csc 30 cot 30)(0.0275) } 381 ... ft / sec dt

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Maximum and Minimum
Example 1

An open box is to be made from a 16-inch by 30-inch piece of cardboard by cutting out squares of equal sizes from four corners and bending up the sides. What dimension should be the squares be to obtain a box with the largest volume? Solution

V ! (30  2 x)(16  2 x) x ! 480 x  92 x 2  4 x3

V ! 480  184 x  12 x 2 x ! 480  184 x  12 x 2 ! 0

4(120  46 x  3x 2 ) ! 0
4( x  12)(3x  10) ! 0 x ! 12 and 10 3

By the Closed Interval Test:

x ! 0 p V (0) ! 0 10 10 19600 maximum volume when the square cut out is of length 10/ 3 in. pV( ) ! x! 3 3 27 x ! 8 p V (8) ! 0

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Example 2 A cylindrical can is to be made to hold 1 L of oil. Find the dimensions that will minimize the cost of the metal to manufacture the can. Solution Let A be the surface area of the can.

A 2Tr 2  2Trh
Next, we can eliminate the variable h, using the information that the V = 1L, (1L = 1000 cm3).

V ! Tr 2 h ! 1000 h 1000 Tr 2 2000 ,r " 0 r

A ! 2 r2 

To find the critical numbers:

Ad 4Tr  !

The minimum cost to manufacture can be obtained by manufacturing the cab with the following dimensions:

r!3

5 T

cm and h !

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Ad 4Tr 

2000 r2 2000 r2 0

4Tr 3  2000 2000 3 500 ! !0 r !3 or r ! 0 (reject) 2 r 4T T

1000 1000 500 3 cm. ! 2 ! 2. 2 Tr T T (500 T ) 3

Examples 2010
Example 3 At which points on the curve y ! 1  40 x 3  3 x 5 does the tangent line have the largest slope? Solution The function you want to maximize is slope:

dy ! 120 x 2  15 x 4 dx

Let T !

dy ! 120 x 2  15 x 4 dx

dT d 2 y ! 2 ! 240 x  60 x 3 dx dx
dT ! 240 x  60 x 3 ! 0 dx 60 x( 2  x)( 2  x) ! 0 x ! 0, 2,2
Using Second Derivative Test:

x ! 2  x!0 x !2

The points with the largest slope are:

x ! 2, y ! 1  40( 2) 3  3( 2) 5 ! 223 ( 2,223)

and

x ! 2, y ! 1  40 ( 2) 3  3( 2) 5 ! 225 ( 2,225)

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max min max

d2 dx 2

Examples 2010
Features of Curve Example 1 Given that f ( x ) ! i. ii. iii. iv.

x , find x 2
2

Find the critical points. Find the interval(s) in which f is increasing and decreasing. Find the interval(s) in which f is concave upwards and downwards. Identify the inflection point(s).

Solution i.

(x f d) !

( x 2  2)  2 x ( x )  x2  2 ! 2 ( x 2  2) 2 ( x  2) 2

For f d ) ! 0  x 2  2 ! 0 x ! s 2 (x For f d ) undefined (x The critical points are: When x !

None

2 f ( 2) !

2 2 2 ! ( 2, ) 22 4 4  2  2  2 ! ( 2 , ) 22 4 4

When x !  2 f (  2 ) ! ii.

 2

fd

 tve

 tve

 tve

Interval increasing: ( 2 , 2 ) Interval decreasing: ( g, 2 ) and ( 2 , g)

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iii.

d (x fd)!
For

 2 x ( x 2  2) 2  2( x 2  2)(2 x )( x 2  2)  2 x( x 2  2)(  x 2  6) ! ( x 2  2) 4 ( x 2  2) 4

d f d ) ! 0 2 x( x 2  2)( x 2  6) ! 0 x ! 0,s 3 (x
and

d f d ) undefined (x

 3 d fd  tve  tve

Interval concave up: ( 3 ,0) and ( 3 , g ) Interval concave down: ( g, 3 ) and (0, 3 ) iv. Point of inflection:

x ! 0 f ( 0) !

0 ! 0 (0,0) 02 3 3 3 ! ( 3, ) 3 2 5 5  3  3  3 ! ( 3 , ) 3 2 5 5

x ! 3 f ( 3) !

x !  3 f ( 3 ) !

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one

3  tve  tve