ASCI 309 Class #1

Aerodynamics concerns the interaction of the atmosphere with moving bodies. This lies in the realm of applied Physics - not only to understand the dynamics of the moving body, but also to understand the atmosphere through which the body moves. So we will start with a review of the applicable physical laws. But first a quick look at a body of interest.

Physics Review - Dynamics

Newtons Laws
1st Law: Inertia. A body moves along a straight path unless acted upon by an external force. ex. skateboard vs. Mack truck 2nd Law: Acceleration. An unbalanced force acting upon a body results in an acceleration. F = m a ex. thrown baseball 3rd Law: Equilibrium. Forces occur in pairs. ex. swimming

Physics Review - Dynamics

Conservation Laws
Conservation of Energy: total=potential+kinetic=con. potential=mgh, kinetic=mv2/2, total,2=total,1 ex. body in free fall with no air drag Conservation of Linear Momentum: p=mv=con. ex. billiard ball collision Conservation of Angular Momentum: L=I=con. ex. spinning ice skater

Physics Review - Dynamics

Some definitions:
Work=Force acting over a distance: Wk=Fs Power=Work/time Pressure=Force/Area Density=Mass/Volume Speed of Sound=(RT) = a, (air)=1.4

Physics Review - Dynamics

Recall from your first course in Physics where bodies were considered to be point masses and friction and rotational inertia were ignored. We once again adopt simplifications to make back-of-the-envelope calculations to roughly estimate the flight path of airplanes. Later we will make the calculations more detailed to more closely approach reality.

Physics Review - Dynamics

Treating an airplane as a point mass with the four forces of Weight, Lift, Drag, and Thrust L acting upon it is a simplification T D but can lead to an W estimate of its flight path under some assumptions such as L = W = con. and D = T = con.

Physics Review - Dynamics

Starting with an initial altitude and initial speed we can estimate a maximum altitude the plane can reach using the initial kinetic energy or the maximum speed the plane can reach using the initial altitude - by utilizing the conservation of energy principle. For a given takeoff distance and takeoff speed, we can estimate the value of the constant acceleration using the kinematic equations.

Dimensions and Units

Every number we calculate represents some physical quantity and thus has dimensions. The fundamental dimensions are mass (m), length (l), time (t), and Temperature (T). Other quantities have derived dimensions which are combinations of the fundamental dimensions, e.g.: area (l2), volume (l3), density (m/l3).

Dimensions and Units

The dimensions all have units of measurement attached to them. Usually either the International system or the English system. International system English system mass (kilogram, kg) (slug) length (meter, m) (foot, ft) time (second, s) (second, s) Temperature (Kelvin, K) (Rankine, R)

Dimensions and Units

In recent history there has been a move to switch USA to the metric system as seen by all the quarter mile tracks which are now 400 m tracks, the metric bolts in automobiles and motorcycles, and the kilometer highway markers but alas we appear to be permanently stuck with the English system now mixed with the metric system. Thus, we will work problems in both systems.

Dimensions and Units

Force units are derived from Newtons 2nd Law F=ma, F(newtons, n), m(kg), a(m/s2) or F=ma, F(pounds, lb), m(slugs), a(ft/s2). Similarly, weight, W=mg, g is the local acceleration due to gravity. Using metric units, W(n)=m(kg)g(m/s2) or W(lb)=m(slugs)g(ft/s2). On and near the Earths surface, g=9.8 m/s2 or g=32.2 ft/s2, depending on your choice of units.

Dimensions and Units

Pressure, p=Force/Area (n/m2) or (lbs/ft2) Density, =Mass/Volume (kg/m3) or (slugs/ft3) Temperature, T. While the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales are adequate for weather forecasts and cooking, aerothermodynamic calculations require the use of absolute temperatures, Kelvin(K) or Rankine(R).

Dimensions and Units

There are some other units still in common usage that you should be aware of. If you go to a horse race, the distances are in furlongs where 1 furlong = 1/8 mile. If you are a sailor, distances are measured in nautical miles where 1 nautical mile = 1 minute of arc on the Earths longitude = 1.151 miles and speeds are measured in knots, 1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hr. We too will find speeds given in knots.

Dimensions and Units

I came out of four years of undergraduate engineering school with all of these conversion factors indelibly burned into my brain and lo and behold I discovered the metric system which was like a breath of fresh air. The USA does a great disservice to science and engineering by not adopting / mandating the usage of the metric system and once and for all scrapping the English system.

Derived Units
Velocity Work Energy Power Pressure Density m/sec n-m (Joules) n-m (Joules) J/sec (watts) n/m2 kg/m3 ft/sec ft-lbs ft-lbs ft-lbs/sec lbs/ft2 slugs/ft3

Conversions
2.54 cm / inch (exact), 0.3048 m / ft (exact) 1609 m / mi, 5280 ft / mi 1.151 mi / nautical mi, 1.151 mi/hr / knot 0.514 m/s / knot, 1.69 ft/s / knot 3600 sec / hr, 14.5 kg / slug 1 kg weighs 9.80 n = 2.20 lbs 1 slug weighs 32.2 lbs = 143 n 746 watts / HP, 550 ft-lbs/sec / HP

Conversion Examples
An airplane is in level flight at 250 knots. What is its speed in mi/hr? ft/sec? m/sec? 250 knots (1.151 mi/hr / knot) = 288 mi/hr 288 mi/hr(5280 ft/mi)(1 hr/3600 sec)=422 ft/s 250 knots (0.514 m/s / knot) = 128 m/s An airplane weighs 16000 lbs. What is its mass in slugs? kg? 16 000 lbs/32.2 ft/s2 = 497 slugs 497 slugs (14.5 kg/slug) = 7205 kg [W=mg]

Problems 1 & 2
A airplane weighing 16000 lbs develops a thrust resulting in a net force of 6000 lbs. What is its acceleration down the runway? An airplane is towing a glider. The tow rope is 20 below the horizontal and has a tension force of 300 lbs exerted on it by the airplane. Find the horizontal drag of the glider and the amount of lift that the rope is providing to the glider. sin 20 = 0.342, cos 20 = 0.940

Problems 3 & 4
The airplane in the first problem starts from rest on the runway and takes off at 200 ft/s. What is the elapsed time to reach takeoff speed? What is the takeoff roll for the airplane in the preceding problem? (No wind)

Problems 5 & 6
An airplane weighing 16000 lbs is in level flight at 5000 ft and a ground speed of 200 ft/s. What is its potential energy, its kinetic energy, and its total energy? If the preceding airplane went into a dive, what would its altitude be when it reached a speed of 400 ft/s? Assuming no change in thrust or drag and its energy is conserved.

Physics Review - Gases

The periodic table lists the elements and their atomic number (no. of protons in the nucleus) and their atomic mass (in atomic mass units based on the no. of protons and avg. no. of neutrons in the nucleus, 1 amu=1.66x10-27kg). Gases may be monatomic (1 atom/molecule) or diatomic (2 atoms/molecule). Air, which is the gas we are primarily concerned with, is 78% N2, 21% O2, and a 1% mixture of others.

Physics Review - Gases

Avogadro established the number of molecules in a mol of any substance to be 6.02x1023. So air is (0.78x6.02x1023 molecules of diatomic N + 0.21x6.02x1023 molecules of diatomic O + 0.01x6.02x1023 molecules of a mixture of other gases)/mol. The mass of each N2 molecule is 2x14x1.66x10-27 kg and the mass of each O2 molecule is 2x16x1.66x10-27 kg.

Physics Review - Gases

So each mol of air has a mass of approx. 0.0288 kg. Gases are compressible and for low pressures and high temperatures follow the perfect gas law (also known as the equation of state). pV=nRT, p=pressure, V=volume, n= no. mols, R = gas constant, T=absolute temperature. We will use a slightly different form: p=RT, R=gas constant(air)=287 J/kg-K=1716 ft-lb/slug-R

Atmosphere
Recall that the pressure at a depth h below the free surface of a liquid, p=p0 + gh, where: p0=pressure at the free surface. Note that this applies to a liquid which is incompressible. Air is compressible so the atmospheric pressure as a function of altitude is a more complicated calculation since both the temperature and the density are functions of altitude. A standard atmosphere model is chosen for design calculations.

Temperature vs. Altitude

Atmosphere
Figure 3-4 (Anderson) is based on a standard atmosphere. Since there are considerable day-to-day variations in temperature, pressure, and density, additional design calculations are made based on worst-case scenarios to insure reliability in extreme conditions. Items for military use must also pass survivability tests of salt spray, fungus, dust/sand, and very high temperatures.

Atmosphere
For reference, the sea level standard conditions are:
pSL = 1.013x105 n/m2 = 2116 lbs/ft2 SL = 1.22 kg/m3 = 0.00238 slugs/ft3 TSL = 288 K = 519 R Appendices A & B (Anderson) list the standard atmosphere values of p, T, vs altitude Other tables may also list the ratios: =p/pSL, =T/TSL =/SL, note: =/

Atmosphere
Just to further confuse things There are six different altitude designations:
Absolute: ha, meas. from the center of the Earth Geometric: hG, meas. from sea level Geopotential: h, assuming g=con.=g(sea level) Pressure: using meas. p and std. atm. table Temperature: using meas. T and std. atm. table Density: using meas. p & T and std. atm. table

Problems 7 & 8
Consider pb. 3.1, Anderson, p. 124. Hint: use Fig. 3.4, eqn. 3.9, and eqn. 2.3.

Consider pb. 3.2, Anderson, p. 124.