ECE267B Adv. Ind. & Pwr. Electr. Homework #3, due Th.

h. 4/28/10 First Name: Student ID number: Family Name: Email:

1) Design of a Differential Mode filter Using the data of the previous HW, in particular the required attenuation for the DM noise, design a first order and a second order filter satisfying the required attenuation. Compare the 2 solutions. Solution of last week problems is depicted in red. On this diagram, I also draw a -20dB/dec slope (first order filter) passing through the most critical point for a low pass filter (blue graph). It is evident that even if at 500kHz the required attenuation increases, even a first order filter can solve the problem. In a similar way, the yellow line shows the behavior of a second order filter, still passing through the same point, but with a slope of -40dB/dec.

We can now find the cut-off frequencies for these two filters, just remembering the rules for 20dB/dec and 40 dB/dec. At F1 the first order filter has an attenuation of 0dB, that is its gain is 1 (factor!). At 150kHz attenuation must be 0.0103. So we can write that low frequency (F1) divided by high frequency (150kHz) must equal low gain F1 .0103 (.0103) divided by high gain (1): = From this equation we obtain 150kHz 1 F1=150kHz x 0.0103= 1.55kHz. As discussed in class, this filter must be a series inductor, because we have a very low impedance on one side. First order filter turns out to be:

Prof. F. Maddaleno

EECS267B

page 1 of 5

The right hand side can be considered an almost ideal voltage source because the large capacitor has a low impedance (about 100m at 150kHz, then increasing to about 17 at 30MHz). The cut-off (or corner, or pole) R where R is the LISN resistance, frequency of this LR filter is given by F1 = 2L in differential mode equal to 100 . Knowing that the cut-off frequency must be 100 R F1=1.55kHz, we get L = = = 10.3mH OUCH! This is a large 2F1 2 1.55kHz inductor, because through it there is also the large AC current supplying the system, and this inductor must not saturate even with a large low frequency current. Lets analyze a second order filter. Schematic is in the following figure. In class we discussed why the capacitor is on the LISN side.

Corner frequency for this filter is found as before, but usind the 40dB/dec rule, which says that ratio of frequencies squared equals ratio of gains. In this case too we have still the same attenuation to meet, and the F2 cut-off
150kHz 1 = frequency turns out to be: F .0103 and from this equation we get 2 F2 = 150kHz .0103 = 15.2kHz In order to find the values of 2 components (L and C) we need two 1 equations.The first is the resonance frequency equation: F2 = , the 2 LC second is the Q factor (quality factor, related to the damping) of the LC circuit: R R Q= = where Z0 is the LC characteristic impedance and R is the load Z0 L C resistance, in this case 100 from the LISN. We can initially set the LC filter slightly underdamped, that is Q around 1, and 1 L 2 the 2 equations become LC = and = (100 ) which give 2 C (2 15.2 kHz ) C=110nF and L=1mH. Observe that now inductor is one order of magnitude smaller that in the first order filter.
2

Quite often it is economically convenient to reduce the inductor size, keeping the same corner frequency. Inductor is decreased by a factor in the range 2-5 and capacitor (far less expensive) is increased by the same factor. If we want for example to use a 390nF capacitor, we can reduce the inductance by a
Prof. F. Maddaleno EECS267B page 2 of 5

factor 110nF/390nF, obtaining L=1mH 110nF/390nF=280H. Remember that this is an X capacitor, not any capacitor.

2) Common mode noise Consider a switcher with these characteristics: V=300V, fsw=100kHz, D=.1 tr=tf=70ns, Cm=200pF Find the common noise spectrum upper bound when it is connected to a lisn. This is the standard spectrum of a trapezoidal voltage waveform, passing through a high pass filter made by Ccm and R LISN, in this case, being common mode, 25 . The reference circuit is this:

In the following graph it is represented the upper bound of the voltage noise (red) and the RC high pass filter transfer function (blue). The voltage spectrum upper bound has a low frequency value of 60V and two poles at 1/( 1s)=318kHz and 1/( 70ns)=4.5MHz. The high pass filter corner frequency is fh = 1 1 = = 31.8MHz 2RC 2 25 200pF

Adding the blue and red line we get the common mode noise voltage on the LISN (yellow trace). The horizontal value of this voltage is conveniently calculated at 318kHz. At that frequency the source voltage is 60V, the high pass filter attenuation is 0.01, value obtained with the ratio of frequencies

Prof. F. Maddaleno

EECS267B

page 3 of 5

(318kHz/31.8MHz=0.01) equal to ratio of gains, so the voltage on LISN is 0.6V. 3) Required attenuation for CM Determine how much attenuation is required for the previous circuit, to comply with CISPR 22, class A, QP. Proceeding as for the differential mode, we put on the same graph the actual noise (yellow), the maximum allowed noise (blue) and we can check if we can pass the test. The difference between the two graphs (red) tells us that we need a lot of attenuation.

4) CM filter design (this is a long term assignment) Design a common mode filter to provide the required CM attenuation on a 25 load. Use a 6dB safety margin, because there is also DM noise. The total CM capacitance must be limited to 15nF. For this problem you have to use Spice, its faster. 5) Paralleling electrolytic capacitors The idea of paralleling capacitors in order to improve their bandwidth sometimes is also applied to electrolytic capacitors. Using spice or any other simulation/mathematical program, find the impedance of a parallel of an aluminum capacitor, 1000F, 50 m, 100 nH, with a tantalum capacitor 10F, 0.3, 100nH and a ceramic capacitor 100nF, 100 nH. This is the simulated circuit

Prof. F. Maddaleno

EECS267B

page 4 of 5

Draw the total impedance and the impedance of each single capacitor on the frequency band from 1 kHz to 100 MHz. Both axis must be logarithmic. Does it occur that the parallel impedance is greater than that of a single capacitor? Total impedance is represented by the green trace in the next figure. As usual it is displayed as 1 over the total current.

Aqua curve is the Al capacitor, red curve the Ta one, and blue the ceramic. The effect of Ta is mainly between 300kHz and 1MHz, where the green curve (total impedance) is 3dB or 4dB below the aqua curve (Al electrolytic). Blue curve is the ceramic capacitor, it introduces a complex conjugate zero, where impedance has a dip, but also a pole, and the green curve just above 1MHz rises above the impedance of all capacitor. In this case the effect is not so dramatic as we saw with 2 ceramic capacitors.

Prof. F. Maddaleno

EECS267B

page 5 of 5