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Exploring Life
Figure 1.1
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
We recognize life
By what living things do
(a) Order
(d) Regulation
(g) Reproduction
Figure 1.2
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Concept 1.1: Biologists explore life from the microscopic to the global scale The study of life
Extends from the microscope scale of molecules and cells to the global scale of the entire living planet
4 Population 3 Communities
5 Organisms
Figure 1.3
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8 Cells
Atoms
10 m
10 Molecules
7 Tissues
50 m
Ecosystem Dynamics The dynamics of any ecosystem include two major processes
Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers
Chemical energy
Figure 1.4
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Heat
Figure 1.5
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25 m
The Cells Heritable Information Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the substance of genes
Which program the cells production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring
Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyros cells with copies of inherited DNA
Egg cell
Figure 1.6
Cell Nucleotide
A C T A T A C C G T A G T A
Figure 1.7
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA.Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix.
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Eukaryotic cells
Are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles
Prokaryotic cells
Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA (no nucleus) Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Figure 1.8
1 m
Concept 1.2: Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts A system
Is a combination of components that form a more complex organization
Figure 1.9
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
CELL Nucleus
Figure 1.10
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Systems biology
Is now taking hold in the study of life at the cellular and molecular levels Includes three key research developments: high-throughput technology, bioinformatics, and interdisciplinary research teams
In feedback regulation
The output, or product, of a process regulates that very process
In negative feedback
An accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that product
A
Enzyme 1 B Negative feedback A Enzyme 1 B
Enzyme 2
C Enzyme 3 D C
D
D
D D D
D
D
D
Figure 1.11
In positive feedback
The end product speeds up production
W Enzyme 4 W Enzyme 4 Positive feedback Enzyme 5 Y Enzyme 6 Z Z Z
Figure 1.12
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
X Enzyme 5 Y
Enzyme 6
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Concept 1.3: Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species Diversity is a hallmark of life
Figure 1.13
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classifying life
Species Genus Family
Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Figure 1.14
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Eukarya
The Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into three domains
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Bacteria are the most diverse 4 m and widespread prokaryotes and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped structures in this photo is a bacterial cell.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Protists (multiple kingdoms) 100 m are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity.
Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellula eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food.
Figure 1.15
Many of the prokaryotes known 0.5 m as archaea live in Earths extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photo shows a colony composed of many cells.
Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members, such as this mushroom, which absorb nutrientsafter decomposing organic material.
1.0 m
Cilia of Paramecium. The cilia of Paramecium propel the cell through pond water.
5 m Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope
Figure 1.16
Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a film of debris-trapping mucus upward.
Concept 1.4: Evolution accounts for lifes unity and diversity The history of life
Is a saga of a changing Earth billions of years old
Figure 1.17
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.18
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.19
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hereditary variations
Figure 1.20
3 Reproduction of survivors.
Figure 1.21
Figure 1.22
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Platyspiza crassirostris Insect eaters Ground finches Tree finches Bud eater Warbler finches
Figure 1.23
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
All of life
Is connected through its long evolutionary history
Concept 1.5: Biologists use various forms of inquiry to explore life At the heart of science is inquiry
A search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions
Figure 1.24
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Questions Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem
Test prediction
Test prediction
Figure 1.25
In deductive reasoning
The logic flows from the general to the specific
If a hypothesis is correct
Then we can expect a particular outcome
A Closer Look at Hypotheses in Scientific Inquiry A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities
It must be testable It must be falsifiable
In mimicry
A harmless species resembles a harmful species
Flower fly (non-stinging)
Honeybee (stinging)
Figure 1.26
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.27
Figure 1.28
In areas where coral snakes were absent, most attacks were on artificial king snakes
83%
X XX
16%
84%
Figure 1.29
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
In areas where coral snakes were present, most attacks were on artificial king snakes
Right artium
Right artium
Right ventricle
Right ventricle
Figure 1.30
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
To lungs
To body
Figure 1.31
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.32
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Concept 1.6: A set of themes connects the concepts of biology Underlying themes
Provide a framework for understanding biology
1
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings