English-Chinese Comparative Study and Writing

Lecture 1 Course Description and Requirements

Hi, everyone. Welcome to Fionas writing course!

Course Overview: ()
This course introduces students to a comparative study of the English and Chinese language from the perspective of word, grammar, sentence, rhetoric and text. It is hoped that the comparative study will polish students English writing skill. Students will be asked to read recommended books and memorize ten classical English writings, participate classroom discussion and accomplish assignments in each lecture. Opportunities of presentation will be provided for the students to demonstrate and share their learning outcomes.

OBJECTIVES ()
The course is aimed at enabling participants to: grasp the difference between the two languages enhance their English writing

ASSESSMENT ()
At the end of this semester, grades will be given on the following bases: (1) Participation in class and group work (10%) (2) Assignments (30%) (3) Class presentation (10%) (4) Final exam or end of term paper (50%)

SCHEDULE
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 Topics Course Introduction Lexical comparative study (Nouns and pronouns) Lexical comparative study (Verbs) Grammatical comparative study(Perspective of narration) Grammatical comparative study(Subject of the sentence) Syntactical comparative study(Hypotaxis and parataxis)

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Syntactical comparative study(Elliptical sentences) Syntactical comparative study (Active and passive voice) Syntactical comparative study( Concise language) Writing practices Rhetorical comparative study (Figures of speech in writing) Textual comparative study( Paragraph development 1) Textual comparative study (Paragraph development 2) TEM 8 writing IELTS writing

COURSE STUDY REQUIREMENTS()

1 Students should be punctual. 2 Set your mobile phone at the SILENT or VIBRATION mode. 3 Prepare an English exercise book (one piece of writing of no less than 300 words every three weeks) and a red pen (to evaluate your partners writing). 4 No plagiarizing. 5 Recite ten classical passages for this semester.

Books for your reference:

1 2002 2 2006 3 2004

Topics for discussion

1. 2. 3. 4.

What is difficult about English writing? What do you most enjoy about writing? Why is English writing important? Your suggestions about how to write in English

Things to do in todays class:

1 recommend a student in charge of this course() 2 to find your own partner

Please read and recite:

Change Has Come to America (Selected) November042008Barack Obama
Hello, Chicago. If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all

things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to - It belongs to you. It belongs to you. It was built by working men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give five dollars and ten dollars and twenty dollars to the cause. It grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation's apathy; who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep; it grew strength from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on the doors of perfect strangers; from the millions of Americans who volunteered, and organized, and proved that more than two centuries later, a government of the people, by the people and for the people has not perished from this Earth. This is your victory. I know you didn't do this just to win an election and I know you didn't do it for me. You did it because you understand the enormity of the task that lies ahead. For even as we celebrate tonight, we know the challenges that tomorrow will bring are the greatest of our lifetime - two wars, a planet in peril, the worst financial crisis in a century. Even as we stand here tonight, we know there are brave Americans waking up in the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan to risk their lives for us. There are mothers and fathers who will lie awake after their children fall asleep and wonder how they'll make the mortgage, or pay their doctor's bills, or save enough for their childs college education. There is new energy to harness and new jobs to be created; new schools to build and threats to meet and alliances to repair. ____

 The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may not get there in one year or even in one term, but America - I have never been more hopeful than I am tonight that we will get there. I promise you - we as a people will get there. There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who won't agree with every decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government can't solve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above all, I will ask you to join in the work of remaking this nation the only way it's been done in America for 221 years - block by block, brick by brick, calloused hands by calloused hands. 221 And all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, from parliaments and palaces to those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of the world, our stories are singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of American leadership is at hand. To those to those who would tear the world down: we will defeat you. To those who seek peace and security: we support you. And to all those who have wondered if America's beacon still burns as bright: tonight we proved once more that the true strength of our nation comes not from the might of our arms or the scale of our wealth, but from the enduring power of our ideals: democracy, liberty, opportunity, and unyielding hope.

She was born just a generation past slavery; a time when there were no cars on the road or planes in the sky; when someone like her couldn't vote for two reasons, because she was a woman and because of the color of her skin. And tonight, I think about all that she's seen throughout her century in America: the heartache and the hope; the struggle and the progress; the times we were told that we can't, and the people who pressed on with that American creed: Yes we can. At a time when women's voices were silenced and their hopes dismissed, she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot. Yes we can. When there was despair in the Dust Bowl and depression across the land, she saw a nation conquer fear itself with a New Deal, new jobs, a new sense of common purpose. Yes we can. 30 When the bombs fell on our harbor and tyranny threatened the world, she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness and a democracy was saved. Yes we can. She was there for the buses in Montgomery, the hoses in Birmingham, a bridge in Selma, and a preacher from Atlanta who told a people that "we shall overcome." Yes we can.

A man touched down on the moon, a wall came down in Berlin, a world was connected by our own science and imagination. And this year, in this election, she touched her finger to a screen, and cast her vote, because after 106 years in America, through the best of times and the darkest of hours, she knows how America can change.
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 106 Yes we can. America, we have come so far. We have seen so much. But theres so much more to do. So tonight, let us ask ourselves, if our children should live to see the next century; if my daughters should be so lucky to live as long as Ann Nixon Cooper, what change will they see? What progress will we have made? This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. This is our time: to put our people back to work and open doors of opportunity for our kids; to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace; to reclaim the American Dream and reaffirm that fundamental truth that out of many, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope, and where we are met with cynicism, and doubt, and those who tell us that we can't, we will respond with that timeless creed that sums up the spirit of a people: Yes We Can.

Lesson 2 Lexical comparative study Nouns and pronouns Theoretical concepts

Pronouns enjoy a higher frequency of occurrence in English writing. Eg(1)a)

b) He (Mr.Ramsay) handed the chain to Mr. Kelada. The Levantine took a magnifying glass from his pocket and closely examined it. A smile of triumph spread over his mouth and sworthy face. He handed back the chain. He was about to speak. Suddenly he caught sight of Mrs.Ramsays face. It was so white that she looked as though she were about to faint. She was staring at him with wide and terrified eyes. They held a desperate appeal. It was so clear that I wondered why her husband did not see it. M. Somerset Maugham Mr.Know-All Eg(2) :,,
, ,:

Our plan is as follows: Where conditions permit, some areas may develop faster than others; those that develop faster can help promote the progress of those that lag behind, until all become prosperous. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping Foreign Language Press

Writing practices
2.1 ,:
Eg(3), A careful comparison of LiBais poems with those of DuFu will show their differences. Eg(4), It is wrong to think that the mind of a scientist must be constituted differently from
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that of an ordinary man. Eg(5), ,

,

Today, the Chinese are generally admired for their many remarkable characteristics. Among them the high regard for education and willingness to work hard are some noteworthy ones. Eg(6) Eg(7),,

2.2 :
Eg(8)

Each day we make choices that affect our lives as well as others. Eg(9), China has a great range of customs and habits that may seem puzzling to a westerner.

2.3
Eg(10),, A man can face danger bravely in battle because the alternative to doing that is even worse.

2.4
,,, , ,, ,

Eg(11) In Luxuns book, he expressed his hope for the Chinese Communist Party. Eg(12) After Wangying had been married just over a year, she began to consider quitting her job. Eg(13) A serious campaign has been conducted across the country. Wherever inefficiency and waste occurred, they were attacked.

2.5 he, she, him, his, her, their, the , : , , , , , , : 1.,,: (1)a),

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 (2),, ,, ,,(3):

(3)Stroeve gave a little gasp. He wiped his face. He turned to me for support, but I did not know what to say. (1)b)The rays of the sun forced open the tender, fingerlike little buds. They had already grown to the size of a small hand. (2)b)

2.:
(4)a)(),,,,, !, (5),, , (6):, ,,, ,,, (4)(5):

(4)b)Plucking a few hairs, he threw them into his mouth and chewed them to pieces before spitting them out. He recited a spell and cried Change! They changed into many sleeping-inducing insects, which landed on the peoples faces. (5) b) What matter if we have to face some difficulties? Let them blockade us! Let them blockade us for eight or ten years! By that time all of Chinas problems will have been solved. (6)b)

3.:
(7)a) (8)b), ,
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 (7)(8):

(7)b) I was unable to recognize our office room. From the center of its light-blue ceiling hung a creamy chandelier. (8)b) That day Miss Lin returned from school with her lips pouting. She flung down her satchel and lay down on the bed staring up at the bed curtain. Usually, she would go and sit at the dressing table to comb her hair and powder her nose.

4. , , , :
(9)a) (10)a) (11),,, , ,,(9)(10):

(9)b) The French cook is much better than the English. (10)b) It was not until the beginning to the 19th century that the horse was replaced by the steam locomotive.

Exercises: 1.Please try to correct the following sentences.

(1),

But when I return to classroom, I found all seats occupied.

(2),

The moment I answered all questions, I handed in test paper.

(3),,

Teacher came in with eyes black and face white.

(4),,

We took off clothes, put down books and are ready to go to bed.
(5)

At first, I could not understand. But now I come to realize we shouldnt waste time whenever and wherever.
Six Months on the Campus (p23) (6)?

Nothing could prevent him from improving his oral English. Dont you believe? Just try!
English Corner (p10) (7),
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If we compare, we will easily find riding bicycles is superior to taking buses. 2. Translate the following sentences.
(1) (2) (3) (4)

Please read and recite: Hour in the Sun

John H. Bradley I was rich, if not in memory, in sunny hours and summer days. ----Henry David Thoreau When Thoreau wrote that line, he was thinking of the Walden Pond he knew as a boy. Woodchoppers and the Iron Horse had not yet greatly damaged the beauty of its setting. A boy could go to the pond and lie on his back against the seat of a boat, lazily drifting from shore to shore while the loons dived and the swallows dipped around him. Thoreau loved to recall such sunny hours and summer days when idleness was the most attractive and productive business. I too was once a boy in love with a pond, rich in sunny hours and summer days. Sun and summer are still what they always were, but the boy and the pond changed. The boy, who is now a man, no longer finds much time for idle drifting. The pond has been annexed by a great city. The swamps where herons once hunted are now drained and filled with houses. The bay where water lilies quietly floated is now a harnor for motor boats. In short, everything that the boy loved no longer existsexcept in the mans memory of it. Some people insist that only today and tomorrow matter. But how much poorer we would be if we really lived by that rule! So much of what we do today is frivolous and futile and soon forgotten. So much of what we hope to do tomorrow never happens. The past is the bank in which we store our most valuable possession: the memories that give meaning and depth to our lives. Those who truly treasure the past will not bemoan the passing of the good old days, because days enshrined in memory are never lost. Death itself is powerless to still a remembered voice or erase a remembered smile. And for one boy who is now a man, there is a pond which neither time nor tide can change, where he can still spend a quiet hour in the sun.

. . 1815-187019
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----

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Lesson 3 Lexical comparative study and writing

Verbs 1. Warm Up: Try to rewrite the following sentences in English.
Big Horns(Powder River Pass)

2. Stative Verb and Dynamic Verb 2.1 How can you improve the following examples (1)Secondly only to the row of buildings of varied international architectural styles in the Bund, the dominant feature of Shanghai is the Oriental Pearl Radio and Television Tower.

(2) The Summer Palace is one of the biggest and oldest parks in China. It is the most beautiful park in Beijing as well. In the park, there are many famous architectures which make it quite different from other parks.

(3) There is a river before my house. It is an east to west river and connected with the Yangtze River. It is not very long but deep. (4) On the river banks there are many willow trees with their branches bending into water.

2.2 Exercises:
1

These principles are the spiritual pillars of our nation.

2

The spirit of mutual respect is the basis of our cultural cooperation.

3

Self-conception is the basis of ones attitude towards success and failure.

4

Ecological imbalance is the biggest threat to the survival of wild animals and plants, even human beings.

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4. Theoretical Background: one verb for each sentence in English. Now compare:
(1) (2) (3) In the midst of it comes unexpectedly over the radio the announcement of the

President of the United States declaring a state of emergency for suspected enemy missile approaching. Exercises: (4) They prefer to stay at home watch TV, because they think go to the movie will cost a lot of money. (5) The best solution to the traffic problem in big cities like Shanghai is build subways. (6) Now young people go abroad for studies is not very difficult. (7) Although difficulties are exist, we can try to overcome them. 5. Ways to avoid too many verbs in a sentence: 5.1 Using nouns
1

It is important to be a good listener, to be sensitive toward others needs, and to take criticism well.
2

Opponents to the Three Gorges Dam argue that the new reservoir will flood many cities and villages.
3

5.2 Using adjectives or er forms

1

But some suggested lower government spending and higher wages for teachers.
2

The policy of Chinas opening to the world can be only continued by its closer ties with the world. 5.3 Using prepositional phrases
(1)

Dad was at work, my sister was away, and Mother wouldnt be home from her new job for an hour. (2)

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5.4 Ways to improve your sentences: Find a better way to rewrite the following sentences. (1) College life makes me feel excited. (2) If you compare two ways of life carefully, you will find the former is superior to the latter. (3) The life-style has become accepted and welcome by more and more young people. (4) Our parents always expect us to make progress in school and if we fail to do so, they will ask why. (5) Most Chinese people had a strong anti-rural attitude, for in their minds, countryside is a place where people are poor. (6) The mayor said that he was very grateful because the construction workers were very dedicated and competent. (7) If we dont recognize how serious the problem of growing population is, we will make a big mistake. (8) In economic development, we must control our population, conserve our natural resources and protect our environment. (9) We Chinese people respect knowledge and love learning. (10) We always believe that the social systems of two sides of the Straits shall not prevent the fact that we can contact and cooperate. (11) This incident helps me to understand the nature of human beings deeply. (12) The first step is to make people all realize that smoking has a harmful effect on them. (13) I am very glad that he will accompany me to travel on the long journey. (14) We will see that it is very necessary to revise our educational system. (15) When I became a college student, the whole family felt proud of me and even the whole village talked about me. (16) Just imagine! To make my parents wait for a whole week without getting my news that whether I arrived safely or not. 6. Exercises:

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Lesson 4 Grammatical comparative study and writing Perspective of narration: Theoretical study
1. 2. 2.1 3 4 2.2 Crime in America

I use the word lawful to describe the appropriate process instead of the obvious alternative just. Justice is a very big and complicated concept, whereas what I have in mind is a simple-minded notion that goes something like this: in a lawful community, someone who does something everyone agrees is both illegal and harmful. National Review/ June 10, 1988 2.3 Todays Morality Play: The Sitcom How many clergy, I wonder, see the family programs as sermon material? Very few, probably. Too busy being relevant. And too blinded by the ecclesiastical and ideological concerns to see religion where the Founder saw itin the ordinary, daily lives of people. The New York Times/ May 17, 1987
3. 3.1 () 3.2 Change has come to America

There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who wont agree with every decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government cant solve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above all, I will ask you join in the work of remaking this nation the only way its been done in America for twohundred and twenty-one years block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by
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calloused hand. Reasons for the difference: 1. In China, individual expression is not encouraged. 1.1
1.2 2. I think, in my opinion

The influences of the difference on Chinese students writing. Example1 :

We are college students, the future of the world. To serve our country well, we must cherish every moment and study hard. We must take every advantage to gain as much as knowledge as possible. In this way we can get our ideal jobs and have good performance.

Example 2: In china, I is always subordinated to webe in the working class, the Party, the
country, or some other collective body. Both political pressure and literary tradition require that I be somewhat hidden or buried in writingsand speeches; presenting the self too obviously would give people the impression of being disrespectful of the Communist Party in political writings and boastful in scholarly writings.

Example 3: In a word, womens work right mustnt be ignored. We believe that we can create a world in which women is treated with respect and dignity. Guidelines: 4.1 Try more Is to view your opinion in argumentation. 4.2 The collective person we can be used to refer to a certain group of people. 4.3 You will make your writing informal. Try to avoid it unless in direct speech. 4.4 Be consistent in point of view. Exercises Examine the following sentences and identify any inconsistency in point of view. 5.1 One has to be careful when you buy a used car. 5.2 I often buy clothes on sale because we can save a lot of money in that way. 5.3 Students often focus on vocabulary, but you need to realize that vocabulary is only one part of a language. 5.4 In conclusion, familys influence is most essential factor on young adults, which form a persons character to some extents, decide ones choice on career, and so on. Please read and recite: Three passions
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by Bertrand Russell

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasyecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves lonelinessthat terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is whatat lastI have found. With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shineA little of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me. Task 1: Appreciate its structure and technique: 1 Does this essay follow the traditional model of introduction, support and conclusion? How would you outline the essay? 2 This essay primarily is organized in terms of three causes and their overall effect. What is the effect and what are the causes? The essay can also be seen as an examples essay. What examples does the author provide to help the reader understand each of his lifelong passions? 3 What kind of traditional signalstime, space, or additiondoes Russell employ in the second paragraph? List the transitions you find there. 4 Russell is a master of the use of metaphorical language. For instance, as has already been seen, he compares his anguish to an ocean. What other examples of metaphorical language can you find? Why do you think Russell chose to use such imaginative language, rather than write in plain spoken terms?

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Task 2: Writing assignment(exercise 2) Write an essay in which you identify three passions that have strongly influenced your life. Like Russell, explain why each of them has been so important to you, and provide examples of how those passions have played out in your life. Alternatively, select one particular passion, and write about three areas of your life in which this passion has influenced you. If you choose the first alternative, here is an example for your thesis statement: The love of family, and love of freedom, and affection for the outdoors are three passions that have governed my life. If you choose the second alternative, here is an example for your thesis statement: My love of freedom has strongly influenced my life, my performance in school and my choice of career.

Lesson 5 Grammatical comparative study and writing

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Subject of the sentence

1 lead-in activity:
Compare the two sentences in each group and try to figure out which one is better.
(1)

a) Different people have different attitudes towards retirement. b) Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.
(2)

a) I will never forget the lesson. b) The lesson will be rooted in my memory forever.
(3) ,,

a) Poor planning wasted all my money as well as my time. b) Because of poor planning, I wasted all my money as well as my time.
(4) 10

a) In the past three years, 10 major infrastructure projects have been completed in the Pudong New Area. b) In the past three years, the Pudong New Area completed 10 major infrastructure projects.
(5)

a) Rumor has it that a price reform will be initiated at the beginning of next year. B) At the beginning of next year will initiate a price reform.

2 Theoretical Analyses
2.1 English is subject-predominant while Chinese is topic-predominant. A subject predominant language is a language in which the grammatical units of subject and predicate are basic to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually have subject-predicate structure. A topic-predominant language is one in which the informational units of topic and comment are basic to the structure of sentences. 2.2 Examples And as for friends, I still treasure some of the friendships I formed there today. I was still fond of the novel, but I was disgusted with the music.

2.3 English has a small percentage of topic-predominant sentences two: Traitor he has become and traitor we shall call him. John, hes like about twice my age. 2.4 Limit for subjects: 2.4.1 Subjects vary in Chinese sentences:

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2.4.2 Only NOUNS can be used as subjects in English sentences: To know the main facts is not sufficient. Crossing the Atlantic by plane takes only a few hours nowadays. That the driver could not control the car was obvious.

3 A few more examples:

(1)Despite months of anticipation, nothing could have prepared me for the impact of the actual day. Karen Odem Bitter sweet Memories
,

(2)Years later, financial difficulty forced my high school to close its doors for good. Although going back is impossible, its comforting to know I can revisit my special memories any time. Karen Odem Bitter sweet Memories
,,, ,

(3) Mary had to change schools when my busy work schedule made it necessary for me to move houses. Matcher Miller Popularity That Counts

(4)After a hundred yards or so I tried to speak, to offer some great words of wisdom and motivation, but my words and my breath failed. Charles A. Coonradt Her Newly-discovered Self

(5)It never occurred to him that he and his doing were not of the most intense and fascinating interest to anyone with whom he came in contact. Deems Taylor The Monster
,

(6)However, it is generally accepted among psychologists that most of us fail to do justice to ourselves.
,,

(7)There was never any question in my mind that I would go to a college away from my home. Karen Odom Bitter Sweet Memories

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(8)Astonishment, apprehension, and even horror oppressed her.

(9)Somewhat our path took us toward the park and across a footbridge.

(10)The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps. ,: (11)His weariness and increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
,,

4 Exercises:
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

5 Please read and recite: True Nobility Ernest Hemingway In a calm sea every man is a pilot. But all sunshine without shade, all pleasure without pain, is not life at all. Take the lot of the happiest -- it is a tangled yarn. Bereavements and blessings, one following another, make us sad and blessed by turns. Even death itself makes life more loving. Men come closet to their true selves in the sober moments of life, under the shadows of sorrow and loss. In the affairs of life or of business, it is not intellect that tells so much as character, not brains so much as heart, not genius so much as self-control, patience, and discipline, regulated by judgment. I have always believed that the man who begun to live more seriously within begins to live more simply without. In an age of extravagance and waste, I wish I could show to the world how few the real wants of humanity are. To regret ones errors to the point of not repeating them is true repentance. There is nothing noble in being superior to some other man. The true nobility is in being superior to your previous self.

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Lesson 6 Syntactical comparative study and writing

Hypotaxis and Parataxis
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 1 Theoretical bases:
1.1 Hypotaxis: syntactical subordination of clauses by the use of connectives. (hypotaxis) , If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 1.2 Parataxis: coordination of clauses in succession without connectives. (parataxis),, If the Dragon king wants a white jade bed, he applies to the Wangs of Chiling. ,,, ( and, but, or, because, so, however, not...but also, either...or, therefore, if, as, since, unless, while, etc.),( that, which,who, what, how, etc.),( of, to, with, in, about, between, along with, etc.): 1.1 The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round. He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality. Geroge Orwell Why Do We Believe That the Earth is Round? 1.2 But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butchers icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. Mortimer J. Adler How to Mark a Book :, , 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 (),,(), ;,,() ,(),(), ,,()
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 1993 3 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 Why must she be scampering about the country, because her sister had a cold? Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice 1.13 As Elizabeth had no longer any interest of her own to pursue, she turned her attention almost entirely on her sister and Mr. Binley. , 1.14 My father is farmer. He does a bit of trading in grain when there isnt much work to do in the fields. Translated by Wang Wenjiong 1.15 The death of his son, Mao Anying, in Korea, during the Korean War upset him so much that he lost his appetite and was unable to sleep.

2 Writing practices:
: 2.1a) Many rives are seriously polluted. There is no fish. There is no clean water. b) Many rivers are so seriously polluted that there is no fish nor clean water can be found. 2.2a) In school, we work mainly with our brains. Sports must be given more attention. b) In school where we work mainly with our brains, sports must be given more attention. 2.3a) They dont know how to form their own opinions. Teachers should develop students ability of thinking independently. b) As they dont know how to form their own opinions, teachers should develop students ability of thinking independently. 2.4a) We can use our own money. Using the money we can go travelling. We can buy things we like, We neednt take money from our parents. b)We can use our own money when we want to go traveling or buy things we like, Instead of taking money from our parents. 3 3.1 How could you do that when you knew this might hurt her?
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3.2 To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operation ventures. Divided, there is little we can do for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. 3.3 4 4.1 Even if you go there, there wont be any result. 4.2 The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet. 4.3 The monk may run away, but the temple cant run with him. 4.4 4.5 4.6 1988 5 4.7 4.8 4.9 10 3600 30 11

Lesson 7 Syntactical comparative study and writing Elliptical sentences

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 Theoretical bases and writing application 1.1 , (1), F. Standing on the observation deck, the whole city can be seen. T. Standing on the observation deck, . (2), F. When ask what kind of job they will take after graduation, most of college students choose business. T. , most of college students choose business. (3) As he lay awake, he realized that he was in trouble. (4) The further one goes the further behind.

1.2 , (5) F. The production of this year has doubled last years. T. The production of this year has doubled . (6) F. The college students China has produced are far more than America. T. The college students China has produced are far more than . (7), F. The energy problem is of great concern to a nation, the world, even human beings. T. The energy problem is of great concern to a nation, . 1.3 , (8) Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it. (9), F. The air pollution is very serious, people have to stay at home. T. The air pollution is so serious that people have to stay at home. 1.4.,,, : (10) ,: a) We should develop rising industries and high-tech industries ..., combine the efforts to develop new technologies, new products and new industries with the efforts to open up markets. : b) We should develop rising and high-tech industries, combine the efforts to
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develop new technologies, products and industries with the efforts to open up markets. (11) Once the books are open, phone calls go unanswered, TV unwatched and newspapers unread. Edwin Kiester Secrets of A Students (12) ,, a) Our policy must be made known not only to the leadership, but also make known to the ordinary people. b) Our policy must be make known not only to the leadership, but also
__________________________.

(13),,,, a) One cant speak of Egypt without thinking of the Pyramids, and cant speak of China without thinking of the Great Wall. b) One cant speak of Egypt without thinking of the Pyramids, ____________________
_____ .

1.5.,,, ,, (14), a) In his talk, we nodded our heads from time to time to express our approval. b) In his talk, we in approval from time to time. (15), a) Besides I have to pay money for the house I rent. b) Besides I have to for the house I rent. (16),, a) In the park, some old people are reading books and others are singing songs. b) In the park, some old people and others . Pay attention to: ,,, ,,,,, : In English: Computer programs may be protected by copyright law, patent law, trade secrecy law, and contract law. Business Law In Chinese: , ,; , In English: Thorpe was a half back. He was six feet one inch tall, weighed 185 pounds and had incredible speed and power. He built upon these natural gifts daily. He would watch a coach or player demonstrate a difficult maneuver, then he would try it himself. Inevitably, he would master the maneuver within minutes.
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In Chinese: , , , ;, Writing practices: 1 The sooner you treat your son as man, the sooner he will be. 2 This is as true of nations as it is of individuals. 3 Every single woman I ever know is a puzzle to me, as, I have no doubt, she is to herself. 4 A government of and by and for the exploiting class cannot possible survive. 5 6 7 8

Please read and recite: Youth Samuel Ullman Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. It is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spring back to dust. Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human beings heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of whats next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.

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When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.

Think about: 1 Find as many as possible the sentences in this essay in which the author employs ellipsis. 2 What rhetorical devices can you find in this essay? Give examples and explain why they are abundantly used. 3 Does the author clearly state his thesis? If so, where is it stated, and how? 4 Is the essay highly structured? How would you describe the structure of it? Do you think is it reasonable to arrange his ideas in this way? Writing task (3) (1) My Mother (Father, Grandmother, Brother) (2) A trip to Hangzhou (Shanghai, Beijing) (3) How to solve the problem of old people in China? (4) Why is it necessary to protect environment?

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Lesson 8 Syntactical comparative study and writing

Active and passive voice . A general rule: 1.1 Passive voice is more frequently used in English. 1.2 Active voice is more often used in Chinese. Example 1: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. Example 2: Ada is a new computer language that is still being designed. It is sponsored by the US Department of Defense. Ada is called after a friend of Charles Babage, who pioneered computers. It is believed that Ada could also replace every other computer language but one in civilian use. ADA ADA . ADA 1.3 Underline the sentences where you think there is a passive voice employed. The right to pursue happiness is issued to Americans with their birth certificates, but no one seems quite sure which way it ran. It may be we are issued a hunting license but offered no game. Jonathan Swift seemed to think so when he attacked the idea of happiness as the possession of being well-deceived, the felicity of being a fool among knaves. For Swift saw society as Vanity Fair, the land of false goals. It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness. We shall all have made it to Heaven when we possess enough. And at the same time the forces of American commercialism are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create themand to create them faster than any mans budget can satisfy them. For that matter, our whole economy is based is based on a dedicated insatiability. We are taught that to possess is to be happy, and then we are made to want. It was only a few years ago, to cite a single example, that car dealers across the country were flying banners that read You Auto Buy Now. They were calling upon American, as an act approaching patriotism, to buy at once,
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with money they did not have, automobiles they did not really need, and which they would be required to grow tired of by the time the next years modles were released. This is written by John Ciardi entitled What Is Happiness? There are altogether sentences and of them are passive voices.
3 "" -- -- "" 3 ""

A contrastive comparison of active and passive voice in English and Chinese. 21 Active voice in Chinese, passive in English. 2.1.1 (1) The whole country was armed in a few days. (2) has never been totally eradicated. (3)

2.1.2 (4) By the end of war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives. (5) It would be astonishing if that . (6)

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2.1.3 (7) It is recognized that children should be taught to tell truth (8)

It is hoped /reported/ said/ supposed that It may be said without fear of exaggeration that It must be admitted that It must be pointed out that It will be seen from this that It is asserted/ believed/ well known /generally considered that 2.2 Passive in Chinese, passive in English. 2.2.1 (9) The tall building has been practically leveled to the ground by the big fire. (10) But shortly afterwards they heard that every single member of that first party had been captured by Spanish Frontier police and put into a concentration camp. (11) I started to explain that I could not do my best since my spectacles had been taken away from me, but she wouldnt let me finish. (12) I closed my eyes and said to myself, I am not a number. My name will be remembered as an anti-Nazi writer, and I have done more harm to your system than you can ever do me. I am not a number! (13) (14) (15)

2.2.2 (16) I was sized with sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot.
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(17) (18)

2.2.3 (19) He was regarded as a Republican by everybody, though he had always thought of himself as an Independent. (20) (21) (22) Most letters from his wife, are read to him by the nurse in the hospital. Decide which one is preferential. (23) a) Most people think the open-door policy may do more good than harm. b) It is commonly believed that the open-door policy may do more good than harm. (24) a) We must do some exercise everyday. b) It is necessary for us to have some exercise everyday. (25), a) People all know that smoking is harmful to ones health. b) It is well known that smoking is harmful to ones health. (26) a) We have done everything possible to increase places for college candidates. b) Everything possible has been done to increase places for college candidates. Writing practices: (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33)
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(34) (35) (36)Einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings as a genius whose theories are so complicated that no one but a few best scientists can understand him. But he himself rejected the efforts to put him in a position far above other people. He was well known for his humble manner and often stressed to interviewers that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived. Please read and recite:
The beginning Rabindranath Tagore "Where have I come from, where did you pick me up?" the baby asked its mother. She answered half crying, half laughing, and clasping the baby to her breast, You were hidden in my heart as its desire, my darling. You were in the dolls of my childhood's games, and when with clay I made the image of my god every morning, I made and unmade you then. You were enshrined with our household deity, in his worship I worshipped you. In all my hopes and my loves, in my life, in the life of my mother you have lived. In the lap of the deathless Spirit who rules our home you have been nursed for ages. When in girlhood my heart was opening its petals, you hovered as a fragrance about it. Your tender softness bloomed in my youthful limbs, like a glow in the sky before the sunrise. Heaven's first darling, twin-born with the morning light, you have floated down the stream of the world's life and at last you have stranded on my heart. As I gaze on your face, mystery overwhelms me; you who belong to all have become mine. For fear of losing you I hold you tight to my breast. What magic has snared the world's treasure in these slender arms of mine?
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Lesson 9 Syntactical comparative study and writing Concise Language : Conciseness of a sentence
When we write a summary or prcis, we especially need conciseness and directness. By being direct and concise, we can avoid vagueness, wordiness, and complexity that can tire or annoy readers. Exercise: make the following passage concise and direct: In a famous piece of advice, public speakers are urged, Tell them what you are going to tell them, then say it, then tell them what you said. In other words, say the message at least three times so that the audience will understand it clearly. This advice reflects the patterns of spoken language. Ways to be direct: 2.1 Eliminating vague generalities Generality: general rule or statement; vague or indefinite remark, etc. Too obvious: There are many kinds of dogs. Circular reasoning: During the harsh winters of the 1870s, the weather was very cold. Saying nothing: Many factors played a part. Exercise 1: (1a) How did the company become so successful in only six years? There could be many answers to this question. Fred attributes it to quality, hard work, and being in the right place at the right time. (1b) How did the company become so successful in only six years? Fred attributes it to quality, hard work, and being in the right place at the right time. Exercise 2: (2a) Is college worthwhile? Whether or not to go to college is a decision that many eighteen-year-olds must face after graduating from high school. Each graduate must decide according to his or her finances, other career opportunities, and, most important, personal interests and goals. (2b) Is college worthwhile? Each high school graduate must decide (whether or not to go to college) according to his or her finances, other career opportunities, and, most important, personal interests and goals. 2.2 Simplifying grammatical constructions There are many people who still believe that Elvis Presley is alive, even though it is only the tabloids that take such news seriously. Ways to be concise: 3.1 using participles to replace sentences
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(1), a) He crashed down on a chair which produced a protesting sound. b) He crashed down on a protesting chair. (2):, a)In our school this is reflected by the fact that the stick has vanished and the psychiatrist has emerged. b)In our school this is reflected by . The Fifth Freedom() (3) a) American prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels and write letters which must be censored. b) . 3.2 using adverbial modifiers (1), , From the short-line out to a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to few hundred miles runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf, geologically part of the continents. L.G. Alexander Fluency in English (2) Ideally, romance will be woven through a loving relationship. And reviving it now and then is an excellent way to express affection and commitment. . (3) (4) (5)

3.3 using nouns (1a) Robert was disappointed by the fact the reviewers criticized his play in a hostile manner. b) Robert was disappointed by the reviewers hostile criticism of his play. c) Robert was disappointed by the reviewers hostile criticism. ,, his play,,. (2) 3 a) He spends nearly 3 hours on watching sports events. The fact that he was completely absorbed in sport interfered with his studies. b) (3) a) The children are delighted when they saw the dish. It showed that it was a rarity.
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b) (4) a) If we deny these principles and place man at the core of the universe, the result is that everyone will become selfish. That will paralyze everything. The signs of it are already evident, ant this is really frightening.

Pay attention: Do Not use awkward noun cluster (1a)The committee report listed sixteen international illegal military-weapons dealers. (1b)The committee report listed sixteen international dealers of illegal military weapons. (1c)The committee report listed sixteen international illegal dealers of military weapons. (2a)The family influences the young adults characters forming. (2b)The family influences the formation of the young adults character. 3.4 Eliminating redundancy A repetition should help link ideas, maintain an important rhythm, or prevent confusion. Otherwise it should be edited out. (1) The general consensus of opinion among students was that the chancellor had exceeded her authority. (2) Foresters who study trees report that acid rain is damaging the states population of some plants. Alternative choice of words 4.1 Bilingual Examples (1)?, (2),,, ,, 3 The principal of a great Philadelphia high school is driven to cry for help in combating the notion that it is undemocratic to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls. Again, when a good independent school in Memphis recently closed, some thoughtful citizens urged that it be taken over by the public school system and used for boys and girls of high ability, that it have entrance requirements and given an advanced program of studies to superior students who were interested and able to take it. Seymour St. John The Fifth Freedom 4Hard work isnt the whole story either. Some of these high-achieving students
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actually put in fewer hours than their lower-scoring classmates. The students at the top of the class get there by mastering a few basic techniques that others can easily learn. Here, according to education experts and students themselves, are the secrets of A students. Edwin Kiester Secrets of A Students 5The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on nerves. Further, being moved though the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicate lungs. The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. 6Beyond checking the report for clarity and accuracy in the presentation of the result, you should also review it for basic grammatical and mechanical accuracy. 7 This new civilization brings with it new family styles; changed ways of working, loving, and living; a new economy; new political conflicts; and beyond all this an altered consciousness as well. 8The question of what is to be done to regulate and control exploitation of the seabeds is no longer a theoretical matter. It is a problem of international concern. 4.2 Ways to avoid repetition: 4.2.1 (1) ,, He selected and arranged one hundred sayings popular at home and abroad on the subject of friendship....Its popularity needs no explanation, for a brief perusal of the quotations shows that they embody the notions of civilized friendship. The maxims stress selflessness. (2), 4.2.2. (1) Higher water levels in the lake are a may also damage bamboo groves. That means giant pandas, which feed on these plants will suffer, too. (2),, Red-light running has always been regarded as a minor wrong, and so it has never been taken seriously. When the violation becomes habitual, however, a great deal more than a traffic problem is involved.
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4.2.3. , thing, task : Perhaps it will suffice to go mention the nuclear bomb. Imagine the effect on areas onably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed. Fred Hoyle Of Men and Galaxies Exercises: Rewrite the following sentence, and avoid repetition. Retirement often brings people many problems such as What shall I do today problem, though they may not have economical problems. People observe that apart from economical problems, retirement also brings many psychological problems. Many people often get illness and even deteriorate rapidly when people are retired. Appreciate and Correct: Good sentences: 1. Last year, with deep passion and affection, I went to Fenghuang, a beautiful ancient town which you can read in Shen Congwens works, which you can see in Huang Yongyus paintings, and which you can hear in Song Zuyings songs. (Class 0703 Lijun) 2. The global warming is actually becoming global warning. (Class 0704 Zhou Xidai) 3. The sight of his wet hair and shivering hand and the thought of his profound love started tears gushed from my eyes. I tried to wipe them away for fear that he should catch me crying, but my eyes were wet with tears again. (Class 0704 Lu Jian) 4. Fenghuang is like a gorgeous girl walking in a wonderland with her beauty reflected by a zigzag rivulet. (Class 0704 Peng Chaoyi) 5. The cypress tress were still dotted with rain drops. The pavilion sat at the slope of the mountains and stone herons over the reef told you a story of past glory and grandness. (Class 0704 Liao Quan) Sentences to correct: 1. On the contrary, some of this book is not allow to publish in inland. 2. On one hand, there are many foreigners, especially foreign migrants in Hongkong, about 400 thousand people are immigrants. 3. We should take instant measures to prevent the nature from damaging by the endless greed of human being. 4. It is said that China will step into the old people society in the near future. 5. The social health care system makes the senior see doctor more convenient and at a lower price. 6. Chinese cut down large qualities of trees, at the source of the yellow river, which led to the disappearance of big forests and terrible floods.
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7. As for me, not only can let me know more historical knowledge but also can let me close to the nature. 8. So we should protect our environment to enhance the economys development and change the developing type of the economic. Environment 1. 2. What are the cause of the water scarcity? Present your own solutions to it. In present-day society, the human race is advancing at a staggering rate in a host of arena. Along with all the boons brought about by high-tech wonders have come some sufferings; and the lack of fresh water is manifest among them. Over two thirds of the nations worldwide are afflicted with severe water shortage. (thesis statement) Hence, it is crucial that we ascertain the cause of water scarcity and identify the effective remedies of this phenomenon. (topic sentence) As I see it, the cause of the current water crisis is manifold. First and foremost, the population explosion is the root cause of the crisis. Over the past half century, the world population explosion has more than doubled and this growth rate is showing no sign of slowing down; therefore, household and industrial consumption has been shooting up since the end of World War Two. Secondly, the deterioration of the Earths ecosystem also contributes to this disturbing situation. The rampant practice of deforestation has engendered massive soil erosion and multitude of chemical works, sewage disposal and textile factories discharge their toxic waste into streams, rivers or lakes. Thirdly, the overexploitation water resources also plays a pivotal role in water scarcity. Awareness of the significance of water conservation is weak or non-existent on household, community and national levels.

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Given the severity of the water crisis, we have no alternative but to take vigorous measures to address the situation. To begin with, controlling the drastic increase of world population is paramount importance. It is imperative that other populous nations learned from Chinas success in curbing its population surge over the past two decades and introduce more effective birth control methods. Further, the concept of sustainable development ought to be spread in the international community. Any form of over tapping natural resources must be strictly prohibited. Lastly, mankind must strive to find alternative source of fresh water. For instance, both glacial melt water and desalinated salt water hold huge potential as vast sources of water. To summarize, causes of the shortage of fresh water are multiple. Birth-control measures, promotion of sustainable development and research about alternative water resources are all effective ways to alleviate this modern-day scourge.

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Lesson 10 Figures of speech in writing

1 lets first look at the following examples: (1) The snow has been sweeping the central, eastern and southwestern parts of the country in recent days, paralyzing air, rail and highway traffic and stranding tens of thousands of passengers amid a pre-holiday travel peak. (2) It was the best of times; it was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom; it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief; it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of Light; it was the season of Darkness. It was the spring of hope; it was the winter of despair. We had everything before us, we had nothing before us. We were all going directly to Heaven, we were all going the other way. A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens (3) All the worlds a stage. And all the men and the women are merely players; they have their exits and their entrances. Shakespeare
(4) (5)

2 Figures of speech you can resort to: (1) Simile (1)She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face look like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough. W. Faulkner A Rose for Emily (2) My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a Chemists scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. Max Shulman Love Is Fallacy (3) The price is as high as the sky and offer as low as the earth, said the runner angrily. (4) Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks of yore, That gently, oer a perfumed sea, The weary, way-worn wanderer bore To his own native shore. Edgar Allan Poe To Helen
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(5) O, my love is like a red, red rose, Thats newly sprung in June; O, my love is like the melody, Thats sweetly played in tune. Robert Burns: A Red, Red Rose (6)Life is like a spring dream, vanishing without a trace. (2) Metaphor (1) Jim wormed his way through the thicket towards the forest. (2) The light music of whisky falling into glasses made an agreeable interlude. James Joyce (3)Fresh blood was brought into the company through appointment of younger men to important position. (4) To be or not to bethat is the question, whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer, the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune. Or to take arms against a sea of troubles. And by opposing and them? Shakespeare (3) Personification 1 The wind whistled/ was moaning through the trees. 2 The sky rejoices in the mornings birth. 3 How soon hath time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year. 4 The rose blushes in the morning breeze. 5 The leaves are trembling in the wind. (4) Irony Irony is the use of words to mean the opposite of what they seem to mean on the surface. 4.1 This hard-working boy seldom reads over an hour every week. 4.2 It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in ones pocket. 4.3 Robbing an old widow of her money was certainly a noble act. (5) Hyperbole 5.1 The noise was loud enough to wake up the dead. 5.2 He made a thousand and one excuses. 5.3 Julia is steeped in money to the throat and talks and thinks of nothing else. 5.4 He drinks like a fish. 5.5 He smokes like a chimney. (6) Euphemism
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(7) transferred epithet (8) antithesis: the rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses or sentences 8.1 They promised freedom and provided slavery. 8.2 We find ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirits. 8.3 If a free society can not help the many who are poor, it can not save the few who are rich. (9) Parallelism: consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side. 9.1 The Council members never arrived at their meeting. The housewives never reached home again. The school children never finished their lessons. Port Royal Exploring Our Past 9.2 Read not to contradict and confute, not to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. (10) Pun (11)Alliteration (12) Epigrams
1. Very often a change of self is needed more than a change of scene. 2. Each man is the architect of his own fate. 3. There is no friend so faithful as a good book. 4. People only see what they are prepared to see. Emerson 5. Man can climb to the highest summit, but he cannot dwell there long. Bernard Shaw 6. A great man is always willing to be little. Emerson 7. You have to believe in yourself. Thats the secret of success. Charles Chaplin 8. Whats a mans first duty? The answer is brief. To be himself. Ibsen 9. Life is a leaf of paper white, thereon each of us may write his word or two. A Lowell 10. Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises. ---- S. Butler 11. The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved. ---- V. Hugo 12. Have an aim in life, or your energies will all be wasted. ----P. Peters 13. No man is useless in this world who lightens the burden of someone else. ---- C. Dickens 14. Life is measured by thought and action, not by time. ---- J. Lubbock 15. Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood. ---- Marie Curie 16. A man can succeed at almost anything for which he has unlimited enthusiasm. ---- C. M. Schwab 17. Genius is formed in quiet, character in the stream of life. ---- Goethe 18. A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 19. The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer but, what they miss. ----T. Carlyle 20. Work is the grand cure of all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind. ---- Carlyle 21. Better to light one candle than to curse the darkness. ---- Strong 22. We grow neither better nor worse as we grow old but more like ourselves. 23. Choose a life of action, not one of ostentation. ---- C. Nepos 24. The worst bankrupt is the person who has lost his enthusiasm. ---- H. W. Arnold
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25. You shall judge a man by his foes as well as by his friends. ---- Joseph Conrad 26. Travel in the younger sort, is a part of education, in the elder, a part of experience. ---- Bacon 27. A long dispute means that both parties are wrong. ---- Voltaire 28. I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. ---- Voltaire 29. The man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds. ---- Mark Twain 30. No road of flowers leads to glory. ---- La Fontaine 31. Most of the trouble in the world is caused by people wanting to be important. ---- T. S. Eliot 32. Fame usually comes to those who are thinking something else. 33. The three foundations of learning: seeing much, suffering much, and studying much. ---Catherall 34. Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value. ---- A. Einstein 35. The most exhausting thing in life is being insincere. ---- A. M. Lindbergh 36. At twenty years of age, the will reigns, at thirty the wit and at forty, the judgment. ---Franklin 37. Life is 10% what you make it and 90% how you take it. ---- I. Berlin 38. Our greatest glory consists not in never falling but in rising every time we fall. 39. A wise man never loses anything if he was himself. ---- Nietzche 40. On earth there is nothing great but man; in the man there is nothing great but mind. 41. The man who has made up his mind to win will never say impossible. ---- Napoleon 42. To be without some of the things you want is an indispensable part of happiness. ---- Russell 43. Death is the only pure beautiful conclusion of a great passion. ---- D. H. Lawrence 44. The crash of the whole solar and stellar systems could only kill you once. ---- T. Carlyle 45. Many peoples tombstones should read: Died at thirty, buried at sixty. ---- N. M. Butler 46. To feel that one has a place in life solves half the problem of content. 47. What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others. ---- Confucius 48. Miracles sometimes occur, but one has to work terribly for them. ---- C. Weizmann 49. It will never rain roses. When we want to have more roses we must plant trees. ---- Eliot 50. Never leave that until tomorrow, which you can do today. ---- Franklin

(13) Figures of speech in students essay: (1)Without flowers Spring will not be fragrant. Without rain Summer will not be enthusiastic. Without falling leaves Autumn will not be poetic. Without snow Winter will not be romantic. Without dreams life will not be colorful. (2)Dont be shy, just try and you can fly. (3)As a very, very, and very thick encyclopedia that is rich in almost everything I want, my Miss Right is worthy of spending all my life tasting. (4)When he describes his confusion about his college life, he writes like this: We do just as Julius Caesar: I came, I saw, but I didnt conquer. (Allusion; parody)
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(5)Love is a sweet torment. (oxymoron) (6)The bird needs a nest, the spider a net, man friendship. (parallelism; metaphor) (7)Tears quietly rolled down my cold face, only to leave two sad trails. (transferred epithet) (8)Diseases come on horseback but go away on foot. (9)There are examples that many people went out with great expectations but ended up as criminals. (10)Never make yourself out of control, otherwise your heaven will become your hell. 3 Woman & Families 3.1 Gender equality Sexism/gender discrimination A progressive/ enlightened society Be tied down by household chores Child bearing Child rearing Maternal instinct Family bonds/family ties A sense of belonging An attachment to family deprived/affluent families single-parent household domestic violence addiction to drugs/ be addicted to drugs 3.2 Gone are the days when women were treated as second-rate citizens in any communities. It is generally accepted that families are the bedrock of any modern society. 3.3 The bond that links your true family is not one of blood, but of respect and joy in each others life.----Richard Bach 3.4 Should women be allowed to join the army, the navy and the air force just like men? 3+1+
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Gender inequality was a highly controversial issue in the twentieth century. Today, five years into the new millennium, even in the most progressive countries there are still numerous arenas restricted to males only and the military is one of them. Some assert that this situation must be altered and women should be enabled to join the armed forces. Personally, I wholeheartedly support their view. (personally--from my own perspective, in my view, as I see it, as far as I am concerned, speaking for myself; wholeheartedly supporttotally agree with, approve of, cannot agree with their view any more, consent to, I am for; disagree with, I am against, I am opposed to, object to, disapprove of, cannot go along with) 1+3+ 3 In the first place, historically there were a host of valiant women soldiers whose feats really put their male counterparts to shame. The world-renowned Joan of Arc and Mulan were the prime examples of how exceptionally ladies could perform in combat. Their extraordinary determination, courage and integrity have been admired by the servicemen and civilians alike throughout the past centuries. These shinning examples illustrate all to well that women soldiers do have capacity and the resolve to excel in the military in times of war. In the second place, female patriots should be granted the right to go to the front line when their motherland is embroiled in a war. Gone are the days when women are considered to be second-rate citizens and today they are entitled to learn and to teach, to work and to supervise, to vote and to get voted. There is really no sense in denying them the right to stand up for their home country when war breaks out. Whether the government grants ladies the right to serve in the military demonstrates whether it interprets equal rights in a modern, enlightened sense. Last but not least, would-be servicewomen largely possess the capacity to operate modern weaponry. Present-day weapons are best characterized by extensive automation and digitization. Granted, physically women are on average not as strong as men. Nevertheless, it is an indisputable fact that most of them are endowed with the mental ability and the psychological soundness to operate the highly-automated arms that do not really require big biceps. To sum up, keeping military services out of bounds of women in the information ear is unwarranted. And I am convinced that the enlisted lady will face equally well as her male counterpart in combat and otherwise. 4 Recite the following essay: Blood, Toil, Sweat and Tears
In this crisis I think I may be pardoned if I do not address the House at any length today, and I hope that any of my friends and colleagues or former colleagues who are affected by the political
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reconstruction will make all allowances for any lack of ceremony with which it has been necessary to act. I say to the House as I said to Ministers who have joined this government, I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, sweat and tears. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given up, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory. Victory at all costs; victory in spite of all terrors, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival. Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, nor survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal. I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, Come then, let us go
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forward together with our united strength.

Lesson 11 Paragraph Development (1)

1 Identifying the elements of a paragraph Group ( 1 ) a, TV has forced politicians to focus more on appearance than substance. b, Television has had a massive impact on politics in the United States. c, The expense of producing and airing ads has made politicians worry more about fund-raising than serving their public. d, Television Group (2) A, Community colleges are much more affordable than most four-year colleges B, There are several advantages to attending a community college instead of a fouryear school. c. Community colleges d, Community colleges typically offer more convenient and more flexible scheduling than traditional schools. Group (3) A, Medicine B, Antibiotics have enabled doctors to control many diseases that were once fatal. C, Organ transplants have prolonged the lives of tens of thousands of people. D, Advances in modern medicine have had great success in helping people. 2 Linear and spiral development of a paragraph (1) How are you? Now I am a college student. College life is quite different from middle school. It is new for me. I am trying to adjust myself to the new life. Dear teacher, when I was at middle school, you not only taught me a lot of knowledge, but influenced me in various ways. I am very grateful. You were very kind to me just as kind as a father might be. I still remember once you lent your umbrella to me where as you were caught in the heavy rain as I learn later. You were generous to me, too. Once you invited me over for dinner, I will never forget what you have done for me. Dear teacher, Im busy with my study. But I am in bad need of an English-Chinese dictionary. I remember you have one. Would you like to let me have it? If you would I will be very thankful. (2) As you know, I am now a student here at Henan University. I am enjoying my Chinese classes very much but I have problem and I was wondering if you could
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help me. I am in need of an English-Chinese dictionary and I remember that you have one that you dont use. Would you be willing to lend it to me? I would really appreciate it. 3 Shaping strong paragraphs: unified; well-organized; coherent 3.1 Ensuring that paragraphs are unified (1) For various reasons, some unhappy couples remain unmarried. Some are forbidden to divorce by religion, others by social custom. Still others stay together for the sake of the children. In recent years, psychologists and sociologists have studied families to determine whether more harm is done to children by divorce or by parents who stay together despite conflict. But by staying together, such parents feel they are sparing their children the pain of divorce. In his study of family conflict, Robert S. Weiss found that children in such families were often happiest when Daddy is at work. (2) To a Chinese, English is not so easy to learn. We do not live in an Englishspeaking country, so we have no chance to be exposed to English. We learn a new word, but we seldom have opportunities to practice it in real life. Practice is most important. Practice makes perfect whether we learn to swim or to play piano. As there are few opportunities I must find them on campus to practice my oral and written English. (3) With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. Husband and wife are now equal in the family. They cope with problems of daily life together and share the responsibility of doing household chores and taking care of children. But in some families, you can still find that wives are being busy with dinners, while husbands are comfortably sitting in armchairs reading newspapers or watching football games on TV. 3.2 Ensuring that paragraphs are well organized 3.2.1 Placement of the topic sentence Brooks: A well-conceived and well-constructed paragraph is a unit, and often this unit is indicated by a key sentencewhat is called the topic sentence. I have been learning English for almost eight years. Although I have made a lot of efforts, and spend much time on it, I do not make very obvious progress. I think this is because we have few opportunity to practice what we have learned. How can I memorize it if we learn a new word without any chance to use it? But if we encounter or use it in real life many times, things will be quite different. 3.2.2 patterns of paragraph organization (1) subordinate patternAll the supporting sentences in a paragraph are subordinate to the topic sentence.

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But thats only part of the story. The most remarkable thing about daydreaming may be its usefulness in shaping our future lives as we want them to be. Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser believed that most of his success was due to the positive use of daydreaming. He maintained that you can imagine your future. Florence Nightingale dreamed of becoming a nurse. The young Thomas Edison pictured himself as an inventor. For these notable achievers, it appears that their daydreams came true. (2) Order of development pattern

Can you use purposeful daydreaming to shape your own future? Why not try? Here is how those who believe in creative daydreaming recommend going about it. Choose a time when you can be alone and undisturbed. Close your eyes, to permit your imagination to soar more freely. Many people find that they get best results by pretending that they are sitting before a large screen. They project the desired image of themselves onto that screen. (3) Step-up pattern Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of defensive medicine, and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession. Slssela Bok To lie or not to liethe doctors dilemma (4) Transitional pattern

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Sharp conflicts are now arising. Patients are learning to press for answers. Patients bills of rights require that they be informed about their condition and about alternatives for treatment. Many doctors go to great lengths to provide such information. Yet even in hospitals with the most eloquent bill of rights, believers in benevolent deception continue their age-old practices. Colleagues may disapprove but refrain from objecting. Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part, day after day, in deceiving patients, but feel powerless to take a stand. Exercises: explain the way the following paragraphs develop (1) The best type of affection is reciprocally life-giving; each receives affection with joy and gives it without effort, and each finds the whole world more interesting in consequence of the existence of this reciprocal happiness. There is, however, another kind, by no means uncommon, in which one person sucks the vitality of the other, one receives what the other gives, but gives almost nothing in return. Some very vital people belong to this bloodsucking type. They extract the vitality from one victim after another, but while they prosper and grow interesting, those upon whom they live grow pale and dim and dull. (2) There are four stages in making bread. The first stage begins by mixing yeast with warm water. This mixture is then added to half the amount of flour. The resultant batter mixture is then left for an hour. At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture, along with salt and oil. The main step in the second stage is a thorough kneading of the dough, after which it is left to rise. The third stage involves shaping the dough into loaves; the shaped loaves are then put into bread tins and left to rise. In the final stage the bread is cooked in a hot oven. The whole process of bread making finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and let to cool on wire racks. (3) Teaching offers many advantages. First, being a teacher allows one to be a learner. One can keep on learning a lot from books and students. Second, a teachers job is not, and does not need to be, routine. Third, a teacher has long vocations. He can do whatever he likes, such as reading, writing and research, in his free time and during summer and winter vocations. 3.3 Ensuring that paragraphs are coherent 3.3.1 Coherence within a paragraph (a) Newspaper and magazine publishing is not usually regarded as cyclic. This recession has cut deeply into advertising revenue. The economy is gathering steam. Classified-ad buyers should return. Display advertising will lag. Publications that have sharply cut their costs should see strong upturns in their profits as advertisers return. The coming year looks rosy. (b) Newspaper and magazine publishing is not usually regarded as cyclic, but this recession has cut deeply into advertising revenue. However, with the economy gathering steam, classified-ad buyers should return, although display advertising will lag. Meanwhile, publications that have sharply cut their costs should see strong upturns in their profits as advertisers return. For them, the coming year looks rosy.
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3.3.2 Coherence between paragraphs During a divorce, parents have the ability to shield a child from most of the potential harm. Most couples that stay together believe that the two-parent structure is important to the childs well-being and that changing this pattern upsets a child. A childs security is based on his or her relationship with each parent individually, according to studies by Judith Wallerstein, who found that stable, caring relationships between a child and each parent are the most significant ingredient in raising a child. If these relationships are maintained, the effect of divorce on a childs emotions is much reduced. Indeed, maintaining even one stable relationship would appear to be better than a weaker connection with both parents. During the early stages of a breakup, both parents are often distracted by other issues. The child may suffer as a result. Tasks: 1. Divide the paragraph into two pieces. Where can we separate this long paragraph to make it more coherent? 2. Find a suitable place for the transitional sentence: This, however, appears not to be the case. 3. Which is better to be a transitional sentence as the beginning sentence in the second paragraph? (a) The issue during divorce, then, is how well a child can maintain at least one secure relationship. (b) Although keeping one stable relationship is enough for a childs well-being, both parents are often distracted by other issues during the early stages of a breakup. Exercises: 1.See where you can put these transitional words or phrases back into the passage: 1 and what is worse; consequently; to begin with, therefore; in addition; furthermore. Smoking results in a series of negative effects. It has been proved that poisonous nicotine contained in cigarette can reduce your fitness. It can even cause lung cancer if you smoke constantly. This is why such warning as smoking is harmful to our health must be printed on the cover of the cigarette case in western countries. Passive smoking occurs in your family members and other people as a result of your smoking at home or in public places. Their health will be unfavorably influenced. Smoking adds to your financial difficulty if you happen to be short of money. Even if you are rich, you are encouraged to spend your money on valuable books, nutritious food, high-quality TV sets, not on meaningless smoking. Giving up smoking is a good way to make you and your family happy. 2. Pick out, from your reading, a paragraph in which transitional words and phrases are used for coherence. 3. Develop a paragraph with the following topic sentences: Sports and games are also very useful for character training. 4. Tourism
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4.1 Vocabulary: Tourist attraction/spots/places of interest Expand ones vision/horizons Tourists can interact with the locals Promote cultural communication Draw/attract/appeal to First-hand experience Commercialize Tourist traps Second-hand experience Cultural heritage 4.2 Useful Sentences: 1 With international tourism booming, the issue of has been thrown into sharp relief. 2 In this day and age, the international tourism has boosted the economic and cultural exchanges between countries over the world. 4.3 Quotations: The world is a book, and those who do not travel, read only a page.Saint Augustine As the traveler who has once been from home is wiser than he who never left his own doorstep, as a knowledge of one other culture should sharpen our ability to scrutinize more steadily, to appreciate lovingly, our own.---Margaret Mead 4.4 Model Essay International tourism has been consolidating its status as the foremost export industry in the world. A recent study conducted by the World Tourism Organization reveal that international tourism accounted for approximately 11 percent of the world export of goods and services. Yet when it comes to whether this burgeoning industry is a blessing or a curse in terms of international relations, people hold divergent views. Some people argue that it promotes understanding between countries while others contend that it only breed discord. Personally, I think both their views have merit. Granted, international tourism makes for communication between the tourists and local communities. In the first place, it affords tourists opportunities to experience a foreign culture firsthand. Touring another country is a multi-sensory experience (tourists can see, hear, touch or even smell the exotic things at the destination spots) and it is much more interactive than just peering through a TV or PC screen at another culture. In the second place, the empirical knowledge gained during an overseas journey can help eliminate many of the stereotype tourists have been believing in about the host country. For instance, a brief sojourn in Saudi Arabia can surely bring a Christian into the realization that not all Muslims are terrorists. On the contrary, most of them are nurturing parents and loving siblings who have strong religious convictions distinct from Christianity. In the third place, international tourism substantially boosts the economy of the recipient country. It generates employment opportunities in retail, hospitality and transportation sectors and augments the tax revenue of the local government. These economic boons can enhance the vitality of the local communities and help build trust between nations.
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Nevertheless, international tourism may also create tension between the tourists and residents in tour destination. To begin with, the influx of tourists may be an intrusion upon the lives of many local inhabitants. Tourism is a manifestation of the human desire for variety and for exploration. The majority of international tourists on guided tours value the local for mere photo opportunities and think of everything they see, such as indigenous costumes and accessories worn by the natives, in terms of souvenir potential. Moreover, tourists sense of superiority, in extreme instance, engenders tourist vandalism and even sexual exploitation, which are utterly disruptive to the local community. Then, the comodification of indigenous heritage makes everything seem fake to the international tourists. Here in Asia it is not unusual that scared rituals are deprived of their spiritual dimensions and the aggressive local vendors leave the tourists apprehensive. Next, international backpackers can be very vulnerable to fraud, mugging or even terrorist attacks due to their unfamiliarity with the destination spots. Lastly, colossal touring populations between countries may severely undermine biodiversity and ecological equilibrium. It is manifest that the trail of non-biodegradable litter international tourists leave behind them and the colossal amounts of fossil fuel consumed in transportation constitute grave environmental hazards to tourist destinations and beyond. In the final analysis, I concede that international tourism produces opportunities for different nations to communicate and understand their common humanity. However, it may also result in conflict between countries. On balance, I am convinced that we should encourage mutual sympathy and respect between the tourists and the local denizens and in the meantime promote more culturally-sensitive sustainable tourism.

5. Recite: Address by Engels

On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep-but forever. An immeasurable loss has been sustained both by the militant proletariat of Europe and America, and by historical science, in the death of this man. The gap that has been left by the departure of this mighty spirit will soon enough make itself felt. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case. But that is not all. Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present-day
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capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark. Two such discoveries would be enough for one lifetime. Happy the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery. But in every single field which Marx investigated -- and he investigated very many fields, none of them superficially -- in every field, even in that of mathematics, he made independent discoveries. 3 14

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Lesson 12 Paragraph Development ()

This lesson shows you how to: how to divide the body paragraphs in an essay the placement of thesis statement how to begin and end an essay with effective introductory and concluding paragraphs Useful sentences in argumentation thesis 1 How to divide paragraphs? (1), ,,, ,, ,,, ,,, ,,, (1994 8 9 ) (2),,, ,,,,, ,,,, , ,,,,, ,, () (3), , , ,, ,,, ,,, ,?
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 (4)Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say Hi when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior towards another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. Robert G. Bander From Sentence to Paragraph (5) Activity: People often say, Even without leaving home one can learn all that has been happening in the world. I think it is quite true. You may ask me why. My answer is that we have newspapers which are of great use to us. We get all kinds of news from the newspapers. They help us to know political events that are taking place in the other side of the earth. They also help us to learn what has happened in the stock markets in the United States. Newspapers provide us with sports news, such as the Olympic Games and the World Soccer. 2 Thesis statement (6) ,; ?, (7) (8) 70 ( 30 ) 10 (9)Some persons say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isnt love; its money. But the truth is that it
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is energy that makes the world go round. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On this cycle all life depends. Aaron N. Moe Deer and the Energy Cycle (10) Modern life makes demands on the human mind that no other period of history has made. As society becomes more and more complex, the mind had developed some defense mechanisms. Confronted with inventions like the Internet, television, and the shopping center, the mind will slipall by itselfinto an altered states. Cedric Altered States (11) Activity: It was a Monday evening, Linsay, a freshman, came to my dormitory and asked me if I could go with him to practice spoken English at the English Corner. I agreed with pleasure. When it comes to Linsay, I had better say something about him. The fellow is full of confidence, and good at boasting. He once said he used to rank first in English tests when in middle school It occurs to me that if every student cherished the idea of just speaking up without fear and put it into practice, nothing could prevent him from improving his oral English. Dont you believe me? Just try it! 3 Introductions and conclusions 3.1 Common methods of introduction A well written introductory paragraph performs four important roles: It attracts the readers interest; It supplies any background information; It presents a thesis statement; It indicates a plan of development. (1) General to narrow. Bookstore shelves today are crammed with dozens of different diet books. The American public seems willing to try any sort of diet, especially the ones that promise instant results. And authors are more than willing to invent new fad diets to cash in on this craze. Unfortunately, some of these fad diets are ineffective or even unsafe. One of the worst fad diets is the Palm Beach plan. It is impractical, and is a sure route to poor nutrition. (2) Starting with an opposite idea. When I decided to return to school at age thirty five, I wasnt at all worried about my ability to do the work. After all, I was a grown woman who had raised a family, not a confused teenager fresh out of high school. But when I started classes, I realized that those confused teenagers sitting around me were in much better shape for college than I was. They still had their classroom skills, while mine had grown rusty from disuse. I had to learn how to locate information in a library, how to write a
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report, and even how to speak up in class discussions. (3) Stating the importance of topic. Diseases like scarlet fever and whooping cough used to kill more young children than any other cause. Today, however, child morality due to disease has been almost completely eliminated by medical science. Instead, car accidents are the number one killer of our children. And most of the children fatally injured in car accidents were not protected by car seats or belts. Several steps must be taken to reduce the serious dangers car accidents pose to our children. (4) Use an incident or a brief story. Early Sunday morning the young mother dressed her little girl warmly and gave her a candy bar, a picture book, and a well-worn stuffed rabbit. Together, they drove downtown to a Methodist church. There the mother told the little girl to wait on the stone steps until children began arriving for Sunday School. Then the young mother drove off, abandoning her five-year-old girl because she couldnt cope with being a parent anymore. This incident is one of thousands of cases of child neglect and abuse that occur annually. (5) Ask one or more questions. What is love? How do we know that we are really in love? When we meet that special person, how can we tell that our feelings are genuine and not merely infatuation? And, if they are genuine, will these feelings last? Love, as we all know, is difficult to define. But most people agree that true and lasting love involves far more than mere physical attraction. Love involves mutual respect, the desire to give rather than take, and the feeling of being wholly at ease. (6) Use a quotation. Fish and visitors, wrote Benjamin Franklin, begin to smell after three days. Last summer, when my sister and her family came to spend their two-week vacation with us, I became convinced that Franklin was right. After only three days of my familys visit, I was thoroughly sick of my brother-in-laws corny jokes, my sisters endless complaints about her boss, and their childrens constant invasions of our privacy. ACTIVITY The following words summarize the six kinds of introduction. Read the introductions follow it and, in the space provided, write the letter of the kind of introduction used in each case. A. General to narrow D. Incident or story B. Starting with an opposite E. Questions C. Stating importance of topic F. Quotations (1) The ad, in full color on a glossy magazine page, shows a beautiful kitchen with gleaming counters. In the foreground, on one of the counters, stands a shinny new
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food processor. Usually, a feminine hand is touching it lovingly. Around the main picture are other, smaller shots. They show mounds of perfectly sliced onion rings, thin rounds of juicy tomatoes, heaps of matchstick-sized potatoes, and piles of golden, evenly grated cheese. The ad copy tells you how wonderful, how easy, food preparation will be with a processor. Dont believe it. My processor turned out to be expensive, difficult to operate, and very limited in its use. (2) My father stubbornly says, You can often tell a book by its cover, and when it comes to certain paperbacks, hes right. When youre browsing in the drugstore or supermarket and you see a paperback featuring an attractive young woman in a lowcut dress fleeting from a handsome dark figure in a shadowy castle, you know exactly what youre getting. Every romance novel has the same elements: an innocent heroine, an exotic setting, and a cruel but fascinating hero. (3) We Americans are incredibly lazy. Instead of cooking a simple, nourishing meal, we pop a frozen dinner into the oven. Instead of studying a daily newspaper, we are contented with the capsule summaries on the network news. Worst of all, instead of walking even a few blocks to the local convenience store, we jump into our cars. This dependence on the automobile, even for short trips, has robbed us of a valuable experiencewalking. If we drove less and walked more, we would save money, become healthier, and discover fascinating things about our surroundings. 3.2 Common methods of conclusion. (1) A summary and final thought. Catalog shopping at home, then, has several advantages. Such shopping is convenient, saves your money, and saves your time. It is not surprising that growing numbers of devoted catalog shoppers are welcoming those full-color mail brochures that offer everything from turnip seeds to televisions. (2) Include a thought-provoking question or short series of questions. What, then, will happen in the twenty-first century when most of the population will be over sixty years old? Retirement policies could change dramatically, with the age-sixty-five testimonial dinner and gold watch postponed for five or ten years. Even television would change as the Metamucil generation replaces the Pepsi generation. It will be a different world indeed when the young find themselves outnumbered. (3) End with a prediction or recommendation. If people stopped to think before acquiring pets, there would be fewer instances of cruelty to animals. Many times, it is the people who adopt pets without considering the expense and responsibility involved who mistreat and neglect their animals. Pets are living creatures. They do not deserve to be treated as carelessly as one would treat a stuffed toy. ACTIVITY Identify how the following paragraphs end:
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(1) Disappointments are unwelcome, but regular, visitors in everyones life. We can

feel depressed about them, or we can try to escape from them. The best thing, though, is to accept a disappointment and then try to use it somehow: step over the unwelcome visitor and then get on with life. (2) Holidays, it is clear, are often not the fulfilling experience they are supposed to be. They can, in fact, be very stressful. But would we rather have a holiday-free calendar? (3) Some people dream of starring roles, their names in lights, and their pictures on the cover of PEOPLE magazine. I am not one of them, though. A famous person gives up private life, feels pressured all the time, and is never completely safe. So let someone else have that cover story. Id rather lead an ordinary, but calm life rather than a stress-filled one. 4. Useful sentences in argumentation thesis 4.1 sentences used in introductory paragraph Today we have embarked upon the era. Since the arrival of theera, Butis accompanied by Accompanying all the advantages brought about by the profound social changes have come some sufferings, andis very prominent among them. Today, it is standard practice forto do something. Such a situation deserves our attention. However, there is no consensus onyet. Whetherhas triggered spirited debate. 4.2 sentences used in body paragraphs is an integral part of plays a key role in enable somebody to do something can get access to something The more, the more can be attributed to Be afflicted with/ plagued with Deprive someone of something impels somebody to do something has rendered A recent study conducted by reveal that is the root cause of Be confronted with Present a threat to Ifsomething will ensure. exert profound influence on bring about is a key determinant of To give priority to
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requires/ calls for Distinguishing between and 4.3 sentences used in concluding paragraph Based on the above discussion, I am convinced that In the final analysis, I concede thatHowever, on balance outweighs

Lesson 13 TEM 8 Writing This lecture gives you: 1Brief introduction about TEM8 writing 2The scoring criterion of the composition 3Sample analysis 4Countermeasures

1Brief introduction about TEM8 writing 2The scoring criterion of the composition 3Sample analysis
3.1 2006 Joseph Epstein, a famous American writer, once said, we decide what is important and what is trivial in life. We decide that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do. But no matter how indifferent the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and decisions are ours to make. We decide. We choose. And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about. Do you agree or disagree with him? Write an essay of about 400 words entitled: AMBITION In the first part of your writing, you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
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Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. 1 Ambition Is it really true that forming our own destiny is what ambition is about? It appears to be so according to Joseph Epstein, however, as far as I am concerned, even if ambition plays a vital part in our lives, it is and shall be confined, whether by objective circumstances, or by our own capacity of action. To begin with, Epstein believes that we are to make our own choices and decisions, but the formation of such choices and decisions is inevitably confined, to name a few, by the social, economic, and political environment a person lives in, the cherished cultural values and historic conventions of the community that he or she belongs to, the range of knowledge, scope of insight into matters, as well as the world outlook acknowledged, acquired and formed during the educational process that a person is engaged in, etc. Therefore, to hold a strong belief in ones sole decisionmaking without any influences from others and the outside world is utterly nave. Secondly, even if we admit that one can make decisions according to his or her free will, nonetheless the implementation of them is confined as well. In addition to those binding conditions stated above, in particular the moral standards, legal regulations, as well as other material confines such as economic status are all important and must be taken into full consideration while carrying out ambition. In other words, some dangerous, inhumane, or unrealistic ambitions should never be given a thought upon. And once they are indeed carried out, there is nothing but severe punished awaiting, not to mention the tremendous pressure a person will possibly receive. Hence, it is rare to see such outbursts of ambition often in our daily lives, and it is true when applied to other more common ambitions as well. Lastly but most importantly, a person shall never become great if he or she never takes an action. In that case he or she is no more than a pathetic day dreamer. Therefore, the biggest confine to ambition is the capacity for substantial action of the person who bears that ambition, as well as his or her will power to realize it. Without actually doing things, we can never possibly form our lives. Although Napolean once said (and I render it) No good soldiers are without great ambitions, to form our own destiny in fact demands far more than mere ambition. Meanwhile, we should also bear a clear, cold mind in considering what we can do and cannot do, but never become enslaved to an ambitious heart.

2 Ambition As always being said in a match, the ball is round, everything is possible. In our life, everything is possible to happen. We should know whats more important to decide what to do and not. But all of us have a idea in the heart to tell us our way to go. Its our ambition. Part of the authors opinion is right that our life is formed with
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various things but our ambition is not a collection of theses but a creation of our human mind. I will explain the issue in the following three aspects. Firstly, ambition is our ideal. In other words, the ambition is our aims of living. Everyone has their ambition. Its not a collection of things but a personal prospect of the future. We will all have a purpose before we do something, and when we make sure a main purpose of our while as to be a scientist or a doctor and so on, it becomes our ambition. Secondly, our ambition plays a great role in our life. It tells us whats more important for us and what should we do or not. Also it acts like a teacher to teach us how to do when we confronted difficulties. Its the main ways of our life and we will go on with our career with its contract. It services as a engine sometimes. Thirdly, the human being is creative. We all have the ideal of living a better life, so no one will accept the control of their life and the environment. They will of course use their ability of creation to change their condition of life, to make their ambitions come true. Then it becomes his power of life. Generally speaking, the ambition is ones direction of life and it is necessary to all of us. Every one should have their ambition. The world changes to better at the same time one realize his ambition.

4Countermeasures
4.1 4.2 4.3 (1) I met an old man was standing by the street. All the gifts we have ordered have arrived many of them are broken. Although in English there are many sentences take animals as example but it seems difficult to find an example relate to the dragon. (2) She went on with her work. Crying. After she turned the street corner, a huge building with people rushing in and out continuously. I cite these examples to show you how interesting reporting may be. To show you what reporters can do in different situations. Many people dont like living in a big cities. Because the life is too busy there. (3) In the kitchen, mother cleaned the vegetables together with my father. She has a cat in the house that never eats a fish. He wants to quickly and easily finish the job. George couldnt drive to work in his small sports car with a broken leg.
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The speaker discussed the problems of crowded prisons at the college. He was reading a story in a magazine about sports. The rain that the farmers needed badly damaged the river dam. A good teacher should be able to clearly and patiently explain a question to students. (4) This book is meaningful, interesting, and of much importance. People should be judged not only by their words, but also by what they do. The aim of this project is to educate creative business talents and producing creative ideas. 44 4.4.1 I enjoy taking the initiative, determining the direction, and being responsible for my actions. I dont want to suffer through other peoples stupid decisions. If there are going to be stupid ways to do something, let them be mine. Wouldnt you agree? 4.4.2 Because I think learning English is very important, especially to me. Well if you ask me why, Ill tell you there are lots of reasons. Lets look at something in job market. And if you cant speak English, you cant get a good job. Dont you believe? Then another is communicate with foreigners. You know, if you cant speak English, how can you make your idea understood by them? Anyway, spoken English is getting more and more important. So a test of spoken English is necessary. 4.4.3 When his dad died, Peter had to get another job. After his fathers death, Peter had to change his job. On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was obliged to seek alternative employment. John felt tired, so he went to bed early. John went to bed early because he felt tired. Feeling tired, john went to bed early. 4.5 : (1) Education is also very important for elderly people. Professor Wang from Beijing University reported in his study that many elderly people attend various trainings after their retirement, and this not only helps them improve their skills in these fields, but also provides them with an opportunity to communicate with other elderly people, making their free time more interesting. (2) Education is also very important for elderly people. A recent study by the municipal government reveals that more than 88 percent of the retired people attend different kinds of training programs provided by the elderly university. This study also
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shows that 92.5 percent of these elderly university students agree that training classes not only teach them useful skills, but also help them to kill their free time more easily. (3) Education is also very important for elderly people. According to our school newspaper, most old people in the residential area near our university attend many kinds of training classes such as painting and singing. This helps them to spend a richer and more meaningful life. Mr. Ma even comments that his retired life is better than his working life before. (4) Education is also very important for elderly people. Both my grandparents are active participants in the elderly university in my hometown. My grandpa learns how to paint Chinese painting, and my grandma learns how to cook. The study keeps them busy and happy, and they used to tell me that this study experiences is very important for them. (5) Education is also very important for elderly people. Usually old people have more time to deal with because they have to quit working. Attending different kinds of trainings can first of all engage their time so that they will not fell bored. Besides, these trainings also help old people learn some useful knowledge which can help make their life more colorful. Therefore, it is quite important for old people to seek a certain kind of education. (6) Education is also very important for elderly people. We all know that there is a saying that Live and learn. This means that we should keep learning no matter how old we are. This kind of learning can help the old to keep in pace with the society, and to acquire some useful knowledge to make their retired life more interesting. (7) Education is also very important for elderly people. When a house is just finished, it does not need much maintenance, but when it becomes old, you have to do much repairing work if you still want it to be functional. When a machine is first made, it does not require much care to run smoothly, but when it turns old, you have to oil it more often and replace broken parts more often in order to keep it running. Similarly, when people become old, we also have to supply new information and ideas to their mind if we want to keep them mentally functional. Obviously, education is the solution. 4.6 4.6.1 (1) After brainstorming, a beautiful sentence is produced, and you can remember it forever if you write it down. (2) After showing my pass, the guard allowed me to enter the building. (3) The sky was overcast and the wind was blowing hard, it was going to be a terrible day.
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(4) I believe that everybody should choose their friends. (5) Many Olympic Champions are praised for their strength and for their endurance. (6) The hotel asks customers their ages and how big the room they want are. 4.6.2 (1) After entering into the WTO, Chinas opportunity is increased. (2)Swimming is good to your body. (3)Finally the police found the murderer through careful investigation. (4)There is only a small opportunity for her to get the job. (5) Good preparations can increase the opportunity of success in an interview. (6) Many of us used to have our mobile phones stolen by small thieves. (7) Taking sunshine shower is very popular with Europeans. (8) Computer is important both in our study life and in our working life. (9) This event greatly increased the historical location of this tree. (10) The officers have become nails in his eyes.

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