RCC design B.C.

Punmia

RETAINING WALL
A retaining wall or retaining structure is used for maintaining the ground surfgaces at defrent elevations on either side of it. Whenever embankments are involed in construction ,retaining wall are usually necessary. In the construction of buildins having basements, retaining walls are mandatory. Similsrly in bridge work, the wing walls and abutments etc. are designed as retaining walls , to resist earth pressure along with superimposed loads. The material retained or supported by a retaining wall is called backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the elevation of the top of a wall is called the surcharge, and its inclination to horizontal is called the surcharge angle

In the design of retaining walls or other retaining structures, it is necessary to compute the lateral earth pressure exerted bythe retaining mass of soil. The equation of finding out the lateral earth pressure against retaining wall is one of the oldest in Civil Engineering field. The plastic state of strees, when the failure is imminent, was invetigated by Rankine in1860. A Lot of theoretical experiment work has been done in this field and many theory and hypothesis heve benn proposed.

18.2 TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS

Retaining walls may be classified according to their mode of resisting the earth pressure,and according to their shape. Following are some of commen types of retaining walls (Fig) 1 Gravity walls 2 Cantilever retaining walls 3 Counterfort retainig walls. 4 Buttresssed walls.

a. T- shaped

b. L- shaped

A gravity retaining wall shown in fig 1 is the one in which the earth pressure exrted by the back fill is resisted by dead weight of wall, which is either made of masonry or of mass concrete . The stress devlop in the wall is very low ,These walls are no proportioned that no tension is devloped any where, and the resultant of forces remain withen the middle third of the base.

The cantilever retaining wall resist the horizontal earth pressure as well as other vertical pressure by way of beending of va

pressure by way of beending of varios components acting as cantilever s.A coomon form of cantilever retaining waal

retaining waal

DESIGN OF COUNTOR FORT RETAINING WALL with horizontal back fill

Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level Unit weight of Earth Angle of repose Safe Bearing capacity of soil Coffiecent of friction Concrete wt. of concrete Steel fe 415 N/mm2 m 13.33 Nominal cover Foundation depth Counter forts width Stem thickness Footing width STEM:- Main
Retaining 100% Reinforcement upto wall) 50% Reinforcement upto 25% Reinforcement upto

= = = = = M= st cbc = = =
At top Toe width x

7.00 18 30 180 0.5 20 25000 230 7 30 1.00 0.50

m KN/m3 Degree KN/m3

N/m3 N/mm2 N/mm2 mm

m m

DESIGN SUMMARY At footing #REF! mm Heel width 2000 mm 4100 mm Key #REF! Reinforcement Summary

#REF! mm 1700 mm #REF! mm

(from top of

m #REF! m #REF! m Top

10 10 10 8 8 10 8 10 8

mm @ mm @ mm @ mm @ mm @ mm @ mm @ mm @ mm @

90 mm c/c #REF! mm c/c #REF! mm c/c #REF! mm c/c #REF! mm c/c 100 0 mm c/c mm c/c

Distribution Tamprecture TOE:Main Distribution HEEL:Main Distribution

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

#REF! mm c/c 180 mm c/c

### ### mm ### @ c/c #REF! ### mm ### @ c/c ### ### mm ### @ c/c ### ### #REF! ### ### ### mm ### @ c/c Toe 0 2000 1700 4100 400 2000 ### mm ### @ c/c mm 10 ### ### 10 mm ### @ c/c 10 mm ### @ c/c Out side pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in Earth side ### @ c/c 400 #REF! Heel ### mm ### @ c/c 7000 ### ### mm ### @ c/c ### mm ### @ c/c ### ### ### ### mm @ c/c mm @ c/c

### ###

###

1700 ### mm ### @ c/c ### ###

#REF!

DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL

Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level Unit weight of Earth Angle of repose Safe Bearing capacity of soil Coffiecent of friction Concrete Steel Nominal cover Foundation depth Counter forts width assume 1 Design Constants:-For HYSD Bars = = = = = = = = = =

q0 fe

7.00 18 30 180 0.5

M 415 30 1.00 0.50

m kN/m3 Degree kN/m3 20

18000 N/m2

mm effective cover m m 500 mm

40

Cocrete M =

20
= 25 kN/mm2

st = cbc = m
k=

= 230 N/mm2 = 7 N/mm3 = 13.33

m*c = x 13.33 13.33 x 0.289 7

wt. of concrete = 25000 N/mm2

m*c+st j=1-k/3 = 1 = 0.5 R=1/2xc x j x k

For soil,

30

Ka =

x 7 7 + / 3 x 0.904 x 1-sin = 1+sin

230 0.289 1 1

= 0.289 = 0.904 = 0.913 - 0.5 = 0.33 + 0.5

Kp=

Ka

2 Diamension of various parts:Hence height of wall above base H = 7.00 + 1.00 = 8.00 m The ratio of length of slabe (DE) to base width b is given by eq. q0 180 1 = 1 = = 2.2 y H 2.2 x 18 x 8.00 Keep = 0.43 The width of base is given by Eq. Ka b = 0.95 H x (1- a)x(1+3 a) 0.333 )x( 1

0.432 . Eq (1)

b =

0.95

8.00

0.43

+ 1.29 )

3.84

The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq. 0.7HKa 0.7 x 8.00 x 0.33 b = = = 6.55 m ( 1 - 0.43 )x 0.5 (1-) This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.5 to 0.6 H . Taking maximum value of H = 0.5 b = 0.50 x 8.00 = 4.00 m Hence Provided b = m for design purpose 4.00 The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base . Width of toe slab = x b = 0.43 x 4.00 = 1.72 m Provided toe slab = 1.70 m taking the uniform thickness of stem = 300 mm = 0.30 m for design purpose Hence width of heel slab = 4.00 - 0.30 - 1.70 = 2.00 m Let the thickness of base slab = 300 mm = 0.3 m 1/4 1/4 H 8.00 Clear spacing of counter fort = 3.5 x = 3.50 x = 2.86 m pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

Clear spacing of counter fort =

3.5 x

3.50

18

= 2.86 m

keep them at 3.00 m apart. Let us provide counterfort over toe slab, upto ground level at 3.00 m clear distance. 3 Stability of wall:Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a Let w1 = weight of rectangular portion of stem w2 = weight of base slab w3 = weight of soil on heel slab. The calculation are arrenged in Table Detail w1 1 x 0.30 x 7.70 x 25 w2 1 x 0.30 x 4.00 x 25 w3 1 x 2.00 x 7.70 x 18 Total resisting moment = 998.44 kN-m 0.33 x 18 2 192 x( 8.00 )2 8 3 = 1.5

= = = w =

force(kN) lever arm 1.85 57.75 2 30 3 277.2 total MR 364.95

Moment about toe (KN-m)

106.84 60 831.60 998.44

Earth pressure p = Over turning

Ka x y x H2 2

= 512 1.95 >

192 kN-m 2

kN

Over turning moment Mo = F.S. against over turning w PH =

F.S. against sliding =

998.44 512 0.95 <

Hence safe

0.50 x 364.95 = 192

Err:508

To make safe against sliding A shear key will have provid under base , Also increase width of base will have to increase.. Pressure distribution 512 = net moment M = 998.44 Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is b M 486.44 = = 1.33 m = x = 364.95 6 w b 4.00 Eccenticity e = x = - 1.33 = 0.67 m 2 2 6e 364.95 6x 0.67 W Pressure p1 at toe= 1+ = x 1+ = b b 4.00 4.00 486.44 kN-m 4.00 = 0.67 6 > 0.667 180 Hence un safe Hence un safe

183 > kN -m2

In order to make it safe, increase the length of toe slab DE to 1.80 m, So that total wiodth is = The revised computations are arranged in table Detail force(kN) lever arm Moment about toe (KN-m) w1 1 x 0.30 x 7.70 x 25 = 1.95 113 58 w2 1 x 0.30 x 4.10 x 25 = 2.05 63 31 w3 1 x 2.00 x 7.70 x 18 = 3.1 859 277 1035.00 w = 365.70 total MR 1035 512.00 = 523.00 net moment M = kN-m Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is M b 4.10 523.00 = = 1.43 m = = 0.68 x = 365.70 6 6 w b 4.10 Eccenticity e = x = - 1.43 = 0.62 m < 0.683 Hence safe 2 2 6e 365.70 6x 0.62 170.1 < 180 W Pressure p1 at toe= 1+ = x 1+ = Hence safe b b 4.10 4.10 kN -m2 pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

6e W 1b b The Pressure intencity p1 under E is p1 Pressure p2 at Heel p1 = 170.10 -

365.70 x 4.10

1-

6x 0.62 = 4.10

8.30 < kN -m2

180

Hence safe

170.10 - 8.30 4.10 The Pressure intencity p2 under B is p2 p = 170.10 4 Design of Heel slab:170.10 - 8.30 4.10

1.80

= 99.07

kN-m2

2.10

= 87.20

kN-m2

= 3.00 m The pressure distribution on the heel slab is shown in fig 1b .consider a strip 1 meter wide.Near the outer edge C. The upward pressure intencity = 8.30 kN/m2 witch is minimum at C. Down ward load due to weight of Earth. = 7.70 x 1 x 1.00 x 18 = 138.6 kN-m2 Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 0.30 x 1 x 1.00 x 25 = kN-m2 7.5 Hence net pressure intensities will be P = 138.60 + 7.50 = 137.8 kN-m2 8.30 Maximum negative bending moment in heel slab.at counter fort is Pl2 137.8 x 3.00 2'= M1 = = 103.35 kN-m 12 12 103.35 x 10 6 Effective depth required = = = 336 mm Rxb 0.913 x 1000 137.8 x 3.00 Shear force V = = 206.7 kN 2 tc = For balance section , having P = 0.72 % 0.33 N/mm2 , V 207 x 1000 this is Hence depth required from shear point of veiw d = = = 626 mm excessive tc x b 0.33 x 1000 mm providing effective cover = However keep = 500 60 mm d = 500 - 60 = 440 x 207 1000 = = 0.47 N/mm2 Err:508 > 0.33 tv x 1000 440 103.35 10'6 x Area of steel at supports is given by Ast = = 1130 mm2 230 x 0.904 x 440 3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 12 x 12 = 113 using 12 mm bars A = 4 4 Spacing A x1000 / Ast 113 x 100 mm = 1000 / 1130 = Hence Provided mm c/c mm bar, @ 12 100 Let us check this reinforcement for development length at point of contraflexure is situated at distance of 0.211.L In over case, the slab is continuous, but we will assume the same position of contraflexure i.e. at 0.211 x 3.00 = 0.63 m from the face of conunterforts. Shear force at this point is given =

Clear spacing between counter fort

pL l 2 2

- x

L 2

= p

l 2

- x

3.00 119886 N - 0.63 = 2 Assuming that all the bars will avilable at point of contraflexure, M = st x Ast x j x d = 230 x 1130 x 0.904 x 440 = 103350000 Lo = 12 or d, witch ever is more = 440 mm Ld = 45x = 45 x 12 = 540 mm M 103350000 Lo + = + 440 = 1302 > 540 Hence safe V 119886 Cotinue these bars by a distance lo = d = 440 mm beyond the point of contraflexure. After that, curtail half bars, and continue the remaining half throughout the length. At the point of curtailment, length of each bar available = mm > Ld = 540 mm Hence safe 630 + 440 = 1070

137.8 x

These bars will be provide at the top face of heel slab. Maximum Passive B.M. = pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

PL2 =

These bars will be provide at the top face of heel slab. Maximum Passive B.M. =
Area of Bottom steel Ast2

16

3 3 Ast1 x = x 1130 = 847 mm2 4 4 3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 12 x 12 = 113 using 12 mm bars A = 4 4 Spacing A x1000 / Ast 113 x 133 mm = 1000 / 847 = Hence Provided mm c/c 12 mm bar, @ 130 1000 x 113 Actual Ast = = 870 mm2 130 Let us check this reinforcement for development length crierion at point of contraflexur, M Where V = Shear at point of contraflexure= 119886 N +Lo>Ld Inherent in criterion : V Distance from face of supports = 0.63 m Assuming that all bars are available at point of contraflexure, M = st x Ast x j x d = 230 x 870 x 0.904 x 440 = 79531705 Lo = 12 or d, witch ever is more = 440 mm Ld = 45x = 45 x 12 = 540 mm as before M 79531705 +Lo>Ld = + 440 = ### > 540 Hence safe V 119886 Thus continue all bottom bars to a point distance Lo = 440 mm from the point of contraflexure, i.e. upto a distance = 630 - 440 = 190 mm from the center of sports. At this point half bars can be discontinued. Since this distance is quite small, it is better to continue these bars upto center of counterfors. = Reinforcement near B :- The c/c spacing of reinforcement near B may be increased, because P decrease due to increase in upward soil reaction. Consider a strip 1 m wide near B Upward soil reaction at B is = 87.2 kN/m2 As found earlier. Net downward load p' = weight of earth + weight of counterforts - upward soil reaction 25 ) - 87.2 = 63.9 kN/m2 Net downward load p' = 138.60 +( 0.50 x This is about = 63.90 / 137.8 = 0.464 of load intencity at C Hence spacing of steel bars = 100 / 0.464 = 200 mm c/c at the top face, near supports Spacing of steel bars at the bottom face, at mid span= 133 / 0.464 = 300 mm c/c Distribution steel = Using 12 0.12 100 x 1000 x = 500 D2 4 113 = = 3.14 x ( 4 600 12 )'2 mm2 = 113 mm2

mm bars, Area 1000

Spacing =
Shear reinforcement. % of steel provided =

x = 188 mm say = 600 shear stress at C = tv = 0.47

180

mm c/c

100 x 1130 = 0.26 % 1000 x 440 Permissible shear stress for 0.26 % steel provided tc = 0.21 N/mm2 (See Table 3.1) Safe if tv< tc Here 0.47 > 0.21 Hence shear reinforcement required Vc = tc b x d= 0.21 x 1000 x 440 = 92400 or 92.4 kN N Consider a section distance x1 from face of counterfort, where shear force is = 92.4 kN The position is given by= 92.4 207 = 1.50 - x1 1.50 or x1 = 1.50 0.70 = 0.80

Hence shear stirrups are required upto distance = 0.80 m on either side of each counterforts. The requirement is there form a strip of unit width paassing through C, such that shear force at the counterforts isd = 92.4 kN 2 Net down ward pressure at C = 137.80 kN/m , Net down ward pressure at B = 63.90 kN/m2 Lt net down ward pressure at B1=w1 x 3/2=1.5w1 This is equal to = 92.4 pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

w=

92.40 = 1.50

61.6

kN/m2 64 y1

However at Y1 from C,

w1= 137.80 y1 = 2.10 m

137.80 2.00

137.8

- 36.95 Y1

Hence shear reinforcement is required in triangular portion on the other side of counterforts shown hatched in fig . However, we will provide shear strirrups in reangular portion x1 x y1=

0.80 x

2.10 = 1.68 m on

Let us provide

either side of counterforts. legged stirrups of 8 mm wire mm bars, Area

V - Vc

Using 8 Sv=

Asv.ssv.d

=
mm

Hence provided these 8

D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2 = = 201 mm2 4 4 201 x 230 x 440 = 178 mm 207 - 92.40 )x 1000 lgd strirrups @ 170 mm c/c either side of each counterforts. 4 =

5 Design of toe slab :Since the toe slab is also large, provide counterforts over it, upto ground level at 3.00 m clear distance face to face. The toe slab will thus bend like a contious slab. Assume total depth of toe slab 0.5 m = 500 mm or Total weight of toe slab = x 1 1 x 25 = 12.50 kN//m2 0.50 x Net upward pressure intencity at D = 170.10 - 12.50 = 157.60 kN//m2 Similarly Net upward pressure intencity at E = 99.07 - 12.50 = 86.57 kN//m2 Cosidering strip of unit width at D. wl2 157.60 x 3.00 2 Max. negative B.M. = = 118.2 x 10'6 kN/m2 12 12 118.20 x 10 6 Effective depth required = = = 359.8 mm Rxb 0.913 x 1000 157.6 x 3.00 Shear force V = = 236.4 kN 2 Taking a permissible stress tc = 0.30 N/mm2 assuming % steel 0.5 % table 3.1 The depth of slab required from shear point of view is given by d= V / (b x tc) 236 x 1000 d = = 788 mm 1000 x 0.300 This is excessive ,However we will keep the same depth as that of heel and provide shear strirrups to take up excessive shearing stress. mm providing effective cover = However keep = 500 60 mm d = 500 - 60 = 440 6 118.20 x 10' Area of steel at supports, at bottom is Ast = = 1292 mm 230 x 0.904 x 440 3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 12 x 12 using 12 mm bars A = = 113 4 4 Spacing A x1000 / Ast 113 x 87.5 mm = 1000 / 1292 = Hence Provided 12 mm bar, @ 80 mm c/c 1000 x 113 Actual Ast = = 1413 mm2 80 Let us check this reinforcement for development length crierion at point of contraflexur, M +Lo>Ld Where the point of contraflexure occure at = 0.63 m Inherent in criterion : distance x rom supports V Hence shear force at the point of contraflexure is V = 3.00 w L V= - x - 0.63 = = 157.6 x 2 2 M= = 230 x 1413 x 0.904 x 440 Lo = 12 or d, witch ever is more = pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

137112.0 129239020 440 mm

= 45x = 45 x 12 = 540 mm M 129239020.21 +Lo>Ld = + 440 = ### > 540 Hence safe V 137112 Hence satisfied , continue these bars, at the bottom of toe slab, beyond the point of contraflexure by a distance of Lo= 440.0 mm i.e. by a distance of 630 + 440.0 = 1070 mm from the face of counterforts 3 x 118.20 x 10'6 = 88.65 x 10 6 N-m 4 3 3 Area of Bottom steel Ast2 = Ast1 x = x 1292 = 969 mm2 4 4 3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 12 x 12 = 113 using 12 mm bars A = 4 4 Spacing = A x1000 / Ast 113 x 117 mm = 1000 / 969 = Hence Provided mm c/c 12 mm bar, @ 110 1000 x 113 Actual Ast = = 1028 mm2 110 Let us check this reinforcement for development length crierion at point of contraflexur, M +Lo>Ld Where V = Shear at point of contraflexure= 137112 N Inherent in criterion : V Assuming that all bars provided at top face,are available at point of contraflexure, M = st x Ast x j x d = 230 x 1028 x 0.904 x 440 = 93992015 Lo = 12 or d, witch ever is more = 440 mm Ld = 45x = 45 x 12 = 540 mm as before M 93992015 +Lo>Ld = + 440 = ### > 540 Hence safe V 137112 Thus continue all bottom bars to a point distance Lo = 440 mm from the point of contraflexure, i.e. upto a distance = 630 - 440 = 190 mm from the center of sports. At this point half bars can be discontinued. Since this distance is quite small, it is better to continue these bars upto center of counterfors. At a section distance 1 meter from E, Reinforcement at E :Again, positive B.M. x M1 = upward soil pressure = 170.1 170.1 8.30 x 0.80 = 138.50 kN/m2 4.10 = 126.0 kN/m2 12.50 157.60 = 0.80 of w at D 0.80 = 109 mm say = 100 0.80 = 146 mm say = 140 1000 x 3.14 x ( 4 188 236.4 500 12 = )'2 = 600 113 mm2 mm2 3 4

Ld

Net upward pressure = 138.5 = 126.0 / This is about Spacing of bottom steel = 87.5 / = 117 Spacing of top steel / 0.12 Distribution steel = x 100 D2 Using 12 mm bars, Area = = 4 1000 x 113 = Spacing = 600 Shear reinforcement shear force at D = Shear stress tv = shear force
Beam Ht.x beam wt.

mm say = kN

180

mm c/c

236.40 x 1000 = 1000 x 440

0.54

N/mm2

100 x 1413 = 0.32 % tc = 0.24 N/mm2 1000 x 440 Permissible shear stress tc for 0.32 % steel provided tc = 0.24 N/mm2 (See Table 3.1) Safe if tv< tc Here 0.54 > 0.24 Shear reinforcement required Vc = tc b x d= 0.24 x 1000 x 440 = 105600 N or 105.6 kN Consider a section distance x1 from face of counterfort, where shear force is = 105.6 kN % of steel provided = pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

The position is given by=

105.6 = 236.40

1.50 - x2 1.50

or x2 = 1.50 -

0.70

= 0.80

Hence shear stirrups are required upto distance = 0.80 m on either side of each counterforts. The requirement is there form a strip of unit width paassing through D, Let us consider a strip through E1, distance y2 from D, such that shear force at the counterforts is 105.6 kN. To find the position of Y2 consider the net pressure distribution below the toe. Self weight of toe slab = 12.50 Hence net pressure intencity below D an dE are below D 12.50 = 157.6 kN/m2, and below E 99.1 - 12.50 = = 170.1 Let the net pressure intencity at E1 = w2 x 3/2 = 1.5 w2 kN/m2 Shear force at the counterforts at E1 = w2 x 3/2 =1.5m w2 kN/M2 w2=
However at Y2 from D,

86.6

This is equal to = 105.6

.(1)

105.60 = 1.50

70.4

kN/m2

157.60 86.6 y2 = 157.6 1.80 Equating the two we get, = 157.60 - 39.46 Y2 = 70.4 y2 This is > than DE DE Hence shear force at E is more than = 105.6 kN/m2 Actual shear forceat E = 1.50 x 86.57 = 129.8 kN/m2 Considered a section distence Z from the face of dounterforts (Point E), where S.F. is 105.60 1.50 Z The position of Z is given = = or Z = 1.50 = 129.85 1.50 w2= 157.60 Hence shear stirrups are to be procided for a region DEE2D1, where EE2 = However, we will provide shear strirrups for whole of rectangular area (shown dotted),

- 39.46 Y2 = 2.20 m = 1.80 m

(2)

105.6 kN

- 1.22

= 0.30

0.30 m only.

0.80 m and length DE = 0.30 m Let us provide 8 legged stirrups of 8 mm wire 2 D 3.14 x ( 8 )'2 Using 8 mm bars, Area = = = 402 mm2 4 4 Asv.ssv.d 402 x 230 x 440 Sv= = = 311 mm V - Vc 236.4 - 105.60 )x 1000 mm lgd strirrups @ Hence provided these 8 300 mm c/c either side of each counterforts. 8 6 Design of stem (vertical slab) The stem acts as a continuous slab. Considred 1 m strip at B . ph = KayH1 The intencity of earth pressure is given by. = 0.33 x 18 x 7.50 = 45.0 Hence revised H1= 8.00 - 0.50 = 7.50 2 2 45.00 x( ) 3 L ph B.M. = x = = 33750000 N-mm 12 12 33750000 Effective depth required = = = 192 mm Rxb 0.913 x 1000 Providing effective cover = 60 mm, so total depth = 192 + 60 = 252 mm However provide total depth d = 300 mm and effective thickness = 300 60 = 240 this increased thickness will keep the shear stress within limit so that additional shear reinforcement not required. 45.0 x 3 67.50 x 1000 tc Shear force V = = 67.5 kN = = 0.28 2 1000 x 240 this is less than = tc = 0.3 N/mm2 at 0.5% reinfocement (see Table 3.1) 33750000 230 x 0.904 x 240 0.50 % is = pbd/100 0.50 x 1000 x 240

for width DD1,= x2 =

Area of steel near conuterforts is Reinforcement corresponding to p

= = =

677

mm2

1200

mm2

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

= Using 12 mm bars, Area 1000 = x 1200 D2 4 113 =

100 3.14 x ( 4 94 12

= )'2

1200
=

mm2 113 mm2

Spacing =
Actual AS provided= 1000

mm say =

90

mm c/c

113 100As 100 x 1256 = 1256 mm2 and = = 0.52 90 bd 1000 x 240 Let us check these bars for devlopment length, near points of contraflexure, so as to satisfy the criterion M For fixed beam or slab carrying U.D.L. , the point of + Lo > Ld = contraflexure is at a distance of 0.211 L V contraflexure point = 0.21 x 3.00 = 0.63 m from the face of counterforts , shear force at this point given by V= pL/2(l/2-x)+(L/2) pL L l 3 l V = = p x - x = 67.5 x - 0.63 -x + 2 2 2 2 2 = 58.7 kN Assuming that all the bars will be available at the point of contrflexure, st x Ast x jc x d = 230 x 1256 x 0.904 x 240 = M = 62661343 Lo = 12 or D , whichever is more = 240 mm Ld = 45 = 45 x 12 = 540 mm M 62661343 + Lo + 240 = 1307 mm > 540 Hence safe = V 58.70 x 1000 It is thus essencial to continue all the bars upto a point distance= 240 mm beyond point of contraflexure, i.e. upto a point 240 + 630 = 870 mm say = 900 mm from the face of counterforts. These bars are to be provided at the inner face of stem slab. 3 x M1 3 Maximum positive B.M. = = x 33750000 = 25312500 N-mm 4 4 3x Ast 3 Area of steel = = = 1256 = 942 mm2 4 4

Using 12

mm bars, Area 1000

= x 942

Spacing =
Actual AS provided= 1000

D2 4 113

3.14 x ( 4 120

12

)'2

113

mm2

mm say =

120

mm c/c

113 100As 100 x 942 = 942 mm2 and = = 0.1 120 bd 1000 x 942 Let us check these bars for devlopment length, near points of contraflexure, so as to satisfy the criterion M Assuming that all reinforcement is extended upto poin + Lo > Ld = of contraflexure. V st x Ast x jc x d = 230 x 942 x 0.904 x 240 = M = 46996007 Lo = 12 or D , whichever is more = 240 mm Ld = 45 = 45 x 12 = 540 mm V = 58.7 As before 46996007 M + Lo + 240 = 1041 mm > 540 Hence safe = V 58.70 x 1000 The spacing of reinforcement at B, found above can be increased with height . The pressure ph and hence the bending moment decreaases linearly with height.

Ast

h 300 mm c/c near top. 300 = = 360 79

Hence the spacing of bars can be increase gradually to say 0.12 Distribution reinforcement = x 1000 x 100 Using 10 mm bars, Area 1000 = x D2 4 79 = 3.14 x ( 4 218 10 )'2

mm2
mm2

Spacing =
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

mm say =

200

mm c/c

 Spacing =

360

218

mm say =

200

mm c/c

7 Design of main counterfort. Let us assuming thickness of counterforts is = 500 mm. The counterfort will thus be spaced @ 300 x 50 = 350 cm c/c. They will thus receive earth pressure from a width of 3.5 m and down ward reaction from heel slab for width of 3.5 m At any section at depth h below the top A, the eerth pressure acting on each counter forts will be 1 = x 18.00 x h x 3.5 = 21 h kN/m 3 similarly, net down ward pressure on heel at c is = 7.50 x 18 + 0.50 x 25 - 8.30 = 139.2 kN/m2 and that at B = 7.50 x 18 + 0.50 x 25 - 87.2 = 60.3 kN/m2 Hence reaction transferrred to each counterfort are will be At C, = 139.2 x 3.50 = 487.20 kN/m At B, = 60.3 x 3.50 = 211.05 kN/m The variations of horizontal and vertical forces on counterfort are shown in fig.
The critical section for the counterfort will be F, since below this, enormous depth will be available to resist bending.

Pressure intencity at h = 7.00 m is = 21 x 7.00 = 147 kN/m 1 Shear force at F = x 147 x 7.00 = 514.5 kN 2 B.M. = 514.5 x 7 / = 1200.5 kN-m or 1200500000 N-mm 3 Conterforts act as a T beam. However, even as a reactangular beam, depth required 1200500000 Effective depth required = = = 1622 mm Rxb 0.913 x 500 Providing effective cover = 60 mm, so total depth = 1622 + 60 = 1682 mm However provide total depth d = 1700 mm and effective thickness = 1700 60 = 1640 Angle of face AC is given by Tan = = 2.00 / 7.50 = 0.3 15 = 0.259 and sin cos = 0.966 Depth F1C1 = AF1 sin = 7 x 0.259 = 1.82 m or 1820 mm + 300 = Depth FG = 1820 2120 Asssuming that the steel reinforcement is provided in 2 layer with 20 mm space between them and providing a nominal cover 30 mm and main bars of mm dia 20 the effective depth will be = 2120 -( + 20 + 12 + 10 = 2048 mm 30 1200500000 Area of steel at supports, at bottom is Ast = = 2820 mm 230 x 0.904 x 2048 3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 20 x 20 using 20 mm bars A = = 314 4 4 2 layers No. of bars 2820 / 9 314 = No. provode these in M d 2048 Effective shear force = = 2120 Q tan where d' = d' 0.966 = cos 1200500000 = 514500 x 0.27 = 361606.13 Effective shear force 2120 361606.13 tv = = 0.34 N/mm2 500 x 2120 100xAs 100 x 9 x 314 area of steel = = 0.3 % tc = 0.21 N/mm2 b xd 500 x 2120 thus the shear stress tv is more than permisssible shear stress tc. However, the vertical and horizontal ties provided in counterforts will bear the excess shear stress. 8.00 = 2.8 the height h where half of the reinforcement can curtailed will be equal to H H = below A, i.e. at point H. To locate the position of point of curtailmenton AC, draw Hl parallel to FG. Thus half bars can be curtailed at l. However these should be extent by a distance 12 = 240 beyond l, i.e. extented upto l1. The location of H corresponding to l1 can be locate by drawing line l1H1 pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

parallel FG. It should be noted that l1G should not less than 45 F = curtailed, if desired, Design of Horizontal ties:-

900 mm similarly, other bars can be

The vertical stem has a tendency to saprate outfrom the counterforts, and hence should be tie to it by horizontalties. At any depth h below the top, force causing sepration 1 x 18 h x 3.00 = 18 h kN/m 3 h = 7 force = 18 x 7 = 126 kN/m here 126 x 1000 = = 548 mm steel required 230 2x3.14 using 10 mm 2 legged ties, As = x( 10 )2= 157 mm2 4 1000 x 157 spacing = = 286 mm 548 mm c/c at bottom and gradualy increase to however provide 200 300 mm at top Design of vertical ties:Similar to the stem slab, heel slab has also tendency to seprate out from counterforts, due to net down ward force, unless tied properly by vertical ties. 487.20 x 3.00 The down wars force ar C will be 417.6 kN/m 3.50 211.05 x 3.00 The down wars force ar B will be 180.9 kN/m see fig. 3.50 Near end C, the heel slab is tied to counterforts with the help of main reinforcement of counterforts. 417.6 x 1000 = = 1816 mm steel required at C 230 2x3.14 using 12 mm 2 legged ties, As = x( 12 )2= 226 mm2 4 1000 x 226 = = 124 mm say 120 mm spacing of ties 1816 180.9 x 1000 steel required at B = = 787 mm 230 2x3.14 using 12 mm 2 legged ties, As = x( 12 )2= 226 mm2 4 1000 x 226 = = 287 mm say 280 mm spacing of ties 787 Thus the spacing of vertical tie can be increase gradually from 120 mm c / c at C to 280 8 Design of front counterforts :Refer fig 1 The upward pressure intencity varies from 170.1 kN/m2 at D, to 99.07 kN/m2 at E. Down ward weight of 500 mm thick toe slab = 0.5 x 25 = 12.5 kN/m2 170.1 - 12.5 = 157.6 kN/m2 hence net w at D = and at E = 99.07 - 12.5 = 86.6 kN/m2 The center to center spacing of counterforts, 500 mm wide is 3.50 m.Hence upward force transmitted to counterforts at D 157.6 x 3.50 = 86.6 x 3.50 = ### 551.6 kN/m and at E The counterforts bent up as cantilever about face FE. Hence DF will be in compression while D1E1 will be in tension, and main reinforcement will be provide at bottom face D1E1 Total upward force acting at x B.M. = = ( 551.6 + 303.0 )x 1.80 = 769 kN/m 2.0 303 + x 551.6 1.80 2 x = 0.99 m from E 303 + 3 551.6 769 x 759 KN-m OR 0.99 = 759000000

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

759000000 = 1289 mm 500 x 0.913 Providing effective cover = 80 mm, so total depth = 1289 + 80 = 1369 However provide total depth d = 1400 mm and effective thickness = 1400 80 mm above groud level,to point F1 as shown in fig 4 Thus project the counterforts 400 d = Area of steel near conuterforts is = 759000000 230 x 0.904 x D2 4 3.14 x ( 4 1320 25 =

mm = 1320

2767

mm2

Using 25

mm bars, Area 2767 491

= No

)'2

491

mm2

No of bars
Effective shear force =

=
-

provide these in one layer and continue by a distance of 45 beyond E

M 0.90 From fig 4 tan = tan d' 1.80 759 0.90 V = = 481.5 kN 481500 769 x 1.32 1.80 482 x 1000 and tv = N/mm2 = 0.730 500 x 1320 100xAs 100 x 6 x 491 area of steel = = 0.45 % tc = 0.280 N/mm2 b xd 500 x 1320 since tv tc shear reinforcement is required > 2x3.14 using 12 mm 2 legged ties, As = x( 12 )2= 226 mm2 4 Vc = tcxbxd = 0.280 x 500 x 1320 = 184800 V1 = V - Vc = 481500 184800 = 296700 N 226 x 1320 sv.Asv.d 230 x subject to a maxi. = = = 231 mm sv 300 mm Vs 296700 However providethese @ 230 mm c/c provide 2 x 12 mm bars on top for holding. 9 Fixing effect in stem, toe and heel :At the junction of stem, toe and heel slab fixing moment are included,which are at right angles to their normal direction of bending. These moment are not determine , but normal reinforcement given below may be provided. (I) In stem@ 0.8x0.3 =0.24% of cross section, to be provided at inner face, in vertical direction,for a length 45 0.24 = x 1000 x 300 = 720 mm2 Ast 100 D2 3.14 x ( 10 )'2 Using 10 mm bars, Area = = = 79 mm2 4 4 1000 x 79 = 109 mm say = 100 mm c/c Spacing = 720 Length embedment in stem, above heel slab = 45 x 10 = 450 mm (II) In toe slab @ 0.12% to be provided at the lowae face 0.12 = x 1000 x 500 = 600 mm2 Ast 100 D2 3.14 x ( 10 )'2 Using 10 mm bars, Area = = = 79 mm2 4 4 1000 x 79 = 131 mm say = 130 mm c/c Spacing = 600 Length embedment in stem, above toe slab = 45 x 10 = 450 mm (III)In heel slab @ 0.12% to be provided in upper face 0.12 = x 1000 x 500 = 600 mm2 Ast

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

 Using 10

Ast

100

x =

1000 D2 4 79

x =

500

600 10 )'2

mm2 = 79 mm2

mm bars, Area 1000

3.14 x ( 4

x = 131 mm say = 130 mm c/c 600 Length embedment in stem, above heel slab = 45 x 10 = 450 mm Each of above reinforcement should anchored properly in adjoining slab, as shown in fig 5

Spacing =

10. Design of shear key:The wall is in unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will have to be provided, as shown in fig. 6 Let the depth of key =a intensity of passive pressure Pp devloped in front of key depend upon the soil pressure P in front of the key Pp KpP = 3.00 x 99.07 = 297.20 kN/m2 = 297.20 a 18 Sliding force at level D1C1 = 0.33 x x( 8 + a )2 2.00 or PH = 3.00 x( 8 + a )2 .(2) Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and D1C1 = 4.10 ax 18 = 73.80 a 364.95 + 73.80 a Refer force calculation table W = Hence equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S. = 1.5 against sliding we have w+Pp 0.5 x ( 364.95 + 73.80a)+ 297.20 a 1.5 = = PH 3 x( 8.00 + a2 ) 1.5 x( ( ( 8 8 8 + + a)2 a)2 0.5 x ( 3 = 182.48 + = 73.80a)+ 297.20 a x 1.5 36.9 a+ 297.20 a 4.5 40.55 + 74.24 a 74.24 a16 a + 40.55 - 64 58.24 a -23.45 a2 - 58.24 a 23.45 + = 410 mm 0.41 m say mm. and width of key 400 400 mm 400 mm 8.00 + a )2 8.00 + 0.40 )2 kN a = 297.20 x 0.40 kN Hence 73.80 a 73.80 x 0.40
364.95

total passive pressure Pp = Pp x a =

+ a)2 = 2 64 + 16 a + a = a2 = or a = or a = Hence keep depth of key = Now size of key = 400 x PH = 3.00 x( 3.00 x( = PH = 211.68

297.20 = 118.88 = W = 364.95 + = 364.95 + 394.5 kN = Actual force to be resisted by the key at F.S. 1.5 is = 1.5PH - W = 1.5 x 211.68 - 0.5 x 394.5 = 120.29 120.29 x 1000 = shear stress = 0.30 N/mm2 400 x 1000 120.29 x 200 x 1000 Bending stress = 1/6 x 1000 x( 400 )2 2 = 0.90 N/mm Hence safe The details reinforcement shown in fig 7 pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

kN

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

mm

Eq (1)

y at base .

design purpose

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

ound level at

ent about toe (KN-m)

..(1)

..(2)

r:508

Hence un safe Hence un safe 4.10

ent about toe (KN-m)

Hence safe Hence safe pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

Hence safe

kN-m2 kN-m2

this is excessive mm

r:508

mm2

N-mm

Hence safe

After that, curtail Hence safe M1 pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

M1

mm2

N-mm

as before Hence safe

ause P decrease

kN/m2

ace, near supports

kN/m2 kN pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

61.6

ground level at ontious slab.

table 3.1

mm

mm2

N Nmm

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

Hence safe

mm2

N-mm

as before Hence safe

kN/m2 mm mm

table 3.1

cement required

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

through E1,

kN/m2 kN
.(1)

(2)

kN/m2

mm ditional shear N mm2

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

of contrflexure,
N-mm

Hence safe mm beyond mm from the

N-mm

As before Hence safe

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

fort will thus

mm

mm2

mm N

ever, the vertical hear stress. m mm

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

er bars can be

forts, and hence

counterforts,

ounterforts.

mm kN/m2 at E.

force transmitted kN/m

E N-m pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

mm

table 3.1

subject to a maxi. 300 mm

mine , but

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

shown in fig 5

as shown in fig. 6

key depend upon

.(2)

lculation table

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

DESIGN OF COUNTOR FORT RETAINING WALL with horizontal back fill 0.3 ` 0.3

1.80

2.00

7.50 7.00 3.00

0.3 1.70 D 1.80 4.10 4.00 E B 2.00 2.00 C 0.50 1.00 D1 x2 D x2 y2 E1 E B

B1 C1 C1

C1 x1

y2 x1

170.1

99.07

87.20

8.30

y2 157.60
86.57

63.90

w1

w2 FIG. 1 FIG. 2

137.80

DESIGN OF COUNTOR FORT RETAINING WALL with horizontal back fill 0.30 A F1 h G.Level 21 h kn/m 7.00 8.00 7.50 G
G1

F E

0.40 0.50 1.00 1.40

D 0.5 D1 147.00 kN/m 551.6 kN/m

E1

F F1 1.00 E 0.5 2.00 211.05 487.2 kN/m B C F2

FIG. 168.00 kN/m

1.80
D E

300

2.00 C

FIG. 3 10 mm 100 mm c/c 450

0.50
D1 Pp

4.10 a

C1

450

10 mm 130 mm c/c

170.10

99.07

FIG.

5 DESIGN OF COUNTOR FORT RETAINING WALL with horizontal back fill 300

FIG.

300

12 mm 300 mm c/c

10 mm 300 mm c/c

20 mm 5 Nos.

12 mm 240 mm c/c 0 12 mm 180 mm c/c 8000 12 mm 120 mm c/c 12 mm 110 mm c/c 3 2 500 3 12 mm 130 mm c/c 400 1800 400 900

10 mm 265 mm c/c 20 mm 4 Nos. 10 mm 230 mm c/c 12 mm 2 lgd vertical ties 120 10 mm 200 mm c/c 10 mm 0 mm 12 mm 180 mm c/c 2 2000 12 mm 130 mm c/c 12
mm 2 lgd

to 0 mm c/c

200 mm c/c

0 mm c/c 2x12 mm Holding bars

12 mm 100 mm c/c

230 mm c/c 12 mm 80 mm c/c 25 mm 400 400 12 mm 180 mm c/c

0 mm 0 mm c/c Cross -section mid way between counterfoorts

6 No.Bars

0 mm

0 mm c/c Cross -section mid way between counterfoorts

mm

0 0 0 0

0 0 0

(e) Sectional elevation oftoe slaband front counterforts at section 3 - 3

Front counterforts

mm

mm

Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS

Grade of concrete

M-10 1.2

M-15 2.0

M-20 2.8

M-25 3.2

M-30 3.6

M-35 4.0

M-40 4.4

Tensile stress N/mm2

Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M M M M M M M M M 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for plain bars in tention (N/mm2) Bending cbc Direct (cc) (N/mm2) 3.0 5.0 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.5 13.0 14.5 16.0 Kg/m2 300 500 700 850 1000 1150 1300 1450 1600 (N/mm2) 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 Kg/m2 250 400 500 600 800 900 1000 1100 1200 (N/mm2) -0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 in kg/m2 -60 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Grade of concrete

Modular ratio m

M-10 31 (31.11)

M-15 19 (18.67)

M-20 13 (13.33)

M-25 11 (10.98)

M-30 9 (9.33)

M-35 8 (8.11)

M-40 7 (7.18)

Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete Modular Ratio M-15 18.67 5 93.33 0.4 0.87 0.87 0.71 0.33 0.89 0.73 0.43 0.29 0.9 0.65 0.31 0.25 0.92 0.58 M-20 13.33 7 93.33 0.4 0.87 1.21 1 0.33 0.89 1.03 0.61 0.29 0.9 0.91 0.44 0.25 0.92 0.81 M-25 10.98 8.5 93.33 0.4 0.87 1.47 1.21 0.33 0.89 1.24 0.74 0.29 0.9 1.11 0.53 0.25 0.92 0.99 M-30 9.33 10 93.33 0.4 0.87 1.73 1.43 0.33 0.89 1.46 0.87 0.29 0.9 1.31 0.63 0.25 0.91 1.16 M-35 8.11 11.5 93.33 0.4 0.87 1.99 1.64 0.33 0.89 1.68 1 0.29 0.9 1.5 0.72 0.25 0.92 1.33 M-40 7.18 13 93.33 0.4 0.87 2.25 1.86 0.33 0.89 1.9 1.13 0.29 0.9 1.7 0.82 0.25 0.92 1.51

Grade of concrete

cbc N/mm m cbc

k (a) st = c jc 140 N/mm2 Rc (Fe 250) P (%) c kc (b) st = j c 190 Rc N/mm2 Pc (%) kc (c ) st = jc 230 Rc N/mm2 (Fe 415) P (%) c kc (d) st = jc 275 Rc N/mm2 (Fe 500)

(d) st = 275 N/mm2 (Fe 500)

Pc (%)

0.23

0.32

0.39

0.46

0.53

0.6

Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table c in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

100As bd < 0.15 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75
3.00 and above

Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2 M-15 0.18 0.22 0.29 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 M-20 0.18 0.22 0.30 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 M-25 0.19 0.23 0.31 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57 M-30 0.20 0.23 0.31 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.6 M-35 0.20 0.23 0.31 0.37 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 M-40 0.20 0.23 0.32 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab
300 or more

1.00

275 1.05

250 1.10

225 1.15

200 1.20

175 150 or less 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress c.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete

c.max

M-15 1.6

M-20 1.8

M-25 1.9

M-30 2.2

M-35 2.3

M-40 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table bd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-10 bd (N / mm2) -M-15 0.6 M-20 0.8 M-25 0.9 M-30 1 M-35 1.1 M-40 1.2 M-45 1.3 M-50 1.4

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Grade of concrete M 15 M 20 M 25 M 30 M 35 M 40 M 45 M 50 bd Plain M.S. Bars (N / mm2) kd = Ld 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 58 44 39 35 32 29 27 25 bd H.Y.S.D. Bars (N / mm2) kd = Ld 0.96 1.28 1.44 1.6 1.76 1.92 2.08 2.24 60 45 40 36 33 30 28 26

Value of angle Degree 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 sin 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.42 0.50 0.57 0.64 0.71 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 cos 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.71 0.64 0.57 0.50 0.42 tan 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.47 0.58 0.70 0.84 1.00 1.19 1.43 1.73 2.14 tan 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.47 0.58 0.70 0.84 1.00 1.19 1.43 1.73 2.14

Value of angle Degree 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 sin 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.42 0.50 0.57 0.64 0.71 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 cos 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.71 0.64 0.57 0.50 0.42