ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 1 ENG023

EXPERIMENT 3
(CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF COPPER & PERCENTAGE YIELD)

PREPARED BY: GROUP GROUP MEMBER : R2. :1. NUR SYUHADA BINTI MAT ISA (2010244868) 2. NURHIDAYAH ALIAA BT CHE ZULHAILMEE (2010482038) 3. NURUL AMIERA BINTI ROSMAN (2010247376) 4. NURUL AFIQAH BINTI ABD. HALIM (2010859118) 5.NUR SYUHAIDAH BINTI AMID (2010809772) LECTURER DUE DATE : MRS. NORULNAZILAH BT ABLAH : 18 AUGUST 2010

ABSTRACT This experiment is to determine the percentage yield of copper. To illustrate such concepts like theoretical, actual and percentage yield, copper reaction was observed. In the experiment, copper underwent five chemical reactions, but before beginning, its mass was first obtained. Then, after, the series of reactions began. First, it was dissolved in nitric acid. Next, sodium hydroxide was added to the resulting solution. Then, the copper hydroxide that resulted from the previous reaction was heated. Afterwards, the copper oxide which was filtered from the solution was dissolved in sulphuric acid. And finally, copper was recovered again in its pure form by adding zinc metal in the copper sulphate and later on, by decanting with methanol and acetone. And like what was done at the beginning of the experiment, its mass was again determined to compute for the percentage yield. After the experiment, the results showed a percentage yield of 82.07%. This percent yield may be due to the fault of the experimenter himself or other inevitable factors such as the fact that many reactions are reversible.

INTRODUCTION Most chemical synthesis involve separation and purification of the desired product from unwanted side products. Common methods of separation are filtered, sedimentation, decantation, extraction, and sublimation. This experiment is designed to be a quantitative evaluation of an individuals laboratory skills in carrying out some of these operations. At the same time,two fundamental types of chemical reaction called redox reactions and metathesis reactions are introduced. By means of these reactions several chemical transformations involving copper will be carried out, and the copper sample will finally be recovered with maximum efficiency.

AIMS To gain some familiarity with basic laboratory procedures, some chemistry of a typical transition element, and concept of percentage yield. The objective of this experiment is to recover all of the copper used at the start.

THEORY The chemical reactions involved are as follows: Cu(s) + 4HNO3 (aq) Redox [1] Cu(NO3 )2(aq) + 2NO2 (g) + 2H2 O(l)

Cu(NO3 )2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) [2] Cu(OH)2(s) Dehydration[3]

Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

Metathesis

CuO(s) +H2O(l)

CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) Metathesis[4] CuSO4 (aq) +Zn(s) Redox[5]

CuSO4 (aq) +H2 O(l)

ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Each of the reactions proceeds to completion. Metathesis reactions proceed to completion whenever one of the components is removed from the solution, such as in the formation of a gas or an insoluble precipitate. This is the case for reactions [1], [2], and [3], where in reactions [1] and [3] a gas and in reaction [2] an insoluble precipitate are formed. Reaction [5] proceeds to completion, because copper is more difficult to oxidize than zinc. The percent yield of the copper can be expressed as the ratio of the recovered mass to initial mass, multiplied by 100: % yield =
     

x 100

[6]

APPARATUS AND CHEMICAL Balance Stirrer hot plate Magnetic flea 50-ml graduated cylinder 5-ml pipette 0.5g of finely cut copper wire(16/18) 3M NaOH Methanol Concentrated HCl 2 x 500-ml beakers 100-ml graduated cylinders 1000-ml beaker 25-ml pipette Pipette filler Concentrated HNO3 6M H2SO4 Acetone Granular 30-mesh zinc

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Prepare the following before starting the experiment (1) 1000 mL of distilled water- boiled and kept it hot throughout the experiment. (2) 30 mL of 3.0M NaOH is measured in a 50 mL measuring cylinder.

A. Pre-reduction. 1. In the hood: Copper sample(initial mass is recorded) is took, which has been dissolved in concentrated HNO3 and poured into a 500 mL beaker. Then 100 mL of distilled water is added. 2. 30 mL of 3M NaOH is added to the solution in the beaker. Magnetic flea is added and carefully heat the solution while stirring until just before the boiling point is attained. 3. The precipitate is allowed to settle and then decant the supernatant liquid. 200 mL of very hot distilled water is added and stirred. Then, the precipitate is allowed to be settled. Decant one more time. Pipette 15 mL of 6M H2SO4 into the beaker.

Reduction with Zinc In the hood: 2.0 g of 30-mesh zinc metal is added all at once into pre-reduction the beaker and stirred until the supernatant liquid is colourless. The changes caused by the reaction is described. When gas evolution has become very slow, heat the solution gently and allow it to cool.

B. Post-reduction. 1. A beaker is weighed and its mass is recorded. When gas solution ceased, decant the solution and transfer the precipitate to the beaker. The precipitate is washed with about 5 mL of distilled water, allow it to settle, decant the solution and the washing process is repeated. 2. The precipitate is washed with about 5 mL of methanol. The precipitate is allowed to settle and decant the methanol. 3. Finally, the precipitate is washed with about 5 mL of acetone. The precipitate is allowed to settle and decant the acetone from the precipitate. 4. The product is dried using a stirrer hot plate for 5 min. The beaker and the precipitate is weighed and its mass is recorded. 5. Dispose of the chemicals in the designated receptacles.

RESULT AND CALCULATION 1. Initial mass of copper = 0.5g 2. Mass of evaporating dish = 177.47g 3. Mass of copper and evaporating dish = 177.95g 4. Mass of recovered copper = mass of copper and evaporating dish mass of evaporating dish = 177.95g 177.47g =0.48g 5. Percentage yield (show the calculation)
      

 

6. Describe the reaction (colour change)

        

The colour change when sodium nitrate added into copper is green to blue colour because copper will produce the solution blue in colour.

7. Describe the reaction (colour change)

          

Before sodium hydroxide, NaOH is added into copper nitrate, Cu(NO3 )2, 100ml of distilled water was added in the solution and make the colour of Cu(NO3)2 change to light blue. Then, after NaOH is added into the solution, the colour had change to blue again. So the colour changed is from light blue to blue.

8. Describe the reaction (colour change)

   

When copper hydroxide is heated, the blue solution will produce black precipitate that mix with water. So, the colour changes from blue to black colour.

9. What are you removing by washing? When copper hydroxide is heated, black precipitate will produce with water. The water was removed and add other 200ml of hot distilled water to wash the precipitate. By the washing, we removed the water and the impurities that not required for the next step.

10. What copper compound is present in the beaker? The compound is copper oxide, CuO.

11. Describe the reaction (colour change)

 

When sodium hydroxide, H2SO4, added into copper oxide, the blank precipitate will turn to blue solution. When zinc is added into copper sulphate, the colour changed from blue to light blue and then to colourless. This is because the zinc had reacted with the aqueous solution copper sulphate. Produce zinc sulphate that is colourless and copper ions turn to copper metal.

12. What is present in the solution? Zinc sulphate, ZnSO4 and copper metal.

13. What is the gas? The gas evolve is sulphate gas.

14. What simple test can you perform to identify the above gas? To test the present of sulphate gas, add solution of barium chloride to the solution white precipitate will produce.

15. What are you removing by washing? Zinc sulphate is removed and left the brown copper colour in the beaker. Then the residue left was washed by distilled water before methanol and ethanol. All the supernatant liquid had removed from the beaker.

16. What is the colour of your copper sample? Brownish copper colour.

17. Is it uniform in appearance? Yes.

18. Suggest the possible sources of error in this experiment. Some of the possible source of error that occurs in this experiment is when the step that when the supernatant need to removed from the beaker, some of precipitate is always lost. It may be able to be avoided by using the appropriate technique to remove the liquid or the special filter equipment used to separate the liquid from the precipitate.

QUESTIONS 1. If your percent yield of copper was greater than 100%, what are two possible errors you may have made? The number can never be 100% or more, so we may have incorrectly measured the copper beforehand (i.e. you didn't zero the scale and it measured less than it really was), or some of the copper that we came out with at the end is still bound to another element, making it appear heavier.

2. Consider the combustion of methane, CH4; CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) I. CO2(g) +2H2 O(g)

Suppose 2.5 moles of methane are allowed to react with 3 moles of oxygen. What is the limiting reagent? Oxygen. II. How many moles of CO2 can be made from this mixture?

3. Suppose 8.00 g of CH4 is allowed to burn in the presence of 6.00 g of oxygen. How much (in grams) CH4, O2, CO2 and H2O remain after the reaction is complete? CH4 : 0.5 moles were present when the experiment began. Only 3/16 moles were used in the reaction. This means that 5/16 moles of CH4 remain after the reaction. This is equivalent with 5.0 g of CH4. O2 : 3/8 moles were present when the experiment began. All of the O2 was consumed during the reaction. Thus, 0 g of O2 remains. CO2 : 3/16 moles were produced by the reaction. This is equivalent to 8.25 g of CO2. H2 O: 3/8 moles were produced by the reaction. This is equivalent to 6.75 g of H2O. 4. According to the following equation:
     

Calculate how many mL of 3.0M   is required to react with 0.80 g of CuO? If 0.80 g of CuO are present, then 0.01 moles of CuO are present. Thus, 0.01 moles of H2SO4 are necessary to react with CuO. If 3.0 M H2SO4 is available, then 0.01/3.0 L or 3.3 mL of 3.0 M H2SO4 are necessary to react.

5. 3.00g of Zn is allowed to react with 1.75g of CuSO4 according to the following equation:
 

Calculate how many grams of Zn will remain after the reaction is complete? mol of zinc,Zn
    x x         

mol of copper sulphate, CuSO4

  x     

  

CuSO4

0.046g Zn react with 0.01g CuSO4. 0.046mol 0.01mol = 0.036mol

Mass of zinc remain:

 x   x    

Therefore,2.3544g of Zn remain after the reaction.

6. What is meant by the term limiting reagent? A limiting reagent is whatever reagent in a reaction that is used up completely, preventing the non-limiting reagent(s) from being consumed completely.

7. What is meant by metathesis? Metathesis mean when two cations in the reactant exchange anions in a chemical reaction.

As example ends up with ,and ends up with .Chemicalformula of product are based on charges on the ions need to give a neutral compound.This reaction also called as exchange reaction as positive ions and negative ions exchange partner as shown in the equation above.

DISCUSSION There are many sources of error in this experiment. This experiment also involves decantation processes, which are always produce error. Some precipitate is always lost when supernatant liquid is separated from the precipitate. Decantation errors could be avoided by using filtration techniques instead of decantation techniques. This experiment also included the transfer of precipitate from a beaker to an evaporating dish. It is difficult to remove all of the precipitate from the beaker using simply liquid. Some precipitate will sticks to the walls of the beaker and is hardly difficult to remove. It is possible for the percent yield to be greater than 100%. This occurs when reactions are not allowed completely to finish. This means that some of the previous unwanted precipitate remains with the desired product. The unwanted precipitate will not participate in subsequent reactions, causing a constant unwanted mass in addition to the desired mass of reaction products. If a significant amount of unwanted precipitates remained in the final copper precipitate, then the final mass would have been higher than the initial copper mass, causing a percent yield greater than 100%. The theory associated with this experiment is the atomic theory. The reason that the same mass of copper will be produced after all of the reactions that occur is because a constant number of copper molecules was present throughout the experiment. The original copper sample contained a specific number of moles of copper, and that amount of copper was present in every reaction, precipitate, and solution. Thus, the same number of moles of copper was produced in the final reaction because the amount of copper remained constant throughout the experiment. The atomic theory predicts this behaviour. There are several ramifications of this experiment. Personal ramifications include increased laboratory experience and increased understanding of redox and metathesis reactions. This experiment has far-reaching real-world applications. For example, if an ore containing an element were found, the element could be separated from the ore using reactions similar to those used in this experiment. If an element existed as a solid, but it needed to be transported as a liquid for some reason, then a solution of that solid and some other substance could be created with the assurance that the same amount of the element that went into solution could later be extracted from that solution.

CONCLUSION

This experiment was successful. As the objective is to gain some familiarity with basic laboratory procedures, some chemistry of a typical transition element, and also the concept of percentage yield. Some mistakes might occurs, which is incorrect reading of apparatus (eyes of reader not perpendicular to the scale) and others as stated in discussion section. The percent yield was reasonable which is 96%. As the experiment was done, we had gained familiarity with basic laboratory procedures, and the concept of percent yield was explored.

REFERENCES

1. 2009, Chemistry, The Central Science, Pearson Educational Malaysia 2. 2008, Focus Super Hot SPM Chemistry, Pelangi Malaysia 3. 2002, Chemistry International Edition, McGraw-Hill Componies Malaysia. 4. 2000, General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, Saunders College. 5. 2000, Chemistry One Cambridge Advance Science, Gecko Ltd, Bicester, Oxon.