Simulation

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What is Simulation ?
y Simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state

of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or abstract system.
y Simulation is used in many contexts, including the

modeling of natural systems or human systems in order to gain insight into their functioning

Classification
y Physical simulation refers to simulation in which

physical objects are substituted for the real thing

y Interactive simulation is a special kind of physical

simulation, often referred to as a human in the loop simulation, in which physical simulations include human operators, such as in a flight simulator or a driving simulator.

y Human in the loop simulations can include a computer

simulation as a so-called synthetic environment

Computer simulation

y A computer simulation is an attempt to model a real-life

or hypothetical situation on a computer so that it can be studied to see how the system works. By changing variables, predictions may be made about the behaviour of the system.
y Computer simulation has become a useful part of

modeling many natural systems in physics, chemistry and biology, and human systems in economics and social science (the computational sociology) as well as in engineering to gain insight into the operation of those systems.

Simulation is used for :

y Education and training


Business simulations that incorporate a dynamic model enable experimentation with business strategies in a risk free environment

y Healthcare


Medical simulators are increasingly being developed and deployed to teach therapeutic and diagnostic procedures as well as medical concepts and decision making to personnel in the health professions

y Entertainment


Entertainment simulation is a term that encompasses many large and popular industries such as film, television, video games

Simulation is used for :

y Finance  computer simulations are often used for scenario planning. y Biomechanics simulators  A biomechanics simulator is used to analyze walking dynamics, study sports performance, simulate surgical procedures, analyze joint loads, design medical devices, and animate human and animal movement.

Flight simulation
y Flight simulation is an approximation, or

simulation, of flight and various aspects of the flight environment.

y Flight simulation is used for a variety of reasons,

including flight training and aircraft development.

y Flight simulations have varying degrees of detail and

realism that depend largely on the purpose for which they are being used

History of Flight simulation

y A number of electro-mechanical devices were tried during World

War I

y Link Trainer produced by Edwin Link in 1929 was designed for

the teaching of instrument flying in a relatively safe and inexpensive environment y By 1969 motion systems that were controlled by hydraulic actuators became available, and six degrees of freedom motion systems were soon put into service.
y in 1977, many aircraft simulators began adopting the modern

"cab" configuration where non-cockpit hardware, such as the computers running the simulation, are placed on the motion platform along with the cockpit and instructor station, rather than being located off of the simulator platform

y Several different types of devices are utilized in

modern flight training. y This spectrum encompasses a wide variety of fidelity in both physical cockpit characteristics and quality of software models, as well as various implementations of sensory cues such as sound, motion, and visual systems.

y The following training device types are in common y y y y y y

use: Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT) Aviation Training Device (ATD) Basic Instrument Training Device (BITD) Flight and Navigation Procedures Trainer (FNPT) Flight Training Device (FTD) Full Flight Simulator (FFS)

Technology

y A full flight simulator (FFS) duplicates all aspects of

the aircraft and its environment, including: y Realistic sounds in and outside of the aircraft Motion in all six degrees-of-freedom Banking, pitching and yawing of the aircraft Aircraft vibration and turbulence

y In a full flight simulator, movement is simulated by

traversing along the arms of the hydraulic cylinders, so personnel in the simulator are required to belt up as they would in a real flying aircraft.
y Advanced military simulators are able to generate

scenarios like aerial refueling, the firing of weapons, and also has a built in databank of roughly 250 malfunctions, such as engine fire, smoke in the cockpit or electrical and hydraulic failures.

Advantages
y Flight simulation also provides an economic

advantage over training in an actual aircraft y Once fuel, maintenance, and insurance costs are taken into account, the operating costs of an FSTD are usually substantially lower than the operating costs of the simulated aircraft. y Different high risk situations can be simulated without having the pilot to be actually in risk.

y Full Flight Simulators include  FlightSafety International (FSI)  Frasca International, Inc.  Rockwell Collins  Indra Sistemas in Spain  CAE Inc. and Mechtronix Systems in Canada  Thales Group in France

Manufacturers
y There are currently about 1200 Full Flight

Simulators in operation worldwide , of which about 550 are in the USA, 75 in the UK, 60 in China (PRC), 50 each in Germany and Japan, and 40 in France.
y Of these, some 450 were made by CAE, mainly in

their Montreal factory, about 380 by Thales

AIRPORT MANAGEMENT
y Airport management is a tricky task y Difficulty in scheduling flights, runways, luggage

services, managingpassenger inflow& outflow y Airport management requires safe and proper management techniques as the safety of passengers and the infrastructure is at stake. y There needs to be smooth functioning at the times of any hindrance

AIRPORT SIMULATION
y Managing an airport can be made simple using

airport simulation models y Helps to make analysis of different elements easier on a computer screen y These help to deal with real time problems like congestion on runways or the luggage conveyer belts or the passenger inflow or outflow

CASE-AIRPORT SIMULATION
CASE OF AMSTERDAM Airport Schiphol: y One of the largest European airports y Handles over 40 million passengers annually y Baggage handling system is an important part of the airport infrastructure y It foresees an increase in passenger traffic in the next few years y Needs a dedicated programme to be able to handle 70 million bags in a year

CASE-AIRPORT SIMULATION
Airport managers are using SAMANTA to: 1. to identify bottlenecks 2. to optimize the available capacity and 3. to determine the future capacity requirements.

CASE-AIRPORT SIMULATION
What is SAMANTA????? y Simulation Application for Modeling and Analysis of a Total Airport y a powerful airport simulation and capacity management product y provides quantitative insight in individual airport processes and in the relation between different processes y used to validate and analyze long term developments, but can also assess bottlenecks, capacity allocation and personnel planning issues in day-to-day operation y Samanta has been designed and developed in close cooperation between Incontrol Enterprise Dynamics and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol y Incontrol is software solution provider in logistic

simulation and quantitative analysis, and has been simulating airport processes, since 1994

CASE-AIRPORT SIMULATION
LIBRARIES/SOFTWARE MODULES OFFERED BY SAMANTA y BaxSim, baggage environment y PaxSim, passenger terminal environment y TrafficSim, ground traffic environment y GateCapacityManager, gate planning environment y Logistic Suite, cargo, and general logistics environment

CASE-AIRPORT SIMULATION
BaxSim y Set of simulation objects with which you can model, simulate, and visualize baggage handling systems y Objects that are provided with this library are: Vertical Sorter, Accumulating Conveyor, Buffering Belt Conveyor, Line Sorter etc. y It is an integrated simulation model of the entire baggage handling systems.

CASE-AIRPORT SIMULATION
PaxSim y Set of simulation objects with which you can model, simulate, and visualize pedestrian flows within airport terminals y Library allows you to simulate people within an airport terminal taking into account: domestic travel, international travel, shopping behavior, greeters, physical boundaries, shortest route based on familiarity with the airport, and many more issues that are important to simulate real-life behavior

CASE-AIRPORT SIMULATION
TrafficSim y Set of simulation objects with which you can model, simulate, and visualize ground handling traffic at the airside of an airport y Library contains simulation objects like: vehicles, junctions, traffic lights, and most important, a changeable set of rules for overtaking, tail-to-tail traffic, and aircraft turnaround processes that require the vehicles.

CASE-AIRPORT SIMULATION
GateCapacityManager y Set of simulation objects with which you can model the gates and remote aircraft positions (stands) at an airport y Module uses the flight schedule of a certain day and the available stand capacity y Based on a user defined rule set, the GateCapacityManager assigns the flights to the available stands. y Gate planning can be represented in a Gantt Chart or in Excel graphs.

CASE-AIRPORT SIMULATION
WHO IS SAMANTA MEANT FOR??? y Airport Operators y Terminal Operators y Customs & Immigration, Police Department, Security companies y Cargo Handling Companies y Ground Handling Companies

BENEFITS
y Provides quantitative insight of individual airport sections and the y

y y

relationship between them. Airport operators can shift their attention from normal operations towards critical operations and forecasting future choke points in terms of passenger waiting times, queues and flow rates. Provides insight into future development scenarios like infrastructure plans and consequences of expansions Solutions and creates a better understanding of the issues on airports of today, but also for tomorrows expansion plans and growing passenger and baggage flows. Airports in 6mths-1yr can see their improvements on their daily operations by reducing queues, improved flow rates of passenger and baggage, optimized occupation of check-in counters and security screening positions, use of lounge and shopping areas Helps saves a lot of expenses by making better investment decisions with confidence

Ship Simulator
y Ship Simulator is a vehicle simulation computer

application which simulates maneuvering various ships in different environments, although without the effects of wind and current.
y It was developed by Dutch company VSTEP and released

by Lighthouse Interactive.

Advantages of Simulation
y Practical feedback when designing real world

systems. y Determining the correctness and efficiency of a design before constructing. y Merits of alternative designs without actually building the systems. y Study a problem at several different levels of abstraction.

Disadvantages of Simulation
y The first disadvantages is simulation errors. y The other large disadvantage is the fact that it is a

simulation.
y The virtual world is difficult to get use to the first

time you use it for design.

THANK YOU