COMM 401: Signals & Systems Theory

Lecture 10

Sampling

The Sampling Theory

Under certain conditions, a continuous time signal can be completely represented by and recoverable from knowledge of its values or samples (points equally spaced in time). This results from Sampling Theory.

Importance of the Sampling Theory

It is a bridge between CT signals and DT signals. Processing DT signals is more flexible and is often preferable to processing CT signals.

Discrete-Time Processing of CT Signals

Impulse-Train Sampling

The sampling theory

FT of the Periodic Impulse Train

1 X p ( j ) = 2

X ( j ) P ( j ( )) d ( From sec tion 4.5)

The sampling theory

s > 2

The sampling theory

The sampling theory

s < 2 aliasing

Aliasing distorts the spectrum of the sampled signal.

s=2

WM

WM

Definition: Sampling Theorem

The Sampling Theory

Communication Systems: Modulation

Communication Systems
General process of inserting an information signal into a second signal is typically referred to as modulation Extracting the informationsignal is known as demodulation
Carrier signal: c(t) Input signal (Information signal): x(t) Modulated signal: y(t)

c(t ) = e jct
x(t)

y(t )

y(t) = x(t) c(t)

Amplitude Modulation
Complex exponential and sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation:

c(t ) = e j (c t + c )
Carrier frequency:

c(t ) = cos (c t + c )
c

Case 1:

c=

y (t ) = x(t )c(t ) = x(t )e j (ct )

+

1 Y ( j ) = 2

X ( j ) C ( j ( ) ) d

For c(t) is a complex exponential: C ( j ) = 2 ( ) c and hence

Y ( j ) = X ( j jc )

Frequency Domain of AM with a complex exponential carrier

AM with sinusoidal carrier

cos(ct + c )
x(t)

Assuming c = 0 y(t) = x(t) c(t)

e{y(t )}

C ( j ) = [ ( c ) + ( + c )]
1 Y ( j ) = 2
+

X ( j ) C ( j ( ) ) d

1 Y ( j ) = [ X ( j jc ) + X ( j + jc )] 2

AM with sinusoidal carrier

Effect in the frequency domain of amplitude modulation with a sinusoidal carrier: a) Spectrum of x(t) modulating signal b) Spectrum of carrier c(t) c) Spectrum of amplitudemodulated signal y(t).

AM with sinusoidal carrier

Important drawback of sinusoidal carrier modulation when c <

An overlap between the two replications of X(j ). The spectrum of x(t) is no longer replicated in Y(j ). Figure shows Sinusoidal AM with carrier c(t) for which c = 0.5 M a) Spectrum of modulating signal b) Spectrum of modulated signal

Demodulation for Sinusoidal AM

Synchronous Demodulation:
c

>

The signal y (t ) = x(t ) cos(ct ) Original signal recovered by: multiplying y(t) with the same sinusoidal carrier and applying a LPF to the result

w(t ) = y (t ) cos(ct )
Low pass Filter

Demodulation for sinusoidal AM

At the receiver in a communication system, the information signal x(t) is recovered through demodulation. Synchronous demodulation: transmitter and receiver are synchronized in phase. Assuming c > M
y (t ) = x(t ) cos(ct )

Multiply with same sinusoidal carrier and applying a lowpass filter to the result w(t ) = y (t ) cos(ct ) x(t) can be recovered from w(t) by applying an ideal lowpass filter with a gain of 2 and a cutoff frequency that is greater than M and less than 2c-M

Modulation and Demodulation

System for Amplitude modulation and demodulation Left using complex exponential carrier Right using sinusoidal carrier a) Modulator b) Demodulator