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1 1
1.1 2
1.2 11
1.3 20

27

2.1 28
2.2

33

2.3

43

2.4 49
2.5 53
2.6 63

71
3.1 72
3.2 79
3.3 87
3.4

93

3.5 103
3.6 108
3.7 113
3.8

120

3.9 127

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133
4.1 134
4.2

142

4.3 150
4.4 161
4.5 172
4.6 186
4.7 195
4.8 199

207
5.1 208
5.2 219
5.3 228
5.4

236

5.5 244
5.6 250
5.7 260
5.8 267
5.9 275
5.10

284

5.11

290

293
6.1

294

6.2 302

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6.3 308
6.4 315

321
7.1 322
7.2

331

7.3

340

7.4

350

7.5 357
7.6 362

373
8.1 374
8.2 381
8.3

389

8.4 399
8.5

405

423
9.1

424

9.2 427
9.3 438

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1.1

1.2

1.3

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1.1
1.1.1.

Integer 3 2
10123 0123
Non-negative Integer 3 2 1
Negative Integer I
Rational Numbers
q/p p, q p0 q / p
Q 2/3 31/256

q/p p, q p 0
Irrational Numbers

Real Numbers R

2 2

p
p , q
q

p2
p2 2q2p2 p
q2

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p 2m p2 2q2 4m2 2q2

q2 2m2

q p , q p , q

2 p , q
2

anxn an 1 xn 1a1x a0 0a0, a1, , an

p
a00 an0 r pq
q
q anp a0

p
p, q an xn an 1 xn 1
q
a1 x a0 0

an

p
q

an 1

p
q

n1

a1

p
a0 0
q

an pnan 1 pn 1q a1 pqn 1a0qn 0

a qn
an pn 1an 1 pn 2q a1 qn 1 0
p
a1a2an p , q
a qn
0 p , q p qn p a0
p
an 1 pn 1q a1 p qn 1a0 qn anpn
an pn
an 1 pn 1a1 p qn 2a0 qn 1
q
q an

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x 2 x2 2 02 1, 2

1 2

12 12 x2 2 0
2
x 1 2x 1 2

x2 2x 1 2

x2 2x 1 0 1 1
x2 2x 1 0
1 2

a b b a ab ba

ab ca bc

abc ab c a bc

a b c ab ac

x1x, x2 = xx, , xn xxx

x 0
1
1
1
x0 1, x 1 , x 2 2 , , x n n
x
x
x

(a) xnxm xn m
(c) ax n anxn

(b) xn m xnm
x n xn
(d)
n
a
a

( )

a 0

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xn
xn m x 0
xm
(f) x1/q q x xp/q x1/q p

(e)

1.1.2

x p xp/q xp

1/q

xp

< >

x2 x 2
x x2 x 2

x2 x 2 0
x x2 x 2
0
x3

0
0

x2 x 2 x 2 x 1
1

x2 x 2 x 2 x 1
2 x

x x x 2 x x 2 x 1
2

0 x 1 x 2
x x2 x 2
0 x x2 x 2 x 3
x3
x x2 x1 x3 0

2 0 x 1
x x2 x 2
0
x 3
x3
2
x xx2
0

x3
3x 2 0 x 1
3

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1
<3
x

2
x

>5

1
1
< 3 x
< 3
x
x

1<3x
1
x
3
1
< 3
x
1
1 3x
<0
3
x
x
x 1 3x < 0 x 3x 1 > 0
1
x> x<0
3
2
2
25 x1
7 5x
>5
>0
5

x 1
x 1
x1
x1
7 5x x 1 5x 7 x 1 > 0
x>

x 1 5x 7 < 0
7
1<x<
5
7
2
> 5 1 < x <

x1
5

1.1.3

x x x
xx 0
x
xx < 0
3 33 31 3 1 3
1 5 1 5 5 1

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1.1.4

x2 x

a , x
x a a x
x

ax a x
x
x
=
a 0
a
a

x x

xn x n

a > 0
x <a a<x<a
x a a x a
x>a x< a x a x a x a
x >a

x1

x 1 >1

x1

x 1 2

x1

x 1 >1
x 1

x1

x 1 > 1 x 1 < 1 x > 2 x < 0

0

x1

x 1
x 1 2

2
2

x 1 2

x 1 2 x 1 2 x 3 1

x 2 2 x 3

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x 2 2 x 3

x 2 2x 6
x 2 2 2x 6

x2 4x 4 4x2 24x 36
3x2 20x 32 0
3x 8 0

x4
8
x 4
3

a , b a

a , b a

xb

a , b a x

a , b a x b
8
,4

a, b
a b ab

a a

ab

ab a b

ab

ab a b
x a

x a

a b ab
a b ab

a ba ( b)
a bab

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a a b b a b b
ab ab

1
2
1
ya x y
3
3
3
x y x a a y x ay a
1
1
2

3
3
3
xa

x , y xy
xy

x2 y2

x2 y2

xy xxyy
x2 y2
x2 y2

x2 y2 xy

x2 y2 x2y2
x2y2 0
(xy) (xy) 0
xy 0
xy

x 2

1
1
x24
100
10

x2
x24x 2x 2
100
1
x 2
100
1
1
1
1
4
x 2
x 2
4

100
100
100
100
1
x 2 4
5
100

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x2
5
1
1

x24
100
100 20 10

T F
x , y x y
x , y xy
x , y x y x y
x
1 y 0 x y
x , y
y
x x < 0 x2 x
x x < x 0
x , y x < y x2 < y2
x , y x < y x3 < y3

x5
0
2x 1

x2 x1

x 5 <0

1
>3
x

x3 x2 12x > 0

x 1 <5

3x 2

x 3 2 x 4 < 0
x2 2

a, b, cabc abc

1 3

1 2 3

a, babab

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ab
a ab b
b
b a 0 a
2
( a b )2 0
1
41
1
x 2 y 3 xy 6
5
10
50
xy 6 y x 2 2 ( y 3 )

F T
1
x<
x>40>x> 3
2

5>x> 2

1
>x>0
3

6<x<4
2

12

11
x 5
3

1.2

1.2.1

r r2
9
32
5
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Statistical Relationship

Rule
A B
Correspond

1.1 A B

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A B d

A c B
A b B 2 e f

y f x x Independent Variable y

Dependent Variable
x2 1 , x 1

2x 3 , x 1
f 1

f x

f 2

f 2 2 2 1 4 1 5

f 4

f 0

f 4 24 3 5
f 0 0 2 1 0 1 1
f 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
x f
Domain Range Co-domain 3

f1 x x2 3x 1

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f2 x x 2
1
f3 x
x2
f4 x log 1 x
1
f5 x 2
xx2
f1 x x2 3x 1
x f1 x x2 3x 1
f2 x x 2 x 2
1
f3 x
x 2
x2

0 x

x 2 0 f3 x
f4 x log 1 x 1 x 0 x 1
1
1
f5 x 2

x2 x1
xx2
2, 1 x
x 1, 2 f5 x 0 f5 x

f1 x x3 ,

f2 y y3 ,

f3 z z 3 ,

Dummy Variable

4 f4 t t3 2

8 f4 f1 f2

f3 f4 f1

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1.2.2

Composition of Functions

x
InputTransformation Process f x
Output u f x u f x
g u g f x

f , g f x

f x x A

gx g x x B
f g x

x g x

A x B

g f x

x f x

B x A

f g x
f g x

f x g x

f A g x x g
B f g x

x g x

A x B

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f x 2x 1 , g x x2

f f x

f g x

g f x

g g x

f f x 2 f x 1 2 2x 1 1 4x 3

f g x 2g x 1 2x2 1

g f x f x

2x 1

g g x g x

x2 2 x4

f x 2x 1 f x 1
g x x1
f x 1 f g x 2g x 1
2 x 1 1 2x 1

f (x 1)x2x 1 f x

yx 1 xy 1

f ( y)( y 1)2( y 1) 1 y2y 1

f x x2x 1

f (x 1)x2x 1 (x 1)2x(x 1)2(x 1) 1

f x x2x 1

x2
1
4
f x
x
x1
7 f x
x2
1
1
1
f x 4

x
1
x1
1 2
x2 2
x
2
x
x

f x

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1
x
f x 2
x2

78
f x D f x f x
f x D Even Function y
f x D f x f x f x D
Odd Function

f1 x xx2x3

f2 x xcosx
2

f1 x x x x 3xx2x3

f1 x f1 x f1 x f1 x
f1 x
f2 x xcos x xcosx
f2 x f2 x
f2 x
f1 x f2 x I

g x f1 x f2 x I

g x f1 x f2 x f1 x

f2 x

f1 x f2 x g x
g x

1.2.3

Greatest Integer Function

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y x x x
1
0.33 0 2 1.414 1
3
1

0.33 1 2 1.414 2
3
4 4 1 1

x 1 x

2x 2 x

x ndn 1 d 0
1
( i ) d 0 1 2d 0
2
2x 2n 2d 2n 2n
2 x 2 n d 2n
2x 2 x
1
(ii) 1 d
2 2d 1
2
2x 2n 2d 2n 1
2 x 2 n d 2n
2x

2 x

f1 x 9 x2
1
f3 x
9 x2
x
1
f x
f
x1
x

f2 x x2 9
1
f4 x 2

x9
1
f f x
f
f x

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( f x 1 1 )

g f a
g

a
b
c
d
e

g f c

g f e

1
2
3
4

f x ,

g x f x f x h x f x

x g x h x
x3 x
f x 4

x 5x2 1
1
1
x2 2 f 2x
f x
x
x
f , g I
1
min ( f (x), g (x)) ( f (x) g (x) f x g x
2
a, b a b a b
f

x yxy xy 0
x1 2
1
f x
x1
x
x
f cos
f sin 1 cosx f (cos x)
2
2
x1 2x
1
f
f

1x 2x
2

3 x

3 x 3

x 3 x 3

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1
x
1x
1x

x1
x2

4x2 2
x

0x
2 sin2 x

1
1 cos x

7/5

1.3
1.3.1

Inverse Function
One-to-One Function

f A B A B A
x1, x2 x1 x2 f x1

f x2

A B B A
x1 x2 f x1

f x2

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f x1 f x2

x1 x2

f x

f x x3 1 , x R
x1, x2 f x1 f x2
x31 1 x32 1

x31 x32 0

x1 x2 x21 x1x2 x22 0

x21 x1x2 x22 0

x1 x2

f x x 1
3

y x2 , x R
x1, x2 f x1 f x2
x21 x22

x1 x2 x1 x2 0 x1 x2 x1 x2

x R f x x2
x

0 , f x x2

y f x

y f x

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yx
yx

yx

x
x

y x3 + 1
y x2 y x2x 0

y f x x x 0
y f x x
y y f x

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1.3.2

f , g f g x x g f x x f , g
f f

f f x f

x f f

f x

y y y

f f

f f

f f

x y y f x

f x 3x 1 f x

f x1 f x2 3x1 1 3x2 1

x1 x2

y f x 3x 1
f x
y1
3

y 3x 1 x

x1
x1
f 1 x
g x
3
3
x1
f x 3x 1
g x
3

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3x 1 1
x
3
x1
f g x 3g x 1 3
1x
3
g f x f g x
x1
f x 3x 1
g x
3
g f x g 3x 1

y 2x3 5

y 2x3 5 y 2x3 5

y5
2x3 y 5 x3
2
3
y5
x
2
3
x5
f x 2x3 5
g x
2

1.3.3

y f x y f
y f

x y f x

x y x

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y3x

y 3x 5

y3x1

y x5 1

y x 1

x 0 y x2 y x
y x
ax b
f x =
cx + d
adbc 0 f
f x f

x a, b, c, d

h x f g x f , g, h h 1 x g 1 ( f

(x))

3x
y x
31

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x x 1
y x3

3x 3 x
2x
y=
1 x 1
1 x2

x5
x
3
3
x x

x x3 1

x 5x1

f 1 (x)x2 1x

(, 0]

y log3

x
0 x 1
1x
x

x 1

x 1 x 27
log3 x 27 x

1 1 x2
1 x 0 1 x 0
x
x
0
x0

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. --.--
, 2011.06

I S B N 978-957-11-6310-9
1.
314.1

100010819

5Q08

Brief Applied Calculus

(305.2)

106 339 4

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