BEAMS REINFORCED IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION

Very frequently it becomes essential for a section to carry bending moment more than it can resist as a balanced section. Such a situation is encountered when the dimensions of the cross section are limited because of structural, head room or architectural reasons. Although a balanced section is the most economical section but because of limitations of size, section has to be sometimes over-reinforced by providing extra reinforcement on tension face than that required for a balanced section and also some reinforcement on compression face. Such sections reinforced both in tension and compression are also known as Doubly Reinforced Section. In some loading cases reversal of stresses in the section take place (this happens when wind blows in opposite directions at different timings), the reinforcement is required on both faces. Unless or otherwise it is absolutely necessary, doubly reinforced sections should not be recommended.

Moment of Resistance of Doubly Reinforced Sections: Consider a rectangular section reinforced on tension as well as compression faces as shown in Fig. 3.1, Let b=width of section, d=effective depth of section D=overall depth of section, d=cover to centre of compressive steel, M=Bending moment or total moment of resistance, Mbal=Moment of resistance of a balanced section with tension reinforcement, Ast=Total area of tensile steel, Ast1=Area of tensile steel required to develop Mbal, Ast2=Area of tensile steel required to develop Mub, Asc=Area of compressive steel, st= Stress in tensile steel, and sc= Stress in compressive steel

Fig. 3.1 Since strains are proportional to the distance from N.A., Strain in top fibre of concrete Strain in compression steel cbc | Ec x = sc | E s x d ' ,
Since

x x d' cbc E s x . = sc Ec x d ' ,

sc = cbc .

x d' .m x

cbc .

x d' is the stress in concrete at the level of compression steel, it can be denoted as ' cbc x

sc = m. 'cbc

sc = 1.5m. 'cbc

FROM I S CODE

DERIVATION

Prof.KAMEG.S./TRPCLECTURENOTES/CIVILENGG.DEPT./DATTAMEGHECOE./MUMBAIUNI.

Types of problems:

1. Determination of Areas of Tension and Compression Reinforcement

Given: The maximum bending moment, allowable stress in steel and concrete, modular ratio and dimensions of beam section are given. Steps to be followed

i. For given allowable stresses in materials, depth of critical neutral axis, lever arm constant, coefficient of moment of resistance can be obtained. ii. Assume some concrete cover to compression steel. iii. Moment of resistance M1 of the balanced section can be computed as M1= Q. b. d2 Balance of moment M2 can be calculated as: M2= M-M1 =M-Q. b. d2 iv. Tension steel can be obtained from:

A st1 =

M1 st . j.d M M1 st .(d d ')

A st 2 =

A st = A st1 + A st 2
v. Compression steel is determined from:

A sc = (M M 1 )

1 x 1 . . cbc (d d ') 1.5m 1 ( x d ')

2 To Determine Moment of Resistance of Doubly Reinforced Beam Section

Given: The dimensions of section, areas of both tension and compression steels, grade concrete and the type of steel are given.
Steps to be followed

i. Determine actual position of neutral axis x a by taking moments of concrete and equivalent steel areas about neutral axis. ii. For the given grade of concrete and the type of steel, permissible stresses can be known. Then obtain the position of the critical neutral axis x c . iii. By comparing depth of actual neutral axis with the critical N.A., determine whether concrete reaches maximum stress or steel reaches maximum stress.
Prof.KAMEG.S./TRPCLECTURENOTES/CIVILENGG.DEPT./DATTAMEGHECOE./MUMBAIUNI.

If x a is greater than x c , the concrete reaches maximum allowable stress cbc first and the moment of resistance can be found out by taking moments about tensile steel.
M = b.x.

cbc

x xd . d + (1.5m 1)Asc . cbc . .(d d ') 2 3 x

If x a is less than x c , steel reaches maximum stress st earlier. Moment of resistance can be obtained by taking moment about tensile steel.
M =

cbc x x d ' b.x st x x . . . . , (d d ') d + (1.5m 1)Asc . 2 m d x 3 m dx x

3 To Check Stresses
The dimensions of section, areas of compression and tension steel and the bending moment on section are given. Steps to be followed i. Determine position of neutral axis by equating areas of concrete and equivalent areas of steel about N.A. ii. Taking moments of compressive forces about tensile steel and equating to external bending moment B.M. M = (1.5m 1)Asc .

x d' x . cbc .(d d ') + b.x. cbc . d x 2 3

From this equation, value of cbc , stress in top fibre of concrete can be found.
iii. Stress in tensile steel shall be:
' st = m. cbc . dx x

iv. Stress in compression steel can be computed from :

sc = 1.5m cbc . x d' x

Steel Beam Theory:

If the amount of compression reinforcement required equals or exceeds the amount of tension reinforcement obtained by using the theory as discussed in the preceding articles, the beam section may be designed by the STEEL BEAM THEORY. In this theory, the compressive resistance provided by the concrete is neglected. The areas of steel in compression Asc and that in tensile zone Ast are equal in magnitude. These areas of steel act analogous to the tension and compression flanges of an I-beam section, which resist bending. The moment of resistance offered by the compressive and tensile steels placed at a distance of (d-d) apart is given by the following expression:

M = Ast . st .(d d ')

Prof.KAMEG.S./TRPCLECTURENOTES/CIVILENGG.DEPT./DATTAMEGHECOE./MUMBAIUNI. 3

From the above Eq.

Ast = Asc = M st .(d d ')

When this method of design is used, the spacing of stirrups/ rings should not exceed eight times the diameter of bars forming the compression reinforcement. The permissible tensile stress in steel st should be taken equal to the permissible compressive stress in steel sc for the type of steel used. The indiscriminate application of STEEL BEAM THEORY is not advisable. In this theory, the concrete serves only as a web and compression and tension steels as flanges of an imaginary steel joist. In fact, there is no proper justification of this theory. By taking st = sc , the stress in concrete fibres in compression is much more than otherwise permissible. The beams designed on this theory have very little margin for accidental overloading, poor workmanship, etc. thus this theory is not usually recommended.
Problem on STEEL BEAM THEORY A beam 250 mm X 600 mm is to resist a bending moment of 80 KN.m. determine the areas of compression and tensile steel using Steel Beam Theory.

i. If Mild steel with st = 140 N/mm2 and sc = 140 N/mm2 is used. ii. If Tor steel with st = 230 N/mm2 and sc = 190 N/mm2 is used.
Sol.

Assuming 40 mm cover from extreme concrete fibres to c.g. of steels i) Mild Steel st = sc = 140 N/mm2
Ast = Asc =
=

M st .(d d ')

40 A sc

80 X 10 6 140 X (600 80)

520

600

= 1098.9 mm2
A st 40

ii)

Tor Steel Take st = sc = 190 N/mm2

250

Ast = Asc =

M st .(d d ')

80 X 10 6 190 X (600 80)

= 809.7 mm2 --x-

Prof.KAMEG.S./TRPCLECTURENOTES/CIVILENGG.DEPT./DATTAMEGHECOE./MUMBAIUNI.