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Content
Structure of EC3 1-1 Technical terms & General terminology Design checks & Ultimate limit states Global analysis & Design Relation between Global analysis Design Section classification
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Introduction to EC3
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Chapter 1 General Chapter 2 Basis of Design Chapter 3 Materials Chapter 4 Durability Chapter 5 Structural analysis
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Technical terms
Outstand Internal
Web
Internal
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Technical terms
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Technical terms
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General terminology
A - Action - this is a general term describing loads and other external influences such as temperature effects and imposed deformations which may act upon a structure. E - Effect of actions - this is a general term describing the result of an action on the structure or element (e.g. stresses, deflections, bending moments) R - Resistance - this is a general term to describe the ability of a structure or element to resist the effects of actions (e.g. bending strength and compressive strength) - Partial safety factors - these are factors which account for variability in parameters such as actions and material strength; they also provide for a global margin of safety
Faculty of Engineering Steel Structures EN 1993 -1 9
General terminology
The Eurocodes also makes extensive use of subscripts.
k - characteristic - this describes characteristic or typical values of variables such as actions or material strengths. d - design - this describes the values of variables such as strength or action to be used in the design calculation process; design values are determined from characteristic values modified by appropriate partial safety factors.
Normal symbols may also be used as subscripts, and subscripts are often combined, for example:
Rd Ed design resistance design values of internal force or moment
Subscripts can be arranged in sequence as necessary, separated by a decimal point for example: Npl.Rd design plastic axial resistance.
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General terminology
Frame an assembly of structural elements Sub-frame part frame used for analysis
Colum (N) Beam-column (M+N) Beam (M) Joint
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General terminology
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General terminology
In-plane buckling Out-of-plane buckling Column buckling (only N) Lateral-torsional Beam-Colum buckling (M+N) buckling (M+N) Restrained beam Unrestrained beam Beam unable to move laterally Beam can move laterally
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Lcr =1 L
Lcr = 0, 7 L
Lcr = 0,5 L
Lcr =2 L
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SIMPLE
SEMICONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
Simple joints do not resist moments Continuous joints assumed to be rigid Semi-continuous connection need explicit consideration in analysis
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Material properties
Three nominal grades of steel (EN 1993-1-1):
S235 nominal yield strength = 235N/mm2 S275 nominal yield strength = 275N/mm2 S355 nominal yield strength = 355N/mm2
Strengths reduce for 80mm t > 40mm Slightly other strength in EN 10025-2 For all structural steels E = 210 kN/mm2. Special requirements for plastic analysis, fracture toughness, and cold-formed steel
Steel Structures EN 1993 -1 19
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Design checks
Design checks depend on type of structure
frames must be checked for:
resistance of cross-sections resistance of members resistance of connections frame stability static equilibrium
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Global analysis
Internal forces and corresponding deformations
Elastic analysis
Can practically always be used (with linear load deflection curve; may be combined with plastic calculation of the section)
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Plastic analysis
Requirements to material, section class, restrains, joint ductility Only section class 1
25
Global analysis
Elastic analysis Plastic analysis
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Global analysis
Internal forces and corresponding deformations
Global analysis
First-order analysis done when non-sway frame:
cr 10 cr 15 cr
for elastic analysis for plastic analysis h H , Ed for portal frames with shallow roof slopes
otherwise it is a sway frame, and Second-order analysis must be done (including imperfections) Usually First-order analysis can be done Steel industrial halls (portal frames) are generally non-sway structures
Faculty of Engineering Steel Structures EN 1993 -1 28
Design
Calculation of the section
Elastic calculation
Section class 3+4
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Plastic calculation
Section class 1+2
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Design
Elastic
Plastic
Fully plastic
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Design
(Calculation of the section)
Some are internal - webs of open beams - flanges of boxes Outstand Internal
Outstand
Local buckling
(c)
http://www.shf.tugraz.at/elearning.html
L t
Free edge
(a )
(b)
S im p ly s u p p o r t e a ll f o u r e d g e s
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Section classification
EC3 defines four classes of cross section. The class into which a particular cross section falls depends upon
slenderness of each element (defined by a width-tothickness ratio) the compressive stress distribution
Classes are defined in terms of performance requirements for resistance of bending moments
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fy
M pl
Local Buckling
M Mpl
1
Class 1 crosssections are those which can form a plastic hinge with the required rotational capacity for plastic analysis.
Sufficient
1
Faculty of Engineering Steel Structures EN 1993 -1
rot pl
pl
42
fy
Mpl
Local Buckling
M Mpl
1
Class 2 cross-sections are those which, although able to develop a plastic moment, have limited rotational capacity and are therefore unsuitable for structures designed by plastic analysis.
Limited
pl
43
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fy
Mpl
Mel Local Buckling
Class 3 cross-sections are those in which the calculated stress in the extreme compression fibre can reach yield but local buckling prevents the development of the plastic moment resistance.
M Mpl
None
1
Faculty of Engineering Steel Structures EN 1993 -1
pl
44
Plastic moment on Class 4 cross-sections are those in which local effective section
fy
Mpl
Mel
Local Buckling
M Mpl
buckling limits the moment resistance (or compression resistance for axially loaded members). Explicit allowance for the effects of local buckling is necessary.
None
pl
45
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Design
(Calculation of the section)
b
tw Axis of Bending d tw
d
tw
tw
b axis of bending
d = h-3t (t = tf = t w)
tf
tf
tf
tf
Web subject to bending and compression + fy d d h fy when > 0,5: d/t w < 396/(13 1) _ when < 0,5: d/t w _ 36/ <
Type + -
Section in bending fy
Section in compression + fy
- + (b - 3t f)/ t f b / tf (b - 3t f )/ tf b / tf + fy
_ <42 * _ <42 _ <42 * _ <42
+ fy d/2 h d/2 fy -
+ fy
= 235/ f y
_ d/t w < 42
* For a cross section in compression with no bending the classification 1,2,3 are irrelevant and hence the limit is the same in each case.
( )
355 0,81
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c. Outstand flanges:
c tf
c tf tf c tf
Welded sections Flange subject to compression and bending Tip in Tip in compression tension c c + c c _ c/t f < 10 _ c/t f < 9e _ c/t f < 10 _ 9 c/t f < 11
+ 3 e. Tubular sections:
t
h b+h 15 : 115 , t 2t
Rolled Welded
Rolled 2 Welded
_ c/t f < 11 _ c/t f < 10 + c _ c/t f < 23 k c/t f < 23 k _ 275 0,92
_ c/t f <
Class
c/t f < 10 _
+ c
1 2 3 fy
2
235 1 1
= 235/ f y
= 235/ f y
fy
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Conclusion
No calculation of resistance against local buckling is necessary for class 1-3, only in class 4 local buckling may occur Cross-sections with class 4 elements may be replaced by an effective cross-section Class 4 - taken as the gross section minus holes where the buckles (from local buckling) may occur designed in a similar manner to class 3 sections using elastic cross-sectional resistance limited by yielding in the extreme fibres There will be no further work on local buckling during this course.
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Working Example
Example 5.1: cross-section classification under combined bending and compression Designers Guide to EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures general rules and rules for buildings
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Working Example
5.12.15 Example 15 checking a simply supported beam THE BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES TO EC 3 (Note: m0=1,1 DK NA)
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Working Example
4.9.2 Example 2 section moment resistance of a Class 3 I-beam THE BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES TO EC 3 (Note: m0=1,1 DK NA)
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Working Example
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Summary
Structural sections may be considered as an assembly of individual plate elements. Plate elements may be internal or outstand When loaded in compression these plates may buckle locally Local buckling may limit the load carrying capacity of the section by preventing the attainment of yield strength Premature failure due to local buckling may be avoided by limiting the width to thickness ratio - or slenderness of individual elements within the cross section. This is the basis of the section classification approach.
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Exercise
To the next lesson, please recall how to calculate:
Moment of intertia Iy and Iz Elastic section modulus Wel,y and Wel,z (also just called Wy and Wz) The elastic stress el=N/A+My/Wy+Mz/Wz for H profile and the stress distribution over the profile