Physics Exam Review

Uniform Motion Uniform motion is movement at a constant speed in Straightline. Most motions are nonuniform. A scaler quantity has magnitude but no directions. Examples include distance, time, and speed. This system international SI base units, the meter, the kilogram, and the second, can be used to derive other more complex units, such as meters per second. Average speed is the ratio of the total distance traveled to the total time, velocity equals distance divided by time. Uniform motion summary A vector quantity is one that has both the magnitude and direction velocity is a vector quantity and is the rate of change of position. The average velocity of a motion is the change of position divided by the time interval for that change. Displacement is the change in position of an object from a reference point. Average velocity is the ratio of the displacement to the time interval. Vector quantities can have such directions as up, down, forward, and backwards. In the horizontal plane, the four compass points, north, east, south, and West, can be used to communicate directions . Two dimensional motion In two dimensional motion, the resulting displacement is the vector sum of the individual displacements. The average velocity in two-dimensional motion is the ratio of the resultant displacement to the time interval. All motion is relative to a frame of reference. We usually use earth as our frame of reference. For example the velocity of a train relative to earth or the ground can be used. When two motions are involved, the relative velocity equation is a vector addition. Uniform acceleration Uniformly accelerated motion occurs when an object, traveling in straight lines, changes at speed uniformly with time. The acceleration can be one that is speeding up or slowing down. On a velocity time graph of uniform acceleration, the slope of the line represents the average acceleration between any two times. Position time graph of uniform acceleration is a curve whose slope continually changes. Tangent to the curve at specific times indicate the instantaneous velocities at these times, which can be used to determine the acceleration. Acceleration near Earth surface On average,acceleration due to gravity on the earths surface is 9.8 m/s squared downward. This means that in the absence of air resistance, an object falling freely towards Earth surface accelerates at 9.8 m/s squared downward. Various

experimental ways can use to determine the local value of gravity. The topic of accelerated motion is applied in various fields, including transportation and the sport of skydiving. The acceleration of objects near your surface does not depend on mass. Variables that may be studied during the course of this unit are initial velocity, final velocity, displacement, time interval, an average acceleration. Each equation derived one of all four of these five variables and thus will have a different purpose. It is important to remember that these equations only apply to uniformly accelerated motion.

Solving uniform acceleration problems The main equation of average acceleration is acceleration average equals velocity final minus the velocity initial divided by time . And a velocity time graph of uniform acceleration, equations involving uniform acceleration can be derived. The resulting equations, can be applied to find solutions to a variety of motion problems. Key Terms Kinematics uniform motion non-uniform motion scaler quantity based unit derived unit instantaneous speed average speed vector quantity position displacement velocity average velocity resultant displacement frame of reference relative velocity accelerated motion uniformly accelerated motion acceleration instantaneous acceleration average acceleration tangent Technique tangent instantaneous velocity acceleration due to gravity terminal speed Forces in nature summary space of force, which is a push or pull, is a vector quantity; it's SI unit is the Newton [N]. The fundamental forces responsible for all forces are gravitational,

electromagnetic, strong nuclear, weak nuclear. Some common forces we experience our friction, tension, and the normal force. Drawings free body diagrams is important skill that helps solving problems involving forces. Newtons first law of motion. Galileo was real and virtual experiment by the way for Newton to formulate his three laws of motion. The net force acting on an object, SNET, is the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object. News first love motion, often called the law of inertia, states that if the net force acting on an object is zero, the object will maintain its state of rest or uniform velocity. The first love motion is observed implied in many situations, including the need for restraint systems in automobiles. Force, mass, and acceleration. To determine the relationship among three variables, a controlled investigation can be performed in which one independent variable is kept constant will the other independent variable is very, and vice versa. A controlled investigation can be performed to determine how the acceleration of an object depends on the mass and the object and the net force acting on the object. Newtons second law of motion. Newtons second law of motion relates the acceleration of an object to the mass of the object and then at force acting on it. New second wok is applied in many problem-solving situations. The formulas for these are acceleration equals net force divided by mass for next force equals mass times acceleration. The third of all of motion for every action force, there is a reaction force equal in magnitude, but obscene direction. Key terms Force fundamental forces gravitational force force of gravity electromagnetic force strong nuclear force weak nuclear force normal force friction tension Newton system diagram free body diagram dynamics inertia resulting force

net force first law of motion second law of motion third law of motion Chapter 6

Properties of Waves A wave ray is a straight line drawn at right angles to the wavefront, indicathag the direction of the wave motion. When waves are reflected from a solid obstacle, the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection. When a wave enters a medium in which it moves more slowly, its wavelength decreases. When a water wave enters a slower medium at an angle, its direction of transmission changes; the wave has undergone refraction. When a wave passes by a barrier or through a small opening, it tends to diffract or change direction.

Interference of Waves Waves can pass through each other in a medium without affecting each other; only the medium particles are momentarily affected. The resultant displacement of a particle is the algebraic sum of the individual displacements contributed by each wave. If the resultant displacement is greater than that caused by either wave alone, constructive interference is occurring; if it is smaller, destructive interference is occurring.

Mechanical Resonance Resonance occurs when an object that is free to vibrate is acted on by a periodic force that has the same frequency as the object's natural frequency. Mechanical resonance must be considered when designing any object that has some freedom of movement and has some physical contact with a source of vibration. Standing Waves For total destructive interference to occur, the waves interfering must have identical wavelengths and amplitudes. Nodes are points in a medium that are continuously at rest; that is, the resultant

displacement of the particles at these points is always zero. Points in a medium at which constructive interference occurs are called antinodes. A stationary interference pattern of successive nodes and antinodes in a medium is called a standing wave interference pattern. The distance between successive nodes or antinodes in a standing wave interference pattern is one-half the wavelength of the interfering waves. Two-Point Interference Pattern The interference pattern between two identical point sources, vibrating in phase, is a symmetrical pattern of alternating areas of destructive and areas of constructive interference radiating out from the point sources.

Key Terms wave periodic motion transverse vibration longitudinal vibration torsional vibration cycle frequency hertz period amplitude in phase out of phase transverse wave crest positive pulse trough negative pulse periodic waves pulse wavelength longitudinal wave compression rarefaction universal wave equation fixed-end reflection free-end reflection partial reflection wave front wave ray

normal focal point refraction diffraction wave interference destructive interference constructive interference Super crest Super trough principle of superposition resonance mechanical resonance sympathetic vibration standing wave node nodal point antinode

Chapter 7 What Is Sound? All sound waves are caused by vibrations. Sound stimulates the auditory nerve. Humans can hear a range between 20 and 20000 Hz Infrasonic sounds have a frequency below 20 Hz Ultrasonic sounds have a frequency above 20 000 Hz Production and Transmission of Sound Sound originates from a vibrating source. Sound requires a physical medium for its transmission. Sound travels as a series of compressions and rarefactions. Pitch is related to frequency; the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. The Speed of Sound The speed of sound in air at OC is 332 m/s. The speed of sound increases when the temperature increases. The speed of sound can be measured using echoes. The speed of sound changes if the medium changes.