Environmental Engineering production of bacteria out biological decomposition of Module 2: 3.

after oxidation is become stable and dissolved solids or organic matter in Characteristics of sewage alkaline again waste water under aerobic condition at 1.Physical 4. high pH value both acidic and alkaline std temp. 2.Chemical found in industrial waste 2. BOD test result used for 3.Biological Chlorides content: 3. Determination of Oxygen required for Physical Characteristics 1. mineral salt not affected by biological biological stabilization colour: action 4. Determination the size of treatment 1. Fresh domestic Sewage is Grey. 2. chlorides found in domestic waste facilities 2. Petrification starts turns black coming from human,kitchen 5. measurement of efficiency of 3. Septic tank sewage more or less black 3. chloride coming from ice-cream treatment processes or dark plant,meat salting etc.. 6. Determination of strength of sewage 4. industrial water color depends upon Nitrogen contents: 7. determination of clear water for the chemical process in it. 1. nitrogen means organic content in disposal of waste water Odour: waste water 1. Normal Fresh sewage has a meshy 2. nitrogen is essential for building block COD: odour. of life protein. 1. used to measure organic content in 2. After 3 or 4 hr all oxygen get 3. So its need to be tested just 3 hrs exhausted and it give H2S smell. 4. nitrogen found in waste in 5 form:2. Cod test include acidic oxidation with 3. Offensive odour harmful in many ammonia,organic nitrogen,albuminoid potassium dicromate way. nitrogen,Nitrites Nitrogen,Nitrate Differentiate COD and BOD 1. reduction appetite food nitrogen COD: 2. lower water consumption Fats,Grease and Oil: give results in 3 hours 3. mental perturbation 1. Fats major contribution from kitchen BOD: 4. impaired respiration 2. Grease and oil discharged form Give results in 5 days Temperature: industries COD: 1. temp is high for sewage than water by 3. this matters float on top of Results are higher than BOD addition of warm water sedimentation tank,choke pipes in BOD: winter,clog the filters Results are lower than COD 2. temp increase then bacteria o 4. thus its interfere the function of COD: activity(till60 C) and viscosity sedimentation tank and biological suitable for measuring Organic content increase action,maintenance problem BOD: 3. solubility decrease increase in 5. fats is most stable organic compound Suitable for measuring Oxygen Content temperature cannot be easily decomposable by 4. it will reduce self purification bacteria. typical domestic waste value COD/BOD value and increase bacteria. vary from 1.25 to 2.5 5. Sewage Temp effects aquatic life in Surfactants: 1. comes from synthetic detergents higher the value difficult to biodegradable. receiving water 2. this are large organic molecules which 6. cause growth of fungi and waste water cause forming in waste water plants treatment which prevent aeration. Turbidity : 3. Alkyl-benzene-sulfonate is a Biological characteristics 1. depends upon quantity of solid matter troublesome surfactants and non Aquatic plants: in sewage in suspension state biodegradable. 1. Water weeds, mosses and lever 2. its a measure of light emmiting ability 4. Determined by checking color change words,ferns and of waste water. in methylene blue dye solution Horsetails,algea 3. Stronger the sewage higher the 2. In favorable condition of light, temp, turbidity Toxic compounds: and nutrition exist water weeds grow 4. determined by turbidity rod or 1. copper,lead,silver,chrominum,arsenic, in dense form,their decay in autm and jacksons turbidometer and boron toxic to microorganisms add organic matter to water Total solids: 2. it prevents decomposition 3. Algea consider as simple,photo 1. solid in waste water in three state synthetic plants with unicellular 2. suspended,colloidal,dissolved Oxygen Demand organs of reproduction 3. suspended solids can be filter by 1. oxygen is demanded for both organic 4. It will grow using inorganic matters asbestos mat or filter paper and inorganic matters for and sunlight 4. two type suspended solid:-settle able decomposition 5. Sanitary engineers need prevent this and non-settle able 2. Biochemical OD type of growths in water 5. imhoff cone,capacity I liter and 50ml 3. Chemical OD Aquatic animals: graduation used for suspension testing 4. Total OC Fish and Chemical characteristics 5. Theoretical OD amphibians,mussels,snails,limplets,cockles,aqu pH value: BOD: atic,earthworms,thrads 1. fresh sewer generally alkaline in 1. BOD is defined as the oxygen worms,rotifera,hydra,protozoa nature.(7.3-7.5) required by microorganisms to carry 2. time passes it will acidic due to acidic

1. Protozoa : unicellular
organisms,bacteria eaters and live in dilute organic waster. they are essential in the operation of biological processes 2. Aquatic molds,bacteria and virus: fungi:fungi are unicellular capable of growing low temp and ph Virus: ultramicroscopics,size range 10500milimicrons, Bacteria: single cell,rigid wall,take soluble food and concert into new cell.3 type:parasitic,pathogenic,saprpphytic,nonpathogenic. Population equivalent Population equivalent of waste water can be found by dividing bods of combined waste water by percapita /day bod value. Population equivalent is used for indicate the strength of industrial waste water. 1. To estimating the treatment required at common treatment plant 2. For charging appropriate levy on the industries to meet the proportionate cost of treating waste in municipal treatment

Characteristics of industrial waste water(iww) 1. It vary from industry to industry 2. Vary from process to process 3. High proportion of suspended solids,dissolved organic and inorganic solids,bod,alkalinity and acidity 4. Pollutants in iww include raw materials,process chemicals, 5. It can not be treated easily Methods of treatment Factors affecting planning of iww treatment: 1. Discontinuous flow and seasonally discharged water 2. High concentration of pollutants 3. Non-biodegradable and toxicity. Different types of treatment 1. Equalization 2. Neutralization 3. Physical treatment 4. Chemical treatment 5. Biological treatment Equalization: when characteristics of ww varies during the day and discharge is non uniform or discontinuous,equalization is necessary. The process consist of holding waste water for some predetermined period to get uniform characteristics. Neutralization: this is needed when ww contains excess alkali or acid. And it is achieved by adding either acid or alkali. This may be done in tank Physical treatment:

physical treatment similar to primary treatment 2. various process are screening,sedimentation, floatation, filtration chemical treatment: 1. essential part in treatment of ww 2. various process are Coagulation,chemical precipitation,adsorption,ion exchange,Air stripping,Electrodialysis,Thermal Reduction,Hyper filtration or reverse osmosis Biological Treatment 1. if BOD/COD is > 0.6 then its biologically treatable b/w 0.3 and 0.6 acclimatisation is needed before Biological treatment < 0.3 no need treatment 2. acclimatisation is process of seeding or raising initial microbial population under a controlled concentration,by gradual exposure to the sun. 3. various type treatments : activated sludge process,trickling filter,oxidation pond,aerated lagoon,oxidation ditch,oxidation lagoon Screens : 1. screening is the first unit operation in waste disposal 2. screen is a device with uniform opening 3. elements consist of parallel bars,rods,grating or wiring,mesh or perforated plate 4. circular or rectangular in shape 5. screen classified into 3 type: coarse,medium and fine screen 6. coarse screen for protection,bar screens 7. fine screen treatment device 8. medium screens used before all pumps of treatment units Grit Chambers: 1. Grit is a heavy mineral material found in raw sewage 2. it may contain sand,gravel,silt,broken glass,small fragments of metal 3. Grit has spgarvity ranges from 2.4 to 2.65 4. Girt chambers are provided to protect moving equipment from abrasion and abnormal wear 5. they reduce heavy girt formation in pipe 6. two type girt chambers horizontal flow and aerated girt chamber 7. Horizontal chamber reduce the velocity to 0.m/s,such velocity carry most of organic matters through

1.

8. 9.

chamber and re suspended the particle tend settle out heavier particle, design should be oriented on velocity of flow cleaned manually or mechanically depends upon : quality and quantity of girt to be handled

head loss requirement,space requirement,economic consideration aerated girt chambers: its a special type consisting of standard spiral flow aeration tank provided with air diffusion tubes placed on one side of the tank, 10. aerated chambers control the separation of organic and inorganic matters by producing rolling flow pattern Detritus Tanks: 1. it is a girt removal unit which also remove silt as well as some organic matter this becoz velocity is low and detention time is more 2. detritus tank is continuous flow settling tank of rectangular or square shape,depth varies from 2.5m to 3.5m.detention time 3-4 minutes and velocity 0.2 to 0.3m/sec 3. organic matters washed from it by following methods: Re suspending organic matters by passing compressed air,Removing the tank wash with water,placing tank on conveyor and pass it through the water Skimming Tank: 1. it is installed just before the sedimentation tank to remove floating substances like grease,oil,fats,wax,soap,free fatty acid etc.. 2. skimming tank is chamber so arranged that floating matter rises and remains on surface of waste water until removed 3. rectangular or circular,3-5 detention period

Sedimentation tanks: 1. Types of settling tanks 2. classified in three ways 3. based on nature of working,based on location, based on shape 4. based on nature: fill and draw

type,continuous type based on location:Preliminary settling tank,primary settling tank,secondary settling tank 6. based on shape: rectangular,circular,hopper bottom Rectangular sedimentation tank: 1. two type: Horizontal flow and vertical flow 2. vertical flow tank: it usually in small diameter circular tank with deep conical hoppers diameter vary from 7 to 9m. And depth vary from 7.5m to 9m.constructed partly below the ground and above it. waste water flow from bottom to top. Tank is designed that upward velocity flow is less than settling velocity small particles. 3. Horizontal flow tanks:tank design assumption: (a) With in settling or sedimentation zone. the particles settle exactly same manner as in the quiescent tank of equal depth (b)flow horizontal,uniform velocity in all parts of tank (c)concentration of suspended particles of each size is same at all points of vertical crosssection at inlet end. (d)particles removed when it reaches the bottom. 5.

(c)there are potential odour or equivalent inverts. problem 9. The slope should be same as that of (d) in the case of urban floors area,development my encroaches to lagoon site 10. the drain shall be so placed the Design ,construction and Operation of trickling sewage should be occupied less than filters: 50% and velocity 0.75m/sec 1. also know as percolating or sprinkling 11. total area of inlet should be not less filters than 15% 2. in this sewage is allowed to sprinkle 12. main collection channel:it is provided or trickle over a bed coarse,hard filter to carry away the flow from under media and is collected through under drains and admit air to filter,it shall be drainage system provided with perforated cover 3. operation is supply oxygen ww,spray 13. filter floor: the filter floor should be nozzle or rotary distributes are used strong to support the under drainage 4. biological process is done by bacterial system along with fully loaded film know as bio superimposed filter media film,blackish,yellowish,greenish in 14. the slope of floor towards main colour. it may consist of collecting channel b/w 0.5 to 5% algae,fungi,lichens etc. 15. filter walls:Filter walls may be either 5. sloughing or unloading is the process of fully plastered stone or brick in the outer portion of biological film masonry, made honey combed or organic matters is degraded by otherwise provided with openings microbes. since food conc is high in 16. ventilation:adequate ventilation outer line growth microbes increases should be provided . The displacement in outer layer thickness of bio film is about 0.3m3/sec/m2 of filter head increases. And diffused oxygen is difference of temperature is about 60C consumed before it can penetrated Merits and Demerits of Trickling Tank into full depth of film. the inner zone 1. merits:(a)effluent obtained from tank microbes is in state of starvation. due is highly nitrified and stabilized to this anaerobic condition is (b) it has good dependability,posses unique activated. Having no external organic capacity to handle loads sources inner layer will its on outer (c) they can remove 80% suspended solids and Oxidation Pond: layer eventually scouring occurs fresh 75 to 80% of BOD 1. oxidation pond is an open,flow layer film is established (d)the filter loading is relatively higher through earthen basin of controlled 6. types of trickling filters:low rate and (e)working is simple and cheap shape. high rate filters (f)self cleansing 2. Specially constructed and designed for Construction of trickling filters:. (g)contains less mechanical equipment,wear treatment sewage and biodegradable 1. tank consist of water tight holding and tear is small industrial wastes. tank,distribution system,filter (i)operation need only a less electrical power 3. Low cost treatment system media,under drainage system 2. Demerits:(a)the loss head through the 4. its used in rural areas 2. tank is either square or rectangular filter system is high,t 5. the mixing is usually provided by shape if used nozzles are used and (b)cost of construction is very high natural process. circular rotary distributes are used. (c)they require large area 6. Its give long detention period 3. Tank walls either masonry or concrete (d) sewage needs preliminary treatment 7. types of oxidation are made water tight. walls are (e)Final settlement humus tank is necessary ponds:aerobic,anaerobic,facultative designed to withstand the pressure of sewage 8. bacterial-algae symbiosis is process Activated sludge process diagram check page 4. filter media:it should have high sp bacteria eats organic matters form number 390 ,BC punmia surface area,high % void sewage. its oxidized to form simple The activated sludge process uses space,resistance to abrasion and inorganic compounds like nitrates,CO2 microorganisms to feed organic contaminants disintegration,insolubility in sewage that are in wastewater to produce a high quality etc..which helps algae for and resistance to spalling and flaking effluent. The basic principle behind all photosynthesis process to make food 5. most used filter media are broken and oxygen for bacteria. activated sludge processes is that as stones,gravel etc.. 9. Advantage : microorganisms grow, they form particles that 6. filter depth:effectiveness of filter (a) lower initial cost than mechanical plan clump together. These particles, which are decreases as depth increases. Depth referred to as floc, are allowed to settle to the (b)low operating cost usually vary from 1.8 3m (c)treatment not influenced by leaky sewage bottom of the tank, which results in a relatively 7. under drainage system: purpose is to clear liquid free organic material and system bringing the storm water carry away liquid effluent and 10. Dis advantages: suspended solids. sloughed biological solids,to distribute (a)require extensive land area air through bed (b)assimilative capacity for some industrial Disinfection of sewage: 8. its consist of drains with semicircular Disinfection is treatment of the effluent for the waste is poor

destruction of all pathogens. Another term that is sterilization. disinfection can be achieved by any method that destroys pathogens. Physical methods might include, for example, heating to boiling or incineration or irradiation with Xrays or ultraviolet rays. Chemical methods might theoretically include the use of strong acids, alcohols, or a variety of oxidizing chemicals or surface active agents. wastewater treatment practices have principally relied on the use of chlorine for disinfection. The prevalent use of chlorine has come about because chlorine is an excellent disinfecting chemical and, until recently, has been available at a reasonable cost. fact that chlorine even at low concentrations is toxic to fish and other biota as well as the possibility that potentially harmful chlorinated hydrocarbons may be formed has made chlorination less favored as the disinfectant of choice in wastewater treatment. As a result, the increased use of ozone (ozonation) or ultraviolet light as a disinfectant in the future is a distinct possibility in wastewater disinfection