Chapter III

Objectives:

BASIS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

After this chapter the student must:

Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

STAGES 1. Sensorimotor AGE Roughly birth to 2 years CHARACTERISTICS Response to the world by infants is through reflex actions which develop from the simple to complex reflexes that become organized behaviors.(schemas) Children now use symbols like mental images, words, and gestures to represent objects and events. They can also better use these symbol in a more organized and logical fashion as

 Know the meaning of human and cognitive development  Know the persons who developed those stage and theory  Explain those stages

Human Development
Human Development is generally defined as the progressive and continuous change in the individual from conception up to death.

Theories of Human Development

A human development theory is then defined as a theory that describes changes in a person over time.

2. Pre-operational

Roughly 2 to 7years

Cognitive Development
Cognitive development is the study of the ways in which children learn to think and reason, per the pioneering work of Jean Piaget and others who followed in Piagets footsteps.

their age increase.

Vygotskys Stages of Conceptual Thought Development

The instrument composed of 22 blocks of different shapes, colors, heights and sizes and came to be known as vygotskys blocks STAGES I Thinking in unorganized congeries or heaps Substage I-A Trial-and-error grouping Substage I-B Visual-field organization Substage I-C Reformed heaps II Thinking in Complexes CHARACTERICSTCS Child put things in groups Group of are created at random, blind guess. Child applies a grouping label to a collection of things. Child performs the heaps by shifting elements in them around. Individual objects are concretely united in the childs mind. The bonds between components are concrete and factual. Based on any bond the child notices that is, color, shape, or nearness of object to each other.

The children can now acquire certain logical structures that allow them to perform mental operations. 11 to 15 years Mental operations 4. Formal are now applied to operations verbal or logical statements and not limited to concrete objects. Table . Piaget stage of cognitive deveopment 3. Concrete operational

Roughly 7 to 11 years

VYGOTSKYS COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky was particularly concerned with socio cultural factors in cognitive development through like Piaget; he was also interested in childrens natural learning. Substage II-A Associated Complexes

Items are grouped by contrast rather than by similarity. These involved a consecutive joining of individual items with a meaningful bond necessary only between one link and the next in the game of dominoes. Groupings have fluidity in the Substage II-D attribute that unites the Diffuse Complexes individual elements. The child may put triangles together, then add trapezoid to the group because the trapezoids points remind the child of a triangles points. Grouping appears to be based Substage II-E on true conceptual thinking but Pseudoconcept Complexes the child is unable to rationalize the grouping adequately. Synthesizing of phenomena III that share common aspects. Thinking Concepts Analyzing or separating phenomena by singling out or abstracting elements from them. Table . Vygotsky stage of conceptual development Substage II-B Collection Complexes Substage II-C Chain Complexes

Zone of Proximal Development

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is a concept developed by Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist. The definition of Zone of Proximal Development is that is the distance between the learner's current developmental position and that developmental level that the learner can attain with the assistance of a more knowledgeable person.

Soviet Development Theory

Vygotsky and Elkonin can described a theory based onn the individual activity also merged. An activity is a persons goaloriented genuinely industrious interaction with the world, with the product of this activity becoming transformed in the structure of the individuals intellect(Thomas, 1985)

Developmental Stages by Vygotsky and Elkonin

STAGES I Birth to age 1 Intuitive and emotional contact between child and adults CHARACTERISTICS Children feel a need for interacting with other people. Children express emotional attitudes toward other people. Children learn to grasp things. Children display a variety of perceptual actions Children adapt socially accept ways of handling. Children develop speech and visual perception through interaction with adults. Children engage in symbolic activities and creative play. Children starts to understand how to cooperate together in group activities Develop theoretical approaches to the world of things including mental operations, mental schemes for problem solving, reflective thinking. Adolescents gain skills in initiating types of communication needed for

solving lifes problems, in understanding other peoples motives, and in consciously submitting to group norms. Individuals develop new cognitive and VI vocational interests, grasp elements Age 15-17 of research work, and attempt life Vocational-learning project. activity Table . Soviet development theory Social-communication activity

II Age 1-3 Object-manipulation activity III Age 3-7 Playing games activity

Moral development
Moral development is the process through which children develop proper attitudes and behaviors toward other people in society, based on social and cultural norms, rules, and laws.

IV Ages 11 Learning activity V Ages 11-15

Piagets Cognitive-Moral Development Stages

STAGES 1. Heteronomous morality, moral realism, morality of constraint CHARACTERISTICS The child bases his moral judgment on respect for authority figures like objective rules set by parents and other adults. This stage reflects a morality of constraints, absolistics thought patterns. There are the immanent concepts of fairness and justice. morality, The person begins to develop a equity and subjective sense of autonomy and reciprocity. Social experiences especially peer interaction becomes the main vehicle for cooperative growth. cognitive moral development

Two Stages of Piagets Cognitive-Moral Development Thoery

1. The morality of constraints. Also called heteronomous morality ar behavior, moral judgment by the child is based on rules by authority perceived as absolutes. 2. The morality of cooperation. Unlike in the morality of constraint where there is so much external control, morality at this stage originates from within \the child, hence, the term autonomous morality.

Kohlbergs Cognitive-Moral Development Theory

Kohlberg Cognitive-Moral Development Theory has philosophical, psychological and pedagogical roots. He extended Piaget's work in cognitive reasoning into adolescence and adulthood. He felt that moral development was a slow process and evolved over time. Still, his six stages of moral development, drafted in 1958, mirrors Piaget's early model.

2. Autonomous morality of cooperation.

Table

. Piagets

Kohlbergs Moral Development Stages

LEVEL OF STAGE The Level of Preconventional Morality 1. Punishment and obedience orientation DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

2. Instrumental relativist orientation

Decisions are made based on their immediate consequences: whatever is rewarded is good whatever is punished is bad. Might it right. It is to do good to people but only because one day they may return the favor to you. you scratch my back and Ill scratch yours.

and in terms of standards which have been critically examined and agreed upon by the whole society. 6. The universal ethical The decision of conscience based on self-esteem, ethical principle, consideration appealing to logical comprehensive, and consistency. Table . Kohlbergs moral development stages

SIGMUND FREUDS PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

According to Sigmund Freud, personality is mostly established by the age of five. Early experiences play a large role in personality development and continue to influence behavior later in life. Freud's theory of psychosexual development is one of the best known, but also one of the most controversial. Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages during which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. This psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving force behind behavior. . A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain "stuck" in this stage. For example, a person who is fixated at the

The Level of Conventional Morality 3. Good boy orientation, conformity 4. Law, authority and other orientation

Pleasing others especially those in authority is the right thing to do. Right behavior means doing ones duty, respecting authority and maintaining the given social order for its own sake.

The Level of Post Conventional or Principled Morality 5. The social contract legalistic orientation

Right behavior tends to be define in terms of general individual rights

oral stage may be over-dependent on others and may seek oral stimulation through smoking, drinking, or eating.

and convince the Ego to work towards more moral goals rather than realistic ones.

Basic assumption of Psychoanalytic Theory

Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory has been one of the most influential theories of our time. It assumes that all behaviors, physical and psychological need energy for these to be activated. Psychic energy also called drive energy or libido performs psychological functions. It have two basic instinct , the life instinct(eros) and the death instinct(thanathos). Eros as the term suggested is the instinct to live, love for self-preservation, sex, striving toward unity, community and other life-enhancing activities. Thanatos is the instinct to die, hate, self destroy and other activaties that may lead to death.

Frueds Psychosexual Developmental Stage

Stage Oral AGE Birth to 1 year 1-3 year FOCUS OF SE$XUAL PLEASURE INTEREST Mouth SuckingSwallowin g Biting,Eating Anus Expelling feces, retaining feces, toilet training Genitals Touching penis or clitoris CONCEPT(S) Attachment to mother Toilet training and character Odipus complex, electra complex Acquisitiuon of cognitive skills, assimilating certain values, focus on schooling Strong egostructure

Anal

Phallic

3-6 year

Structure of personality
It breaks the human personality down into three critical parts: Id, Ego and Superego. The Id is the most basic part and is present at birth. The Id functions with the pleasure principle. This means it tends to be a little animalistic. It can be irrational and illogical. The Ego works to maintain or control the Id. It operates on the reality principal and tries to keep the Id straight. The Ego makes a person have rational and realistic thoughts while interacting with others. The Superego is the conscience. It contains the principles and ideals of society. The Superego operates on idealism. Its goal is to inhibit the desires of the Id Latenc 6-puberty y No area of bodily attachmen t Sexual interest supressed

Genita l Table

Adolescen Genitals Peer of the ce opposite sex . Frueds psychosexual stage

ERIK ERIKSON PSYCHOCOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Erikson's greatest innovation was to postulate not five stages of development, as Sigmund Freud had done with his psychosexual stages, but eight, and then later added a ninth stage in his book "

3. Locom otorgenita l 4. Laten cy

3-6 yea rs 712 yea rs 1218 yea rs

Initiative vs. guilt

Goal in Basic directedness family and purposed neighbo rhood, schools

Purpos e

ERIK ERIKSON PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES

STAGE AG E PSYCHOL OGICAL CRISIS CONCEPTS/ OPTIONAL OUTCOMES RADIUS VIRTU OF ES SIGNIF DEVEL ICANT OPED OTHERS Maternal Hope person Will

5. Adole scenc e

Industry Competence vs. in inferiority intellectual, social and physical skills Identity Integrated vs. image of identity oneself as confusion unique person

Compe tence

1. Oral senso ry 2. mascu laranal

0-1 yea rs 2-3 yea rs

Trust vs. Optimism, mistrust basic trust

6. Young adult hood

Autonomy Sense of Paternal vs. shame control even person and doubt oneself and the environment

20 Intimacy to and 30s solidarity vs. isolation

Career commitment made, ability to share and form close and lasting relationship

7. Middl e

30s Generativi Productivity, to ty vs self concern for

Peerr groups and out groups, models of leadersh ip Partners inn friendsh ip, sex, competit ion, cooperat ion Devided labor

Fidelit y

Love

Care

and shared househol ds, mankind 50s Integrity Sense of my Wisdo 8. Late fulfillment kind m adult and vs. bey despair and hood ond satisfaction with ones life, wisdom Table . Erick Erikson psychosocial development stage adult hood

50s absorptio n

family, the world and the future generation

Level of Understanding y My level of understanding in this stage is 95% because Id understand better that every development have stages before reaching those development.

Exercises:  Group the class into seven (7) and briefly discuss all the stages and give examples.  Group the class into five (5) for the group quiz

CHAPTER II

THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR

THE NEURON

Objectives:

After this chapter, the student must:

 Discuss the biological basis and their relationship to the various aspects of behavior and mental functioning.  Know the importance of biological basis of behavior.

HEREDITY
Heredity is defined as the transmission of the characteristics of parents to their offspring through the genes
Females Male

X Sperms
X X Y

Eggs
X

The nervous system is the major instrument of integration and coordination of the many activities regarding human behavior through conduction of messages and making connections to ensure the smooth operation of all parts of the body. It is so complex that it consists of several billions of neurons or nerve cells. The neuron is the basic functional unit of the nervous system. Each neuron is made up of a unit of living matter called protoplasm. It consists of a cell body that serves as a center for nourishment and a nucleus from which may branch out outgrows called dendrites or fibers and axons. Dendrites are used as receiving stations or entrance of nerve impulses and conduct these neutral impulses to the cell body, while axons serve as distributing channels along which the nerve impulses are conveyed away from the cell body.

Females X X X X X y

Males X y

Figure 1. Determining Sex of Offspring

themselves. The neurons of the central nervous system, including the brain, are all interneurons.

Layers of the Brain 1. Central Core

Types of Neurons
Sensory or afferent neurons are sensitive to various nonneural stimuli. There are sensory neurons in the skin, muscles, joints, and organs that indicate pressure, temperature, and pain. There are more specialized neurons in the nose and tongue that are sensitive to the molecular shapes we perceive as tastes and smells. Neurons in the inner ear are sensitive to vibration, and provide us with information about sound. And the rods and cones of the retina are sensitive to light, and allow us to see. Motor neurons are able to stimulate muscle cells throughout the body, including the muscles of the heart, diaphragm, intestines, bladder, and glands. Interneurons are the neurons that provide connections between sensory and motor neurons, as well as between

A. Cerebellum convoluted structure concerned with the coordination of movements regardless of where movements are initiated. B. Thalamus relay station that sends incoming information from the sense receptors to the cerebrum C. Hypothalamus- plays important role in emotion and response to stress-evoking situations -Stress center.

2. Limbic System-a structure around central core of the brain which is closely interconnected with the hypothalamus 3. Cerebrum biggest division of the brain. Cerebral Cortex- primary sensory and motor areas

Division of the Brain

1. Left Hemisphere(LH) 2. Right Hemisphere(RH)

Level of Understanding:
My level of understanding in this chapter is 90% because Id learned that there are biological basis of behavior that affects our self.

Figure 8. Division Of The Brain

Left Brained Individual (bigger in female)

Exercises:
 Left/right brained individual test  Group the class into three (3) and discuss the biological basis of behavior.

a. More spontaneous in speaking and writing b. Recognizes word easier c. Responds easily to complex commands d. Display negative emotions and feelings of anxiety

Right Brained Individual (bigger in male)

a. Repetitive but not spontaneous in speech b. Faculty for facial recognition c. Good memory for shapes and music d. Keen on spatial/interpretation e. Emotionally responsive and has positive emotion. Left side of the body controlled by right hemisphere Right side of the body controlled by left hemisphere

Chapter 5
Objectives: After this chapter the student must:  know the person involve in every mental intelligence  Know your mental intelligence

Multiple Intelligence
accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree. The Accomplishments of Albert Einstein The four major areas of science that Albert Einstein contributed to are Light, Time, Energy and Gravity Achievements: He asserted the equivalence of mass and energy, which would lead to the famous formula E=mc2 In 1917, Einstein published a paper which uses general relativity to model the behavior of an entire universe. General relativity has spawned some of the weirdest and most important results in modern astronomy.

1. Logical/Mathematician Capacity for logical or numerical patterns: reasoning capacity.

He was born at Ulm, in Wrttemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he

Albert Einstein

2. Linguistics Sensitive to sound, to rhythms, and meanings of words, sensitive to the different function of language.

Insider). Her pilot episode ran on 3 July 2006. On 10 July 2006, she debuted Korina Today on the ANC. On 8 May 2009, Sanchez took an indefinite leave from her DZMM radio morning program and evening newscast Bandila, in anticipation of her wedding to Senator Mar Roxas and his presidential bid for the 2010 Philippine elections.[3][4] However, her magazine program Rated K remained part of the network's Sunday programming.[5] On November 8, 2010, Sanchez together with former Vice President Noli de Castro joined with Ted Failon in TV Patrol.

3. Musical Ability to appreciate and produce rhythm, pitch and timbre; appreciation of the forms of musical expressiveness. Korina Sanches Korina Maria Roxas (ne Sanchez) is a Filipina broadcast journalist. She is one of the frontline personalities for ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, her home network for more than two decades.
She was born on October 5, 1964 in Hong Kong. Her father, Ramon P. Sanchez, Sr. (19192004), was the General Manager of then Hongkong landmark, Ambassador Hotel. She is the only girl of Ramon and Celia Sanchez's brood of five children. When the family came back to the Philippines Achievements: In 2004, she was appointed ABS-CBN's Chief Correspondent for Philippine & Global Operations.[2] After almost two years hiatus from newscasting, she was re-installed as news anchor at Bandila, the news program of ABS-CBN (replacing

Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga[1] February 22, 1971 (age 40) Angeles City and Manila, Philippines Occupation singer, actress Years active 1978present Spouse Robert Charles Chien (2004 present)

Achievements: She is best known for originating the lead role of Kim in the musical Miss Saigon,[2] for which she won the Olivier, Tony, Drama Desk, Outer Critics and Theatre World awards.[2][3] She was the first Asian to play the roles of ponine and Fantine in the musical Les Misrables on Broadway.[4] She also provided the singing voice of two Disney "princesses": Jasmine in Aladdin (1992), and Fa Mulan in Mulan (1998) and Mulan II (2004).[5 4. Spatial Good at processing and arranging objects in the environment.

5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Ability to control ones body movement and move effectively and to manipulate objects effectively.

Date of birth August 23, 1978 (age 32) Place of birth Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Nationality American High school Lower Merion HS, Ardmore, Pennsylvania Achievements:
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y
5 NBA Champion (2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010) 2 NBA Finals MVP (20092010) NBA Most Valuable Player (2008) 13 NBA All-Star (1998, 20002011) 2 NBA scoring champion (20062007) 8 All-NBA First Team (20022004, 20062010) 2 All-NBA Second Team (20002001) 2 All-NBA Third Team (1999, 2005) 8 All-Defensive First Team (2000, 20032004, 20062010) 2 All-Defensive Second Team (20012002) NBA All-Rookie Second Team (1997) 4 NBA All-Star Game MVP (2002, 2007, 2009, 2011) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion (1997) Olympic Gold Medalist (2008) Naismith Prep Player of the Year (1996)

Juan F. Nakpil (18991986) Achievements: He was a Filipino architect, teacher and a community leader. In 1973, he was named one of the National Artists for architecture.

6. Intrapersonal

Alfred Adler (February 7, 1870 May 28, 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology February 7, 1870 Rudolfsheim near Vienna, Austria-Hungary (now RudolfsheimFnfhaus, Vienna, Austria) Died May 28, 1937 (aged 67) Aberdeen, Scotland Residence Austria Nationality Austrian Ethnicity Jewish Occupation Psychotherapist, psychiatrist Known for Individual Psychology Spouse Raissa Epste

Achievements: Adler was a pioneer in the field of child guidance, opening the first child guidance clinic in Vienna in 1921. Adler's work went beyond intervention, as he designed parenting tools and education programs in an effort to prevent mental health problems in later life. The following are current successful parenting education programs based on the work of Alfred Adler:

 Active Parenting  Alyson Schafer's Principles, Rules, and Tools for Parenting  Connexions Press, publisher of Raising Kids Who Can Series  Cooperative Discipline  Positive Discipline  STEP

7. Interpersonal

8. Naturalist

Achievements:

Full name , Aristotl s Born 384 BC Stageira, Chalcidice Died 322 BC (age 61 or 62) Euboea Era Ancient philosophy Region Western philosophy School Peripatetic school Aristotelianism

Achievements:

Raymond Arthur Dart (18931988). Australian-born South African anatomist and paleoanthropologist. The first scientist to recognize an australopithecine, Dart was the discoverer of the Taung Child.

Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

In his position as director of the School of Anatomy at University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, until 1958. There he worked with Phillip Tobias, who continues his work in the study of the Cradle of Humankind and other paleoanthropological sites. In 1959, an autobiographical account of Dart's discoveries, Adventures with the Missing Link, was published (with Dennis Craig as co-author). In the book he acknowledges the crucial role played by his first female student and Demonstrator, Josephine Salmons. She brought to his attention the existence of a fossilised baboon skull at the house of Mr E.G. Izod, director of the Northern Lime Company and proprietor of a quarry in Taung. The skull was kept as an ornament on the mantlepiece above the fireplace at his home. In bringing the skull to show Prof. Raymond Dart, she set in motion a chain of events that led to the discovery of the 'Child skull of Taung' She later became wife of Prof. Cecil Jackson, Professor of Anatomy at Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, University of Pretoria.

10. Bodily-Kinesthetic 9. Philosopher

Full name Socrates ( ) [1] Born c. 469 / 470 BC Died 399 BC (age approx. 71) Era Ancient philosophy Region Western Philosophy School Classical Greek The trial and execution of Socrates was the climax of his career and the central event of the dialogs of Plato. According to Plato, however, both were unnecessary. Socrates admits in court that he could have avoided his trial in the first place by abandoning philosophy and going home to mind his own business.

Full name: Karla Cosilet Tinio Born: October 14, 1993, at Pacac, Guimba, Nueva Ecija School: Eduardo L. Joson Memorial College Course: BSBA-Marketing Management Hobby: Watching T.V. and reading Books Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo Achievements: Cheer dancer- Intramurals (2010) Street Dancer- Ragragsak ti Guimba (2007) 2nd Runner-up-Balagtasan Buwan Ng Wika (2010) Elected Auditor SSG (Student Supreme Government) (20072009) 4th Honorable Mention (High School) Level of Understanding: My level of understanding is 95% because I learned my multiple intelligence.

References:
Dr. Anselmo Inpdap; Gen. Psychology (2005); Grand Water Publication and Researcher Corporation. http://jegans.files.wordpress.com/2MLA style: "Albert Einstein - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 31 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/19<br> <b>The Accomplishments of Albert Einstein</b><br> The four major areas of science that Albert Einstein contributed to are Light, Time, Energy and Gravity 21/einstein-bio.htm009/10/albert-einstein.j pghttp://www.abs-cbn.com/Portals/0/Shows/showmainratedk.jpg http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lg4zhvHVG21qgmawco1_50 0.jpg http://www.leasalonga.com/ http://www.retrato.com.ph/retratoimages/PP/PP00010a.jpg

<b>Juan F. Nakpil</b> (18991986) was a <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3225/2510762273_f5e3a999fc .jpg http://home.epix.net/~renjilia/adler.jpg http://cnchs2012.blog.friendster.com/files/aristotle.jpg http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?q=alfred+alder&hl=tl&client= firefox-a&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla:enUS:official&channel=s&tbm=isch&prmd=ivnso&tbnid=NwDrky6lY weQMM:&imgrefurl=https://intro2psych.wikispaces.com/chapte rseven6&imgurl=https://intro2psych.wikispaces.com/file/view/a dler.jpg/32349955/adler.jpg&w=156&h=225&ei=lf6TTdihLcyxc b2OlZoH&zoom=1&biw=864&bih=546 http://cnchs2012.blog.friendster.com/files/aristotle.jpg

http://www.macroevolution.net/images/raymond-dart-299-322-12.jpg http://www.kidspast.com/images/socrates.jpg

MY JOURNAL IN PSYCHOLOGY
BY: KARLA COSILET TINIO BSBA-2MM 2010-2011