Results In this lab the first thing we were required to calculate was basic tensile properties such as ultimate

tensile strength and failure stress for all the samples. These calculations were fairly simple and only required evaluating P/A (both given) for all readings using excel. The results for these calculations are located in the table below. Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (MPa) 353.4 363.5 386.8 354.9 362.7 363 359.1 361 (MPa) 310.5 340 n/a 326.9 278.8 320 290.2 298.4

Next, a most representative experiment was selected and further calculations were performed. Tensile test one was chosen for this caseBecause the engineering stress and strain had already been calculated the next step was to calculate an adjusted engineering strain to take to override the error the caused by the extensometer when it is opened to wide. By curve fitting a relation between the previously calculated engineering strain and the crosshead displacement we were able to form a correlation between the two. The equation of the correlation was as follows: y = 76.501x3 16.461x2 + 7.6781x + 0.02. An R value of 0.9967 was obtained for this data set. By replacing the engineering strain values in the non-elastic region with values derived by plugging axial displacement numbers into the equation noted above an adjusted strain value was calculated. Using the simple relationship of E= we calculated an elastic modulus. Averaging the elastic moduli within the elastic region an E value of 137302251Pa was found. To calculate true strain and stress steady volume non-necking equations were used as follows: True Tress = (1+ ) and True strain = ln(1+ ). The strain and stress values used in for the calculations were the previously determined engineering terms. Because true stress is supposed to represent the area value where the necking is occurring, after the True stress was calculated the necking area and radius could be estimated. Using these new values the Ramberg-Osgood strains equation were calculated .using the equation below:

The sigma_os represent ultimate tensile strength and the alpha and n are constants. In this case alpha multiplies with sigma_o/E and results in a number that represents the offset yield of .002. The n was set to be 5. Using the resulting data a stress strain graph was created.

Ramberg Osgood Stress Strain Curve

1.4E+10 1.2E+10 1E+10 8E+09 6E+09 4E+09 2E+09 0 0 5000000 10000000 15000000 Series1

Next, the true another stress relationship was calculated using Bridgmans method. The corresponding equation is as follows:

The as in this equation represent the necking radii and the sigma used is engineering stress. The failures values for the Engineering, True, and Bridgman stresses were 310.5, 8.65343E+11, and 309059682.9 respectively. And the calculated ultimate tensile strength values for the three were353.4,8.65343E+11,and 346.7 respectively.

Discussion of Results The results seemed to be very comparable to what is expected from a copper alloy. We chose test 1 because other than a few irregularities it was a pretty straightforward tensile test. Though the very beginning of the test was not ideal tweaks to the data such as zeroing the extensometer displacement, and throwing out movement before the continuous loading was applied helped provide quality numbers. Some of the numbers varied in the strain and axial directions because of slippage occurring on the surface. Once again the importance of mechanical testingdisplayed itself in the data. Though the ultimate tensile strength was very similar throughout the tests the failure stress had a much higher variance. With different loadings things like damage can cause unexpected failures if one is careless. One must not only make sure the loads dont exceed a certain tensile strength, but must also understand how other types of failures may be propagated in a design. As far as tensile properties the fracture stresses of the engineering form and Bridgman were the most similar. The Bridgman did hover continue to produce relevant values about 10 samples longer than the engineering form did. The true stress showed the greatest disparity of the three. As the sample began to enter the necking stage the true stress began to rapidly rise. This gives a good estimate of whats really happening within the sample. However, the procedure we used to calculate the true stress was somewhat flawed. To perform a more accurate tensile analysis in relation to Stress the radius where the necking occurred would have to be recorded.