CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The main aim of this study is to determine which of the three components of the

theory of planned behavior that is attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control has the highest influence on intention toward sexual behaviors of adolescences, and this will help the researcher to make appropriate recommendations for intervention programs intended to protect adolescences against risky sexual behaviors. Therefore, this chapter describes the design of the proposed study sample, data collection procedures, protection of respondents, instruments and internal consistency of the study. In addition, it explains estimated sample size, data screening procedure, and data analysis methods. 1.1 Research Method This is a descriptive survey research; descriptive research is a fact finding with adequate interpretation. This involves descriptions, identifying the characteristics of the observed phenomenon or exploring correlations among two or more phenomenon. It describes the situation as its and it doesnt involve changing or modifying the situation under neither investigation, nor its intended to find cause-and-effect relationship. This is a quantitative research design and it concerns the use of structured questionnaires in an attempt to obtain opinion for measurable data that can be analyzed statistically. In this study, frequencies and percentages will be used to make inferences about the intention of sexual behaviors of adolescents; this research technique looks at influence of variables that is attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control (IV) toward dependent variable

intention (DV). In general, quantitative research is used to answer questions about relationships among measured variables with the purpose of explaining, predicting the phenomenon. This approach is sometimes called traditional, experimental or positive approach (Paul D. Leedy, 2005). 3.1 Research variables The variables to be studied are derived from the theory of planned behavior, and as this study is quantitative in nature using questionnaire as a method of data collection about intention and actual behavior, the independent variables in this study include, attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control, while the dependent variable is behavior intention.

3.2.1 Independent Variables a. Attitude toward behavior: attitude refers to favorable or unfavorable evaluation of ones feelings and predisposition toward certain behavior. Attitude toward sexual behavior is a function of two factors that is: 1. Behavior beliefs: The behavior belief reflects the extent to which the individual that engaging in sexual behavior activities will lead to favorable outcomes. The behavioral beliefs (ABi) construct encompasses two subsidiary parts: perceived consequences of performing a behavior (BI) and the evaluation of those consequences (EI). For example, if adolescences perceive that having sexual intercourse will increase their love to one another, then that individual is more likely to have it. 2. Evaluation of outcome: this is the evolution made by adolescences about the end results of sexual intercourse. b. Subjective norms: Subjective norms are expectations of the referent people and motivations of complying with their expectation. They can be defined as the perceived social pressure to

comply with a specific behavior which is accepted as a standard and considered as normal in a particular society (Ajzen, 1991). In this study, the subjective norms with respect to premarital sex consist of parental expectations and friend (peer) norms toward premarital sex. 1. Normative beliefs whether each referent or those important people in ones life disapprove or approve of sexual behavior of adolescence. 2. Motivation to comply this is doing what is expected of an individual either having sexual intercourse or not according to what those referents think the individual should do. c. Perceived Behavioral Control: The third determinant to behavioral intention is perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 2002). The definition of this term is perceived ease or difficulty of performing a specific behavior. This term is often compared to self-efficacy and locus of control (Ajzen, 2002; Werner, 2004). Nonetheless, locus of control and perceived behavioral control show a great difference with respect to whether the concepts are directly linked to a particular behavior (Ajzen, 1991). There is a suggestion to conceptualize perceived behavior control as only an external control factor, and include self-efficacy as an internal factor (Werner, 2004). 1. Control beliefs this is presence or absence of factors to facilitator or abstract an individual from performing sexual behaviors. 2. Perceived power these are conditions that make it difficult or easy for an individual to perform the target behavior.

3.2.2 Dependent Variables Intention is a function of three functions and the first one and the first one is from ones personal factor, second is social influence and the third function is related to control. Personal factors are the individuals attitude toward a behavior. Attitude is defined as a positive or

negative evolution of a behavior. The second function is the perception of an individual toward social pressure to indulge in the target behavior or not, an individuals perception toward subjective norms and lastly perceived behavior control or an individual ability or inability to perform a target behavior.

Generally, an individual will indulge in a given behavior if he or she holds a positive evaluation toward that behavior and if he or she perceives that the society exerts pressure on the performance of that behavior and if they believe that they have the ability and opportunity to do so. Operational definitions from the three components of intention are made more detailed in the instruments of measurements, while the object from the three components is sexual behavior according to Hurlock (1973) and the following are the ones considered sexual behaviors in this study: 1. Necking This is the physical intimate characterized by casual kissing limited to some areas like around the neck and above in a specific form that is: kissing of lips, eyebrows, and cheeks 2. petting This is a sexual behavior which does not involve sexual organs but its used to arouse erotic sexual desires in a more specific manner; hugging, holding of sexual organs, kissing of palms, bringing of sexual organs into contact while with pants. 3. Premarital intercourse This is a sexual behavior that involves sexual organs in a more specific way that is body to body contact with or without contraceptives. In this study, the sexual behaviors to be measured are as seen below:

Table 3.1 Sexual Behaviors

Sexual behaviors Indicator Touching a girls breast Touching a partners genital Petting Holding of one sexual organ inside clothes (boys pretend touching in their pockets) Kissing of the fore head Kissing of the cheek Necking Kissing of the lips or genitals Kissing of neck Intercourse with contraceptives Premarital Intercourse Intercourse without contraceptives

3.3 Research Subjects The target populations are adolescences aged 19-21 at the faculty of psychology. This age is the focus because at this age an individual is capable of making logical decisions concerning health behaviors including risky sexual practices. Additionally, there is a possibility that during at this age they have already experienced romantic relationships with different sexes which usually starts at 14-15 years. Besides that, from one study that was done in Indonesia, it was discovered that many adolescences are having their first intercourse at the age of 16-23. More to that, a research was done about Padjadjaran University students sexuality at the faculty of psychology 2009, the research was comparing students who stay with their parents and those who stay alone in hostels, the results showed that 86% of the respondents were in favour of necking, 100% of the respondents were in favour of sexual behaviors because of social pressure from their friends and lovers, while 50% were in favour of petting. Given this state of affairs,

there is need to find out which of the three components of the theory of planned behavior influences adolescences sexual behaviors. Its against that research that researcher took 19-21 years and at the faculty of psychology as a sample of study.

3.4 Data Collection Techniques In this study, data collection is to be done with techniques appropriate with methods used to generate quantitative data. Quantitative data is collected using instruments of measurements which a questionnaire is concerning intention toward sexual behavior based on the theory of planned behavior from Ajzen (2005). The questionnaires will be tested in Indonesian language to obtain reliability and validity before the final study that is, it will be tested on respondents who at the same time will act as objects of the study that faculty of psychology as these are the target population of the study. According to Jones (1987) the relationship between research goals and translation procedures, describes back translation as a means of checking translation adequacy, and illustrates the assessment of the reliability and validity of a translated instrument. The original (source) language into the second (target) language remained loyal to the source language. Two persons will translate the questionnaire into Indonesian and back into English. The translations will be compared with each other. In the comparison and discussion of the two translations there may be a few differences in the selected words. The content of the unclear words will be rechecked in the Oxford dictionary.

3.4.1 Procedure for Questionnaire After having sought permission from the university allowing me to conduct this study, Participants will be contacted through their administration. Participants will be

informed that the objective of the research is to gather information for future students. To avoid a social desirability response, students will not be informed about the specific focus of the study (developing and validating an instrument to measure students intention toward sexual behavior). A statement will be read aloud to the class that informs students of their right to refuse to participate without any negative consequences. Request for names and students identification numbers will be prohibited as any part of data collection, as this also contradicts the research ethics. Individual surveys will not be seen by anyone else except the respondents once they are completed. If students ask for interpretation of any item of the surveys, researcher will respond accordingly. Please use your interpretation to answer all the items. However, clarification will be made about the demographic information, if requested. Students will be requested to place their completed surveys in a designated return envelope. The last student to return the surveys will be requested to seal the return envelope.

3.5 Sampling Techniques Is defined as measuring a small portion of the population and making general statement or generalization about the whole population basing on the samples studied, its always emphasized that for generalization to be made, the sample must be representative to the population from where the sample is drown. This study will employ probability sampling design as discussed below.

In this study, stratified random sampling technique is to employed because the target population has got stratas like at faculty of psychology the researcher got information that there are several stratifications based on years of admissions thats first year, second year and third years respectively. To get the target sample for the study, the researcher will apply a systematic random sampling technique in the actual selection of the sample from the four stratums to ensure proportionality; the same percentage will be taken from each stratum regardless of the number of respondent in the stratum.

3.6 Instruments of Measurements To see how high or low the intention of premarital sexual behavior in adolescents, researchers make a measuring tools that consists intention and its determinants, which include: attitude toward behavior, subjective norms and perceived behavioral

control. Instruments to measure how high or low the intention of university students toward sexual behavior, instruments are made basing on the theory of planned behaviors Ajzen Icek (2005). These instruments are in form of questionnaires and summative level scale (summated rating scales) Likert type scale. Summative scale level is a collection of statements where the subject responds to each statement by expressing the intensity approval or disapproval to it (Kerlinger, 1990). Scores from each of the questions and then summed to get the score of a respondent. The purpose of this scale is to place individuals at a particular point on the continuum that is based on the norms of measuring instruments. The categories used in these measurements are strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree and strongly disagree. Each category has a score-measuring instrument according to the type of question. In this study, the researcher will use two types of questions, namely the

positive items and negative items. Positive items are items that show the existence of intention, while negative items indicate the absence of intention. The higher the number the sum of the scores the higher the intention which means the chances of having premarital sexual behavior of students, Conversely, the lower the number the sum of the scores, the lower the intention which means the possibility of premarital sexual behavior is also getting smaller. The scoring system of the subject is as follows:

Table 3.2. Criteria for measuring intension

Score Answers Strongly agree (SA) Agree (A) Uncertain (UC) Disagree (D) Strongly disagree (SD) Positive items 5 4 3 2 1 negative items 1 2 3 4 5

The following paragraphs describe the format of the questionnaire that the researcher will use in the study, will discuss the intentions of adolescent premarital sexual behavior and its dimensions. The questionnaire in this study consist of four kinds, namely that which measure intentions, measuring instrument for attitude, measuring instruments for subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control measurement. During data collection, the first section contains items that measure intention, the second part contains items that measure behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs, while the third section contains items that measure the outcome evaluations, motivation to comply, and perceived power. Measuring instruments for intentions will contain items that measure how likely those individuals can have premarital sexual behavior. Attitudes toward premarital sexual

behavior, the items organized into two factors: behavioral beliefs and outcome evaluations. Items that include behavioral beliefs aim to see the conviction of respondents that engaging in premarital sex behaviors will produce certain consequences, while the items that include outcome evaluations aim to evaluate the consequences of premarital sexual behavior. The second items on the instruments are the subjective norm in combination of two factors: normative beliefs and motivation to comply. Items that include the normative beliefs is intended to find out how significant persons whether they approve or disapprove premarital sexual behaviors of adolescents. Researchers believes that the (significant others) are parents, friends and boyfriend. Why did the researchers chose parents, friends and girlfriend as significant others is due in accordance with the phenomenon under study and those significant others have a role to play in the formation of adolescent subjective norms. Selection of significant others is also based on the context of adolescent development of peers, especially the boyfriend and friends, and family, which in this case refers to the parent. While the items included in the factor of motivation to comply used to see the motivation or the desire for students to comply or not to comply with these normative expectations. Measuring Perceived Behavior Control, items divided into two factors: control beliefs and perceived power. Items that include control factors beliefs prepared to identify the factors that control beliefs that facilitate the emergence of premarital sexual behavior. While perceived power factor will be prepared to see the ease and difficulty having premarital sexual behavior.

Operational Definitions Sexual behavior is a very complex terminology to define in Indonesian culture; it has different meanings for different people. This study is based on two different definitions of sexual

behavior, Sexual behavior encompasses personal and social meanings. In this study, sexual behaviors are defined as: a. Any actions such as touching, kissing, and other stimulation of the body, related to the expression of one sexuality. b. Sexual practices are activities related to sexual expression that are performed habitually or repeatedly through different forms of intercourse. Like vaginal, oral or anal intercourse as penetrator or being penetrated, and no penetrative forms.

A. Intention

Conceptual Definition The possibility for an individual to have sexual behavior or intercourse Operational Definition This possibility for an individual to have sexual intercourse or sexual behaviors measured from the total score of responses from questionnaire that measures intention. B. attitude Conceptual define Attitude toward a behavior is a persons overall evaluation of the behavior. Operational definition Positive or negative evaluation of the outcome of sexual behavior, its measured by the total score of response from the two components that is: 1. and, 2. Evaluation outcome or evaluating the outcome of sexual behavior Behavior beliefs or the belief that sexual behavior will result into some consequences

C. Subjective Norms

Conceptual Definition This is the social pressure on an individual that comes from referent or important individuals in ones life which who include parents, friends that expect an individual to perform or not to perform a given behavior.

Operational Definition Individuals have perception certain that peoples require them to perform or not to perform sexual behaviors; this is measured by total of responses from respondents. Subjective norms consist of two dimensions that are: 1. Normative beliefs or beliefs about the normative expectations of others or hopes of the people that are important for individuals to indulge or not in sexual behaviors 2. Motivation to comply or not comply with this expectation.

A. Perceived Behavior Control Conceptual Definition The ability or inability of an individual to have sexual behavior. Operational Definition Perceived behavior control is the extent to which a person feels that he is able to perform the behavior. It has two aspects: how much a person has control over the behavior (low control over sexual behavior) and how confident a person feels about being able to perform or not to perform sexual behavior. Determined by control beliefs about power of both situational and internal factors to facilitate the performance of the behavior total score of responses using perceived behavior control instrument measure it, it consists of two factors namely:

a. Control belief is the

belief that there

is a controlling factor (inhibit or

promote) the

emergence of premarital sexual behavior. b. Perceived power is the ability or inability to featuring premarital sexual behavior based on the power control of the factors that control. Testing Validity and Reliability of the questionnaire After an instrument has been constructed, the next step is to test them before the real study is undertaken. The reason for this is that they help the researcher to obtain data which is valid and reliable through using accurate, reliable and valid instruments. Validity of measurement is the extent to which the instrument measures what its supposed to measure, while reliability is the accuracy, stability and consistency of instruments in measuring what it intends to measure. Testing of instruments is only done in research using questionnaires as an instrument of data collection. To ensure that the instruments are reliable, there is need to make some calculations using internal consistency, with the help of SPSS for MS Windows 17.0. Data Interpretation Form the responses of the questions; with the aid of SPSS soft ware, a table will be constructed. It will indicate the dependant variables that are attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control toward sexual behaviors. A critical analysis of their frequencies and percentages will help the researcher to determine which variable among the three components of the three of planned behavior has the highest influence toward sexual behaviors of university students.