Additives Reference Guide

Claytone and Tixogel Organoclays

Garamite Mixed Mineral Thixotropes

Rheocin and Advitrol Castor-Based Thixotropes

Y-Type Anti-Settling Additives

At Southern Clay Products, Inc., our goal is to deliver solutions to our customers... we create and deliver solutions.
In the late 1940s, Southern Clay Products was created with a vision innovate and expand. We began in Gonzales, Texas as miners and suppliers of unprocessed ore and simple milled products from local reserves. We have since steadily expanded our scope, acquiring and processing minerals from a wide range of global sites from Texas to China to Spain to Morocco to Turkey. In 2000, Southern Clay Products became part of Rockwood Specialties, Inc. Headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey, Rockwood Specialties is a leading manufacturer of specialty chemicals and minerals throughout the world. Rockwood Specialties substantial commercial and financial support will allow Southern Clay Products to strengthen our position as an international leader in our fields. As 2005 drew to a close, Southern Clay Products completed the acquisition of the rheological additives business of Sud Chemie, including operating sites and laboratories in Louisville, Kentucky and Moosburg, Germany. These locations joined previously existing sites in Gonzales, Texas and Widnes, England to form a global physical presence for Southern Clay Products.

Through technical and commercial partnerships, joint ventures, and acquisitions, Southern Clay Products has grown into a world leader in specialty additives. Specialty additives manufactured by Southern Clay Products are used by customers to formulate unique products in an extensive number of markets. Today, scientists from many disciplines and diverse backgrounds work in our modern, well-equipped laboratories to develop more advanced products and technologies based on a variety of chemistries. Our scientists work with world leaders in universities and industry, including our suppliers and customer partners, to ensure that Southern Clay Products continues to be the preferred supplier of high value, multi-functional additives. From computer modeling of ore deposits and complex chemical reactions to sophisticated rheological characterizations or additive enhanced formulations, Southern Clay Products differentiates itself through state-of-the-art technology. We are committed to meeting the needs of our customers both now and in the future through world class commercial development, product design, manufacturing, technical selling, and customer partnerships.

Claytone and Tixogel Organoclays

Claytone and Tixogel Organoclays

Claytone and Tixogel Organoclays

As a result of our state of the art production facilities in Louisville, KY; Gonzales, TX; and Moosburg, Germany as well as our technically advanced proprietary manufacturing processes, Claytone and Tixogel organoclays possess properties that generate superior performance. Of primary significance among these properties is the ease of dispersion of Claytone and Tixogel organoclays. Claytone and Tixogel organoclay products generally disperse much easier than competitive offsets. This is evident in our line of conventional products: Tixogel VP, Tixogel VZ, Claytone 40 and Claytone HT. Ease of dispersion is even more significant in our line of self-activating organoclays, such as Tixogel EZ 100, Tixogel MP100, Tixogel MP250, Claytone AF, and Claytone HY. Processing organoclays using an additional pregel manufacturing step to achieve full rheological development is more frequently necessary with competitive products than with our products. The typical dispersion properties of competitive products (particularly those based on hectorite clay) require formulators to compensate through the addition of wetting agents and/ or excessive milling. The formulator should keep in mind our unique ease of dispersion when substituting these organoclays for competitive products. When using Claytone and Tixogel organoclays, these extra measures are often unnecessary. Claytone and Tixogel organoclays do not require dispersing aids or excessive incorporation energy. In fact, the use of dispersing aids is discouraged with the use of Claytone and Tixogel organoclays.

Organoclay Structure and Composition

Claytone and Tixogel organoclays consist of highswelling montmorillonite clays that are reacted with quaternary ammonium compounds.
Montmorillonite is a platelet-like mineral composed of fine lamellar particles arranged in triple layers, one octahedral layer enclosed between two tetrahedral layers. In the tetrahedral layers, silicon is surrounded by six oxygen atoms. In the octahedral layer, two aluminum atoms are surrounded by six oxygen atoms. The triple layers are connected by chemical bonds to common oxygen atoms. Some of the aluminum atoms are replaced by magnesium. This results in a net negative charge on the surface of the platelets which allows an ionic bond to the quaternary ammonium compounds. Claytone and Tixogel organoclays are composed of agglomerates which are stacks, or books, of montmorillonite platelets. Quaternary ammonium ions are bonded to the surface of the platelets. These ions render the platelets organophilic. When the organoclay is added to an organic solvent and subjected to shear, the quaternary ammonium ions become solvated. The solvation force keeps the clay platelets in suspension. At this stage the Claytone or Tixogel conventional organoclay is dispersed, but little gelation occurs. The gelation process for a conventional organoclay commences upon the addition of a polar activator. Optimum results are usually obtained when a small amount of water is included with the polar activator. The gelation mechanism consists of the formation of hydrogen-bonding bridges between the edges of the organoclay platelets. This results in a structure that can easily break down under shear, but will reform upon the release of shear. Organoclays possess the unique characteristic of offering a slightly delayed recovery of viscosity. This type of rheological behavior is termed thixotropy.

ION EXCHANGE REACTION

+
Clay Mineral Organic Compound

Incorporation of Claytone and Tixogel Conventional Organoclays

Optimum gelation of conventional organoclays depends on two factors: 1. Shear 2. Polar Activation High shear processing is recommended to break the Claytone or Tixogel organoclay agglomerates down into individual clay stacks. Further shear delaminates the tactoids into individual organoclay platelets. It is important to remember that in most cases, the gelation process is completed only upon the addition of a polar activator. The type and level of polar activator is important. Insufficient polar activator will result in the formation of few hydrogen bonding sites, resulting in less than optimum viscosity development. Excessive levels of polar activator can result in decreased efficiency and high cost. Optimizing the level of polar activator used with your conventional Claytone or Tixogel organoclay will ensure optimum organoclay efficiency. The following polar activators are recommended:
Polar Activator Percent based on weight of Claytone or Tixogel organoclay
50%* 33%* 40%*

Ethanol/H20 (95/5) Methanol/H20 (95/5) Propylene Carbonate/ H20 (95/5)

*For best results, confirm these values experimentally

Two methods of incorporating conventional Claytone or Tixogel organoclays are commonly employed: 1. In-situ incorporation 2. Preparation of a pregel

In-Situ Incorporation
Many manufacturers wish to avoid the extra step involved in the preparation of a pregel. The inherent ease-of-dispersion characteristics of Claytone and Tixogel organoclays allow in-situ incorporation of the organoclay, which can be accomplished via the following procedure: 1. Charge solvent and portion of resin to mill. 2. Slowly add Claytone or Tixogel organoclay during agitation. 3. Add polar activator. 4. Mix at high speed for five to ten minutes. 5. Continue with grind phase. Order of addition is critical when incorporating organoclays through the in-situ method. It is very important not to add wetting agents until the Claytone and Tixogel organoclay is activated with the polar activator. The addition of surface active (high wetting) agents, prior to activation, may interfere with optimum gelation. Surface active agents prevent delamination of the clay stacks and interfere with the formation of hydrogenbonding bridges when added before the organoclay is fully activated. Unlike some organoclays, it is not necessary to add surface active agents to aid in the dispersion of Claytone and Tixogel organoclays.

Preparation of Pregels
Some manufacturers prefer to prepare pregels. Pregels are composed of Claytone and Tixogel organoclay, solvent, and a polar activator. Pregels are added to the grind phase prior to the addition of dispersants. Pregels can be prepared by the following procedure: 1. Charge solvent to mill. 2. Slowly add Claytone or Tixogel organoclay (10% by wt. of pregel) to mill under agitation. 3. Mix at high speed for five minutes. 4. Add polar activator. 5. Mix at high speed for five minutes.

Claytone and Tixogel Conventional Organoclays - Application Levels

The following charts provide guidelines for typical usage levels of Claytone and Tixogel conventional organoclays. These are suggested quantities and levels. Final formulation usage levels depend upon many factors including incorporation shear rate, solvent polarity, resin wetting properties, surface activity of other additives, and other formulation specific variables.

Tixogel VZ
Coating Type
High-Build Vinyls

Pounds Tixogel VZ per 100 U.S. gallons

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Vinyl-Acrylic Enamels Baking Enamels Two Component Epoxies Nitrocellulose Lacquers

Pounds of Activator
Pounds Methanol/H2O(95/5) Pounds Ethanol/H2O(95/5) Pounds Propylene Carbonate/H2O(95/5) .33 .50 .40 .66 1.0 .80 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.3 2.0 1.6 1.7 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.4 2.3 3.5 2.8 2.7 4.0 3.2 3.0 4.5 3.6 3.3 5.0 4.0

Claytone 40 and Tixogel VP, TE

Pounds of organoclay per 100 U.S. gallons
Coating Type
Alkyd Enamels Zinc Loaded Alkyds Copper-Based Antifouling High-Build Chlorinated Rubber Traffic Paint Red Lead Primers Automotive/Equipment Undercoats Acrylic Enamels Start at 3% by weight

10

Pounds of Activator
Pounds Methanol/H2O(95/5) Pounds Ethanol/H2O(95/5) Pounds Propylene Carbonate/H2O(95/5) .33 .50 .40 .66 1.0 .80 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.3 2.0 1.6 1.7 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.4 2.3 3.5 2.8 2.7 4.0 3.2 3.0 4.5 3.6 3.3 5.0 4.0

Claytone and Tixogel Self-Activating Organoclays

Incorporation
Claytone and Tixogel self-activating organoclays are easy dispersing and incorporate very readily with no polar activation. Significant reductions in the level of incorporation shear can be realized by the utilization of these products. In systems which are lightly loaded (e.g. stains, clears, and finishes), organoclays such as Tixogel EZ 100, Tixogel MP 100, Tixogel MP 250, Claytone AF, Claytone APA, and Claytone HY perform very efficiently and result in the rapid achievement of grind specification. Incorporation of these high performance products can typically be achieved through moderate-to-high shear rates in the grind phase. Much less shear is required when compared to conventional organoclays. Post addition in the let-down phase is possible in some systems, but adequate shear levels must be achieved. The presence of surface active additives before the organoclay is fully dispersed can adversely affect the dispersion and efficiency of the organoclay. Full viscosity development of Claytone and Tixogel organoclays should be achieved before the introduction of surface active materials.

Application Levels
Shown below are suggested starting levels for Tixogel EZ 100 and Claytone AF self-activating organoclay. A polar activator is usually not necessary when using Tixogel EZ 100 or Claytone AF. However, in some systems, low levels of activator can enhance viscosity development. Please refer to the individual product data sheets for more extensive information on all Claytone and Tixogel organoclays.

Claytone AF and Tixogel EZ 100

Pounds of organoclay per 100 U.S gallons
Coating Type
Alkyd Enamels Zinc Loaded Alkyds Copper-Based Anti-fouling High-Build Chlorinated Rubber Red Lead Primers Acrylic Enamels

10

Claytone and Tixogel Conventional Organoclays For Solventborne Systems

Product
Tixogel VP/ Claytone 40

Description
Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite

Density
15.0 lb/gal (VP) 14.2 lb/gal (40) 15.0 lb/gal

Bulking Value
0.0667 gal/lb (VP) 0.0704 gal/lb (40) 0.0667 gal/lb

Particle Size
90%<90um (VP) 98%<200M (40) 90%<90um

Maximum Moisture
1.5% (VP) 2.0% (40)

Application
100% aliphatic to mildly aromatic systems. Automotive and equipment undercoats, trade sales alkyds, traffic paint, stains, industrial alkyds, acrylics, chlorinated rubber, epoxy esters, and aluminum coatings. Particularly suitable for very low to medium polarity systems. Anti-fouling paints, primers, backing systems, chlorinated rubber, and urethanes. Often used in systems thought to require a hectorite-based organoclay. Suitable for aromatic systems and moderately polar systems. Used in industrial, marine, and maintenance coatings. Often used to replace hectorite-based organoclays in aromatic systems. Medium to high polarity solvents. Nitrocellulose lacquers, solution vinyls, epoxies, acrylics, wash primers, inorganic zinc rich primers, and chlorinated rubber.

Tixogel TE

Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite

1.5%

Claytone HT

Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite

14.2 lb/gal

0.0704 gal/lb

95%<200M

2.0%

Tixogel VZ

Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite

14.2 lb/gal

0.0704 gal/lb

90%<90um

2.0%

Values above are typical properties, not specifications.

Claytone and Tixogel Self-Activating Organoclays For Solventborne Systems

Product Tixogel EZ 100/ Claytone AF Description Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite Density 11.9 lb/gal (EZ 100) 12.5 lb/gal (AF) Bulking Value 0.084 gal/lb (EZ 100) 0.080 gal/lb (AF) Particle Size 90%<90um (EZ 100) 98%<200M (AF) Maximum Moisture 1.5% (EZ 100) 2.0% (AF) Application An easy to disperse, selfactivating rheological additive for low to medium polarity systems. Alkyds, processed oils, epoxy esters, and oil modified urethanes. Excellent in gravure and screen inks.

Values above are typical properties, not specifications.

Claytone and Tixogel Maximum Performance Organoclays

Southern Clay Products invented and developed the use of close tolerance and ultra-high pressure milling technology for the manufacture of organoclays. This process represented a major technological breakthrough in the manufacture of organoclays. Organoclay products manufactured with this process offer unprecedented rheological performance. Formulators obtain up to a 10%-20% increase in efficiency versus the traditional technology. In many cases, this eliminates settling and sag problems in systems which pose particular rheological challenges. Many customers have taken advantage of the greater efficiency by using lower loading levels...up to 20% lower! Not only can this save money, but it can also improve performance in systems that will benefit from reduced mineral loads. A wide range of Southern Clay Products organoclays take advantage of this performance enhancing processing. Tixogel MP, Tixogel MPZ, Tixogel MPI, Claytone HT, and Claytone PS3 represent our cutting edge conventional organoclay offerings which take advantage of this superior processing technology. Tixogel MP, Tixogel MPZ, Tixogel MPI, Claytone HT, and Claytone PS3 still require a polar activator in most applications. Southern Clay Products has also developed self-activating organoclays which use this same technology. Those products include Tixogel MP 100, Tixogel MP 250, Claytone HY, Claytone APA, and Garamite LS. All of these products offer up to 10-20% greater efficiency versus any organoclays available in the world today. Of particular benefit with these products is the increased efficiency in the low shear viscosity range. This results in greatly improved anti-settling and sag resistance. The rheology profile of these products shows an extremely steep decline in viscosity as shear increases. This means that the formulator can take advantage of the easy incorporation inherent with the exceptional organoclay products while approaching the rheology offered by castor thixotropes. Like all Claytone and Tixogel organoclays, the MP technology also offers the ease-of-dispersion that has become our hallmark.

Claytone and Tixogel Maximum Performance Conventional Organoclays

Product
Tixogel MP

Description
Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite

Density
15.0 lb/gal

Bulking Value
0.0667 gal/lb

Maximum Moisture
2.5%

Application
Highly efficient organoclay for 100% aliphatic to 100% aromatic coating systems. Often can be formulated at lower loading levels versus competitive organoclays. Typical applications are automotive and equipment undercoats, trade sales, alkyds, traffic paint, stains, industrial alkyds, and epoxy coatings. Requires polar activator concentration typical of conventional organoclays. Highly efficient organoclay developed for unsaturated polyester resins and similar applications. Tixogel MPI is designed as an easy-to-disperse rheological additive for low and medium polarity solvent-based ink systems. Tixogel MPI can help reduce misting, improve hold out, and improve yield. Tixogel MPI can be added to the pigment grind or added to finished product to adjust viscosity. Tixogel MPI efficiency can be improved by the use of 0.1% water as an activator. Highly efficient organoclay for coatings containing aromatic and/or oxygenated hydrocarbon solvents. Tixogel MPZ is particularly effective at building low shear viscosity and can be used to obtain excellent application properties or to reduce loading levels.

Claytone PS3 Tixogel MPI

Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite

14.67 lb/gal 13.5 lb/gal

0.0681 gal/lb 0.074 gal/lb

2.0% 2.5%

Tixogel MPZ

Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite

14.12 lb/gal

0.071 gal/lb

3.0%

Values above are typical properties, not specifications.

Claytone and Tixogel Maximum Performance Self-Activating Organoclays

Product
Tixogel MP 100

Description
Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite Quaternary Ammonium Compound of Bentonite

Density
11.9 lb/gal

Bulking Value
0.084 gal/lb

Maximum Moisture
2.5%

Application
High efficiency, easy-to-disperse organoclay for all coating systems formulated with aliphatic or aliphatic/aromatic solvent blends. Typically 10 to 20% more efficient than competitive products. Particularly effective in building very low shear viscosity. Requires no polar activator. High efficiency, easy-to-disperse organoclay that works in most applications, from aliphatic to moderately polar formulations. Activator free grade that can replace multiple competitive grades. Used in architectural, maintenance, and industrial (OEM) finishes. High efficiency, easy-to-disperse, activator free grade that is designed to function most effectively in highly polar systems, particularly in systems containing high amounts of ketones. High efficiency product for oxygenated hydrocarbon solventbased coatings. Requires no polar activator. This products outstanding ability to build very low shear viscosity can be used to obtain excellent application properties or to reduce loading levels Very high efficiency organoclay for use in aliphatic to aromatic systems. Can be used as a true stir-in for many applications. Used in automotive refinish, aerosol, and grease applications.

Claytone HY

18.0 lb/gal

0.0556 gal/lb

2.0%

Claytone APA

14.2 lb/gal

0.0704 gal/lb

2.0%

Tixogel MP 250

13.9 lb/gal

0.072 gal/lb

3.0%

Garamite LS

13.3 lb/gal

0.0752 gal/lb

2.0%

Values above are typical properties, not specifications.

Garamite Mixed Mineral Thixotropes

Garamite Mixed Mineral Thixotropes

Garamite Mixed Mineral Thixotropes

Mixed mineral thixotropes (MMTs) are Southern Clay Products most recent rheological additives. As the name implies, these novel additives are a blend of minerals and specially selected surface treatments. Garamite MMTs are characterized by extreme ease of use, high performance to viscosity ratio, and high efficiency. They offer the formulator high performance at low viscosity due to a very steep rheological profile combined with very fast recovery rates. This previously unattainable performance is offered in a package that is non-dusting and can be incorporated into most systems with low shear. Systems containing Garamite
Product
Garamite 1210

MMTs do not exhibit post-wetting or other stability issues to the extent that products such as fumed silica do. In many systems the use of a small amount (10% of the weight of MMT) of a synergist such as BYK R-605 (available from BYK Chemie) will further enhance the efficiency of Garamite MMTs. For optimal efficiency and performance, we recommend that Garamite MMTs be predispersed in solvent, monomer, or resin. Garamite MMT predispersions are indefinitely stable. Garamite additives are particularly effective in 100% solids and high solids formulations due to their ability to develop performance at low viscosity.
Application
A highly efficient, highly thixotropic additive for unsaturated polyester resin systems. Competes very well against fumed silica and organoclay thixotropes. A highly efficient, highly thixotropic additive for epoxies, vinyl esters,unsaturated polyester resin systems, and higher build thermoset systems. Competes very well against fumed silica and organoclay thixotropes. Performs well in many highly oxygenated systems. Not recommended in pure aliphatic systems. A micronized version of Garamite 1958 developed specifically for thin film (<75 micron) applications.

Description
Mixed Mineral Thixotrope Mixed Mineral Thixotrope

Density
8 lbs/ft3

Specific Gravity
1.5-1.7

Maximum Moisture
6.0%

Garamite 1958

8 lbs/ft3

1.5-1.7

6.0%

Garamite 2578

Mixed Mineral Thixotrope

4 lbs/ft3

1.5-1.7

6.0%

Rheocin and Advitrol Castor-Based Thixotropes

Rheocin and Advitrol Castor-Based Thixotropes

Y Series Anti-Settling Additives

Rheocin and Advitrol Castor-Based Thixotropes

Compared to organoclays, castor-based thixotropes are significantly more thixotropic. This means that paints and coatings formulated with castor-based thixotropes exhibit shear-thinning that does not immediately rebuild upon removal of the shear forces. This type of rheology presents several advantages, mainly in application properties. These coatings exhibit a buttery feel during brushing, and provide a good balance between sag and leveling. They usually are more effective in pigment suspension when compared to organoclay gellants, and are particularly effective in lower solids applications. There are, however, several important processing considerations to keep in mind when using castor products. The mechanism by which these materials function is based on the solubility of the organic thixotrope in the solvent system. When a proper balance of dispersion and partial solvation is reached, a colloidal gel network develops which imparts a thixotropic nature to the coating. Since this network is a function of the solubility parameters, any factor affecting that parameter will influence the efficiency of the system. In normal use, the grind portion containing the thixotrope is heated (via normal processing) to a point within the temperature range sufficient to activate the material, but not so high as to completely dissolve the thixotrope. If the thixotrope is dissolved through excessive temperature during incorporation, seeding may occur as the solution cools. The strength of the solvent is an important factor in determining the useful processing temperature range. Another important processing consideration involves a phenomenon known as false body. This high apparent viscosity is due to a secondary gel structure which is formed when a castorbased thixotrope formulation is cooled, without shear, to below the minimum activation temperature. Maintaining shear while the product cools will avoid the development of false body. In the event false body does occur, it can be easily eliminated by providing additional shear after the coating has cooled.

Incorporation and Activation Procedures

1. Disperse thoroughly by adding castor-based thixotrope to the initially cool grind phase. 2. Continue grind and allow temperature to rise to within the recommended range. Allow minimum of 10 minutes dwell time within temperature range. 3. Cool the batch while imparting low shear to below the minimum activation temperature. Southern Clay Products supplies two types of castor thixotropes: Rheocin and Advitrol. Solvent strength and processing temperature requirements typically determine which thixotrope can be used in a formulation. Figures 1 and 2 on the following page illustrate the recommended solvent and temperature parameters. Further details are provided in the product chart at the back of this section. Acceptable incorporation temperatures and Kauri Butanol values for Rheocin and Advitrol thixotropes are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Please note that these are suggested guidelines and should be verified in your specific formulation. These graphs show the areas of optimum efficiency of the thixotropes as a function of both temperature and solvent strength. It is critical to understand that temperatures in excess of those recommended will most likely result in the formation of seeds. Insufficient temperature will also result in inefficiency and seeding due to incomplete dispersion and partial solvation and swelling. Because of the difficulty in anticipating overall solubility characteristics of a solvent/resin system, lab studies are recommended to establish the proper dispersion/ temperature parameters.

Figure 1
Rheocin Thixotrope Incorporation

Figure 2
Advitrol Thixotrope Incorporation
Temperatures based on solvent strength
Rheocin generally not recommended in this area - tendency to seed
200F

Temperatures based on solvent strength

180F

160F

180F

Advitrol generally not recommended in this area - tendency to seed

140F

160F

120F

100F

Area of optimum performance for improved brushability, stable pigment suspension, sag penetration, thixotropic body and viscosity

140F

Recommended range

120F

80F

100F

60F 10 20 30 40

Rheocin effectiveness delayed and possibly reduced in this area

50 60 70 80 90 100 110

80F 10 20 30 40 50

Advitrol efficiency low in this area due to poor solvation

60 70 80 90 100 110

Kauri Butanol Value Mineral Spirits Xylene Mineral Spirits

Kauri Butanol Value Xylene

Rheocin and Advitrol Castor-Based Thixotropes

Product
Rheocin

Description
Castor Oil Derivative

Density
8.50 lb/gal

Bulking Value
0.118 gal/lb

Particle Size
99%<44um

Maximum Moisture
0.15%

Application
For aliphatic solvent systems. May be used in trade sales alkyds, stains, industrial alkyds, and any other aliphatic coating systems. Easier dispersing version for aliphatic solvent systems. May be used in trade sales alkyds, stains, industrial alkyds, and any other aliphatic coatings systems. Promotes flow and leveling of powder coatings. Improves film uniformity, edge coverage, gloss, and DOI. Suitable for a wide range of solvent systems. May be used in trade sales paints, industrial maintenance coatings, marine coatings, product finishes, high build epoxies, and vinyls. Easier dispersing version of Advitrol 100 suitable for a wide range of solvent systems. May be used in trade sales paints, industrial maintenance coatings, marine coatings, product finishes, high build epoxies, and vinyls.

Rheocin T

Inorganically Extended Castor Oil Derivative Castor Oil Derivative

12.20 lb/gal

0.082 gal/lb

99%<44um

0.20%

Rheocin PC

8.50 lb/gal

0.118 gal/lb

Flakes

0.20%

Advitrol 100

Castor Oil Derivative

8.48 lb/gal

0.118 gal/lb

99%<44um

0.15%

Advitrol 50

Inorganically Extended Castor Oil Derivative

12.20 lb/gal

0.082 gal/lb

99%<44um

0.20%

Y-Type Anti-Settling Additives

Y-Type Anti-Settling Additives

Y-Type Anti-Settling Additives

Anti-settling additives are commonly used in industrial coatings and product finishes. These products provide sag control and pigment suspension without increasing apparent viscosity. Antisettling additives affect the viscosity in the very low shear region where settling, sag, and leveling properties are controlled. Incorporation and Use Levels All Y-Type products should be processed under high-shear dispersion and should be added at the beginning of the dispersion process. A minimum processing temperature of 110F (43C) for the xylene paste is necessary for complete activation. There is no maximum processing temperature for Y-Type antisettling additives. These products do not cause seeding even when very high temperatures are reached during incorporation. A recommended starting level for Southern Clay Products antisettling additives is 0.3-0.4% (expressed as 100% active) based on the weight of the formulation.

Y-25 X
Y-25 X is an organic paste in xylene. It is very effective in promoting anti-settling and sag control without having an appreciable effect on package viscosity.

Y-20 XP
Y-20 XP is a pourable, anti-settling additive that functions much like the Y-25 X paste product. The pourable nature of Y-20 XP imparts much easier handling characteristics and decreases product loss due to difficulties encountered in completely transferring paste products from the drum. Both Y-25 X and Y-20 XP are water free.

Y-Type incorporation temperatures based upon solvent strength

180F

160F

Area of optimum performance for sag control, thixotropic body, pigment suspension and improved brushability

140F

120F

Area of good performance for pigment suspension

100F

Somewhat less effective for sag control and thixotropic body

80F

Effectiveness of Y-Types diminishes in this area

60F 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Kauri Butanol Value Mineral Spirits Xylene

Anti-Settling Additives For Solventborne Systems

Product Description Density Bulking Value 0.135 gal/lb Minimum Processing Temperature1 110oF Application

Y-20 XP

20% Organic Fluid in Xylene

7.4 lb/gal

Easy to use, pourable version that has excellent antisettling properties without increasing apparent viscosity. May also be used to increase sag resistance. Applications are primers (especially zinc-rich primers), traffic paint, and finishes where xylene is compatible. Excellent anti-settling properties without increasing apparent viscosity. May also be used to increase sag resistance. Applications are primers (especially zinc-rich primers), traffic paint, and finishes where xylene is compatible. Can be used to correct poor sag resistance in finished batches of paint without appreciably increasing the apparent viscosity. Can also be used to improve pigment suspension in low viscosity systems, such as stains or aerosols. Most widely used in trade sales alkyds and stains, but is also generally compatible with most coatings systems. Contains approximately 28% water.

Y-25 X

25% Organic Paste in Xylene

7.4 lb/gal

0.135 gal/lb

110oF

Adjust-4

70% Acitive Organic Liquid

8.7 lb/gal

0.115 gal/lb

N/A

See guide on previous page for recommended incorporation temperatures for Y-type products. Values above are typical properties, not specifications.

Optiflo Polymeric Rheology Additives

Optiflo Polymeric Rheology Additives

OPTIFLO Polymeric Rheology Additives for Waterborne Systems

Southern Clay Products is a worldwide supplier of thickeners and rheology modifiers for the coatings industry. As the market share of waterborne coatings has increased, the demand for waterborne thickeners has grown as well. Southern Clay Products has responded to the request from customers for alternative waterborne thickeners. The response was the development of the Optiflo family of polymeric thickeners, including products based on patented aminoplast technology. The Optiflo family of thickeners offers formulators broad latitude in paints, coatings, inks, sealants, caulks, and adhesives while alleviating many of the problems often encountered with conventional nonionic thickeners. Optiflo additives impart excellent flow and leveling, high film build, excellent stability, and unsurpassed resistance to blistering, spattering, and syneresis when used with a broad variety of latex binders including large and small particle size acrylics, vinyl acrylics, styrene acrylics, and ethylene vinyl acetates (EVAs). While the use of Optiflo thickeners can reduce or eliminate the need for cellulosic thickeners, aminoplast-based Optiflo additives reduce or eliminate syneresis and sagging due to being more compatible with cellulosics than other nonionic thickeners are. A major breakthrough took place with the development of Optiflo TVS. This product has been shown to provide unsurpassed viscosity stability upon tinting making it easier for paint manufacturers to produce pastel, mid, deep, and neutral bases without major viscosity loss. All of the Southern Clay Products Optiflo additives are supplied as low odor solutions. All of the Optiflo additives that have traditionally utilized co-solvent are now available in VF (VOCfree) versions.

OPTIFLO Polymeric Rheology Additives for Waterborne Systems

Product
OPTIFLO L100 OPTIFLO L1400 OPTIFLO H370VF OPTIFLO H400 OPTIFLO H3300

Description
HEAT** HEUR HEAT** HEAT** HEUR HEUR HEAT**

% Solids
20.0% 20.0% 17.5% 20.0% 25.0% 17.5% 15.0%

Solvent
VOC Free VOC Free VOC Free water/DB*** water/DB*** VOC Free VOC Free

Application
For small particle size acrylic and styrene acrylic latex systems. Used to generate high shear viscosity and excellent flow for brush applications. Low odor. For small particle size acrylics and styrene acrylic latex systems. Highly efficient in generating high shear viscosity. For use in building Stormer and ICI viscosity for vinyl acrylic, acrylic and styrene acrylic systems. For use in building Stormer and ICI viscosity for vinyl acrylic and acrylic systems. For use in building Stormer and ICI viscosity for vinyl acrylic and large particle size acrylic systems, especially for greater sag resistance for spray applications. VOC Free version of H3300. For use in building Stormer and ICI viscosity efficiently while maintaining viscosity stability when tinted. Used as a key co-thickener with L100 to give balance of flow and sag resistance. Generates high-shear viscosity in PVA, EVA, and other low response acrylic and styrenated resins. Tinted Viscosity Stabilizer. Designed particularly for stabilizing the viscosity of factory or in store tinted paints by eliminating or greatly reducing loss of viscosity upon addition of colorants. Highly KU efficient acrylic thickener with excellent tint and color acceptance for interior formulations.

OPTIFLO H3300VF OPTIFLO H600VF

OPTIFLO M2600VF OPTIFLO TVS-VF OPTIFLO HV80

HEUR HEAT** HASE

20.0% 12.0% 30.0%

VOC Free VOC Free VOC Free

Values above are typical properties, not specifications. **Hydrophobically modified Ethoxylated Aminoplast Thickener ***DB = diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether

Smectite Additives

Smectite Additives

Optigel,Bentolite,Mineral Colloid,Gelwhite,and Permont

Smectite Additives For Waterborne Systems

Bentolite L10, Optigel CK, Optigel CG and Optigel WH thickeners are comprised of unmodified bentonite. These thickeners deliver good stability, anti-settling, anti-syneresis and anti-sag properties. Major performance benefits include high yield value and improved hiding in mid to high PVC water-based paints. These additives may be used at levels of 0.5 to 3% of formulation weight, with lower levels providing settling and syneresis control and higher levels providing strong anti-sag and thickening. Mineral Colloid additives deliver the same benefits as unmodified Bentolite and Optigel additives but in a more efficient product. Designed for products that cannot tolerate higher mineral loads but still desire the stability, anti-settling, anti-sag and high yield values of smectite technology, Mineral Colloid additives deliver unsurpassed purity in a natural smectite. These additives may be used at 0.25 to 2.0% of formulation weight. Permont SX10A and Permont SC20 deliver all the advantages of smectite in a liquid package. With unequalled ease of use and a substantial improvement in hiding, Permont additives deliver a unique combination of cost savings and performance. Gelwhite additives deliver smectite performance in a whiter product. Gelwhite additives are designed for the demanding application which requires only the whitest of additives Optigel LX, WX, and WA additives are organically modified to provide higher and more efficient viscosity and thixotropy development in waterborne or water-reducible systems. All Optigel,Bentolite,Mineral Colloid, and Gelwhite additives can be readily dispersed with high speed mixers. These additives should be dispersed in water prior to the addition of other ingredients. Permont additives are already slurried in water and do not need further dispersion.

Smectite Additives For Waterborne Systems

Product
Optigel LX

Description
Organically Modified Sodium Bentonite Organically Modified Sodium Bentonite Organically Modified Sodium Bentonite Unmodified Sodium Bentonite

Density
15.0 lb/gal

Bulking Value
0.0666 gal/lb

Particle Size
90% < 250m

Maximum Moisture
9%

Application
Specially designed for use in latex emulsion systems. Can be used alone or in combination with cellulosic materials to improve pigment suspension and to impart dripless application properties. Requires preservatives in aqueous dispersion. Designed to impart high yield value in aqueous systems. Effective in preventing settling of heavy pigments and fillers, also increases sag resistance. Effective thickener for flat and semi-gloss latex paints, plasters, tile adhesives, and household cleaners. Resistant to bacterial attack. Highly effective thickener at low shear rates. Provides excellent anti-settling and sag resistance in waterborne coating systems while maintaining a low mid-range viscosity. Provides suspension characteristics in cosmetic creams or lotions and household cleaning products. Effective thickener for building anti-settling and sag resistance in economic waterborne coating systems. Effective thickener of mid to high PVC paints. Can be used as a partial replacement of cellulosic thickeners while enhancing hiding. Will generate anti-settling and anti-syneresis properties with little to no thickening.

Optigel WX

18.4 lb/gal

0.0545 gal/lb

95% < 44m 95% < 44m 95% < 44m

10%

Optigel WA

20.0 lb/gal

0.0499 ga/lb

10%

Optigel CK

21.7 lb/gal

0.0461 gal/lb

10%

Optigel CG Optigel WH Bentolite L10

Unmodified Sodium Bentonite Unmodified Sodium Bentonite Unmodified Calcium Bentonite

21.7 lb/gal 21.7 lb/gal 21.7 lb/gal

0.0461 gal/lb 0.0461 gal/lb 0.0461 gal/lb

95% < 44m 90% - 325M 90% - 325M

10% 6% 6%

Values above are typical properties, not specifications.

Smectite Additives For Waterborne Systems

Product
Mineral Colloid BP

Description
Unmodified Purified Sodium Smectite Unmodified Purified Sodium Smectite Contains Polymer Unmodified Purified High Brightness Smectite Unmodified Purified High Brightness Smectite Slurried Sodium Smectite

Density
21.7 lb/gal

Bulking Value
0.0461 gal/lb 0.0461 gal/lb

Particle Size
60% -200M

Maximum Moisture
10.0%

Application
Designed for applications above 35% volume solids that require a high efficiency thickener to generate sag resistance, anti-settling, and anti-syneresis properties Designed for applications below 35% volume solids that require a high efficiency thickener to generate sag resistance, anti-settling, and anti-syneresis properties For systems requiring the whitest possible additives. Particularly effective in cosmetic and consumer products. For systems requiring the whitest possible additives. Particularly effective in cosmetic and consumer products. Gelwhite H is a bacteria controlled grade. Designed for manufacturers requiring the functionality of smectite thickeners in a liquid package. Particularly effective in mid to high PVC architectural coatings which require excellent dry hiding and spray properties. Designed for manufacturers requiring the functionality of smectite thickeners in a liquid package. Particularly effective in mid to high PVC architectural coatings which require excellent dry hiding and spray properties. May be a better choice in some systems with anionic additives.

Mineral Colloid MO

21.7 lb/gal

60% -200M

8.0%

Gelwhite GP

21.7 lb/gal

0.0461 gal/lb 0.0461 gal/lb 0.1126 gal/lb

75% -200M

8.0%

Gelwhite H

21.7 lb/gal

75% -200M

8.0%

Permont SX10A

8.88 lb/gal

N/A

10% Solids by weight

Permont SC20

Slurried Sodium Smectite

9.52 lb/gal

0.1050 gal/lb

N/A

20% solids by weight

Values above are typical properties, not specifications.

Laponite Synthetic Silicates

Laponite Synthetic Silicates

Laponite Synthetic Silicates for Waterborne Systems

Laponite synthetic silicate additives are platelets designed for a wide range of applications. Laponite additives can generate clear solutions in water. Laponite additives can be used to generate thixotropy, to control color migration, to develop static dissipative films, and to generate pleasing texture and consistency for personal care products.
Product
Laponite RD Laponite RDS Laponite S Laponite JS Laponite XLG Laponite XLS Laponite DF

Laponite additives are totally synthetic and have none of the contaminants that might typically be found in a naturally occurring product. Through careful control of raw materials and processing, Laponite synthetic silicates offer customers the most consistent solution to opportunities which demand superior rheological performance in aqueous environments.
Maximum Application Moisture
10.0% 10.0% 10.0% 10.0% 10.0% 10.0% Designed to develop thixotropic rheology efficiently in applications with adequate free water. For general and industrial use. Designed to develop thixotropic rheology efficiently in applications with limited free water. For general and industrial use. High sol forming grades for electrically conductive, anti-static, and barrier films Designed for personal care products requiring extremely low levels of heavy metals. Sol forming grade designed for personal care products requiring extremely low levels of heavy metals. Designed for rapid dispersion in sorbitol solution for toothpaste applications Sol grade designed for rapid dispersion in sorbitol solution for toothpaste applications

Description
Synthetic Layered Silicate Synthetic Layered Silicate Synthetic Layered Fluorosilicate Synthetic Layered Silicate Synthetic Layered Silicate Synthetic Magnesium Silicate with Fluoride Ions Synthetic Magnesium Silicate with Fluoride Ions

Density
21.7 lb/ gal 21.7 lb/ gal 21.7 lb/ gal 21.7 lb/ gal 21.7 lb/ gal 21.7 lb/ gal 21.7 lb/ gal

Bulking Value
0.0461gal/lb 0.0461gal/lb 0.0461gal/lb 0.0461gal/lb 0.0461gal/lb 0.0461gal/lb

Particle Size
98% -250 M 98% -250 M 98% -250 M 98% -250 M 98% -250 M 98% -250 M

Laponite DS

0.0461gal/lb

98% -250 M

10.0%

Glossary

Glossary

GLOSSARY
To help the user of rheological additives to better understand the terminology, the following definitions are provided. Viscosity The resistance to flow of a fluid: mathematically defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. viscosity= shear stress shear rate Shear Stress A measurement of the force on a fluid which results in flow. Newtonian Fluid An ideal fluid characterized by a constant viscosity; that is, the shear stress and shear rate are directly proportional. Pseudoplastic Fluid A fluid which decreases in viscosity with increasing shear rates and increases in viscosity (proportionately) with decreasing shear rates. Dilatant Fluid A fluid which increases in viscosity with increasing shear rates. Thixotropic Fluid A fluid which decreases in viscosity with increasing shear rate, however, upon decreasing shear rate will slowly re-build viscosity offering a delayed recovery effect.

Shear Rate A measurement of the rate of fluid flow; for example, when two parallel surfaces are separated by a fluid film and are moving relative to one another, the shear rate is defined as the ratio of the relative velocity between the plates and the thickness of the fluid film. shear rate= plate velocity film thickness

Rheology In Coatings
The adjacent figure illustrates the relationship between shear rate and some important paint properties. At the lowest shear range, settling properties are indicated. At a slightly higher shear rate, sag and leveling can be measured. At an intermediate shear rate, the apparent, or stirred-paint viscosity can be evaluated. At the highest shear rates one can measure the application viscosity, which relates to the flow characteristics of the coating while in the process of being applied through brushing, rolling, or spraying.
10,000

Leveling & Sag

Stirred, or apparent viscosity

1,000

Application characteristics (brush, spray, roll, etc.)

Viscosity (cps)

100

10

Settling
0 .001 .01 .1 1 10 102 103 104

Shear Rate (sec-1)

Competitive Offset Chart

Organoclays
Southern Clay Products Conventional Types
Tixogel VP/Claytone 40

Castor-Based Thixotropes
Elementis Southern Clay Products
Rheocin Bentone 34

Elementis
Thixcin R Thixcin GR Thixatrol ST Thixatrol GST

Rheocin T

Claytone HT Tixogel VZ

Bentone 38 Bentone 27

Advitrol 100 Advitrol 50

Self-Activating Types
Tixogel EZ100/Tixogel MP100/ Claytone AF Claytone HY Tixogel MP250/Claytone APA Bentone SD1 Bentone 34/38/SD1/SD2/SD3 Bentone SD2

Anti-Settling Additives
Southern Clay Products
Y-20 XP Y-25X

Elementis
MPA 2000X MPA 60X POST 4

Poly Resyn
Suspeno 201X, Suspeno 202X

Specialty Types
Tixogel MPI/Claytone PS3 Tixogel MPI/Garamite LS Benathix Baragel 3000

Adjust-4

Smectite Additives
Southern Clay Products
Optigel WX Optigel LX Optigel WA/Mineral Colloid BP/Mineral Colloid MO

Elementis
NDO Bentone LT Bentone EW Benaqua NDO NDO

Optigel CK Optigel CG/ Optigel WH

Laponite RD/Laponite RDS NDO - No Direct Offset

Polymeric Rheology Additives

Southern Clay Products
OPTIFLO L100 OPTIFLO L1400 OPTIFLO M2600VF OPTIFLO H3300 OPTIFLO H3300VF OPTIFLO H370VF

Rohm and Haas

RM2020npr, RM1020 RM-5000 RM-6000 RM-825 RM-8W NDO NDO RM-895 NDO

Elementis
Rheolate 244 NDO Rheolate 278 Rheolate 255 Rheolate 255 NDO NDO CVS-1, CVS-2, CVS-3 NDO

Cognis
DSX-3000, DSX-3075 NDO DSX-1514 DSX-1550 DSX-1550 NDO NDO NDO NDO

Aqualon
NHS-300, NHS-310 NDO NDO NLS-210 NLS-210 NDO NDO XLS NDO

OPTIFLO H400 OPTIFLO H600VF OPTIFLO TVS-VF NDO - No Direct Offset

NAFTA Southern Clay Products, Inc. 1212 Church Street Gonzales, TX 78629 Telephone: 1-800-324-2891 Direct Line: 1-830-672-2891 Fax: 1-830-672-1903

1600 W. Hill Street Louisville, KY 40210 Telephone: 1-800-468-7210 Direct Line: 1-502-772-4403 Fax: 1-502-772-4440

Executive Offices 11719 Bee Cave Rd. Suite 103 Austin, TX 78738 www.scprod.com