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Construction Materials
171 A sample of wood with dimensions 3 in. 4 in. 12 in. has a dry density of 0.35 g/cm3. (a) Calculate the number of gallons of water that must be absorbed by the sample to contain 120% water. (b) Calculate the density after the wood absorbs this amount of water. Solution: V 3 4 12 0.35 144 in.3 2359.7 2359.7 cm3 825.9 g 100 dry weight

@120% water (a) water

weight of water weight of dry wood 991 g

3

11.221825.92

2.183 lb 0.262 gal

12.183 lb217.48 gal/ft 2 62.4 lb/ft3

(b) If the volume remains the same, then density 825.9 g of dry wood 991 g of water 2359.7 cm3 0.77 g/cm3

172 The density of a sample of oak is 0.90 g/cm3. Calculate (a) the density of completely dry oak and (b) the percent water in the original sample. Solution: r12% water 0.68 g/cm3 1Table 1712 68 dry weight dry weight

(a) Therefore, in 100 cm3 of wood at 12% H2O, there are 68 g. 12% water dry weight green weight dry weight dry weight 68 1.12 60.71 g 100

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(b) When the density is 0.90 g/cm3, there are 90 g of green wood per 100 cm3. The water is therefore 90 60.71 g, or 29.29 g. %H2O 90 g 60.71 g 60.71 g 100 48.2%

173 Boards of maple 1 in. thick, 6 in. wide, and 16 ft. long are used as the flooring for a 60 ft 60 ft hall. The boards were cut from logs with a tangential-longitudinal cut. The floor is laid when the boards have a moisture content of 12%. After some particularly humid days, the moisture content in the boards increases to 45%. Determine the dimensional change in the flooring parallel to the boards and perpendicular to the boards. What will happen to the floor? How can this problem be corrected? Solution: Perpendicular: ctangential x 0.00353 in./in. # %H2O for maple Mi 2 4 x 630.00353145 160 ft2112 in./ft210.699 in.2 6 in. 122 4 0.699 in. in 6 in. 83.9 in. xo 3c1Mf

Over a 60 ft span:

The floor will therefore buckle due to the large amount of expansion of the boards perpendicular to the flooring. Parallel: For most woods, only about a 0.2% change in dimensions occurs longitudinally. Thus the total change in the length of the boards will be about y 10.0022160 ft2112 in./ft2 1.44 in.

174 A wall 30 feet long is built using radial-longitudinal cuts of 5-inch wide pine, with the boards arranged in a vertical fashion. The wood contains a moisture content of 55% when the wall is built; however the humidity level in the room is maintained to give 45% moisture in the wood. Determine the dimensional changes in the wood boards and estimate the size of the gaps that will be produced as a consequence of these changes. Solution: ctangential x 0.00141 in./in. # %H2O for pine 130 ft2112 in./ft2 3 10.00141 in./in. # %H2O2145 5.076 in. 130 ft2112 in./ft2 5 in./board

552 4

The total number of boards in the width of the wall is: # of boards 72 boards

Therefore there are 71 gaps between the boards. The average width of the gaps is: gap 5.076 in. 71 gaps 0.0715 in.

175 We have been asked to prepare 100 yd3 of normal concrete using a volume ratio of cement-sand-coarse aggregate of 1 : 2 : 4. The water-cement ratio (by weight) is to be 0.5. The sand contains 6 wt% water and the coarse aggregate contains 3 wt% water. No entrained air is expected. (a) Determine the number of sacks of cement that must be ordered, the tons of sand and aggregate required, and the amount of water

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needed. (b) Calculate the total weight of the concrete per cubic yard. (c) What is the weight ratio of cement-sand-coarse aggregate? Solution: First we can determine the volume of each material on a sack basis, keeping in mind the 1: 2 : 4 volume ratio of solids and the 0.5 watercement weight ratio: cement sand aggregate water 12210.495 ft3/sack2 14210.495 ft3/sack2 11 sack2194 lb/sack2 190 lb/ft3 0.495 ft3/sack 0.990 ft3/sack 1.980 ft3/sack 0.753 ft3/sack 4.218 ft3/sack

10.52194 lb2 62.4 lb/ft3 2 total volume of materials/sack

In 100 yd3, or 1100 yd3 2127 ft3/yd3 2: cement sand aggregate water 2700 ft3 4.218 ft3/sack 640 sacks 1640 sacks210.990 ft3/sack21160 lb/ft3 2 101,376 lb 50.7 tons 1640 sacks211.980 ft3/sack21170 lb/ft3 2 215,424 lb 107.7 tons 1640 sacks210.753 ft3/sack2162.4 lb/ft3 2 1640 sacks210.753 ft3/sack217.48 gal/ft3 2 30,072 lb or 3,605 gal

But we must make adjustments for the water that is already present in the sand and aggregate. There is 6% water in the sand and 3% water in the aggregate. We can either multiply the dry sand by 1.06, or divide the dry sand by 0.94, to obtain the amount of wet sand that we need to order. wet sand water in sand wet aggregate water in aggregate 1101,376 lb211.062 107,459 101,376 1215,424 lb211.032 221,887 215,424 107,459 lb 6083 lb 221,887 lb 6463 lb 110.9 tons 53.7 tons

The actual amount of water that should be added to the concrete mix is: water gal water Therefore: (a) The ingredients of the concrete mix are: 640 sacks of cement 53.7 tons of sand 110.9 tons of aggregate 2101 gal of water (b) The total weight per yd3 is: wt /yd3 1640 sacks2194 lb/sack2 4070 lb/yd3 107,459 100 yd
3

30,072

6083

6463

17,526 lb

117,526 lb217.48 gal/ft3 2 62.4 lb/ft3 2101 gal

221,887

17,526

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(c) The cement-sand-aggregate ratio, on a weight basis, is: ratio 1640 sacks2194 lb/sack2 : 107,847 lb : 221,887 lb 60,160 : 107,847 : 221,887 1 : 1.79 : 3.69

176 We plan to prepare 10 yd3 of concrete using a 1 : 2.5 : 4.5 weight ratio of cementsand-coarse aggregate. The water-cement ratio (by weight) is 0.45. The sand contains 3 wt% water, the coarse aggregate contains 2 wt% water, and 5% entrained air is expected. Determine the number of sacks of cement, tons of sand, and coarse aggregate, and gallons of water required. Solution: First, we can determine the volume of each material required, using the 1 : 2.5 : 4.5 ratio to determine the weights per sack of cement and dividing by the density to determine the volume. Per sack of cement: cement: 94 lb/sack 190 lb/ft3 sand: aggregate: water: 12.52194 lb/sack2 160 lb/ft3 14.52194 lb/sack2 170 lb/ft3 10.452194 lb/sack2 62.4 lb/ft3 Volume per sack 0.495 ft3/sack 1.469 ft3/sack 2.488 ft3/sack 0.678 ft3/sack 5.130 ft3/sack

But 5% of the concrete is expected to be entrained air. The volume of air x per sack of cement is: x 15.130 x2 0.05 or x 0.27 ft3

Therefore the total volume of concrete per sack is: Volume of concrete In 10 yd3 cement sand aggregate water 270 ft3: 270 ft3 5.400 ft3/sack
3

5.130

0.27

5.400 ft3/sack

50 sacks 11,752 lb 21,148 lb 2,115 lb

150 sacks212.488 ft3/sack21170 lb/ft3 2

3 3

150 sacks211.469 ft /sack21160 lb/ft3 2

150 sacks210.678 ft /sack2162.4 lb/ft 2

But we must also adjust for the water present in the wet sand (3%) and wet aggregate (2%). For example, to find the amount of wet sand, we could either multiply the dry sand by 1.03 or divide by 0.97: wet sand wet aggregate 11,752 lb 0.97 21,148 lb 0.98 12,115 lb; H2O 21,580 lb; H2O 363 lb 432 lb

Therefore, the ingredients for the concrete mix include: cement sand aggregate water 50 sacks 12,115 lb 21,580 lb 6.06 tons 10.8 tons 158 gal

2115 363 432 1320 lb 11320 lb217.48 gal/ft3 2 62.4 lb/ft3