//***********************************************************************// // // // - "Talk to me like I'm a 3 year old!" Programming Lessons // // // // $Author: DigiBen digiben@gametutorials.

co m // // // // $Program: Camera3 // // // // $Description: Allow the mouse to control our camera's view // // // // $Date: 6/23/01 // // // //***********************************************************************// #include "main.h" //////////// *** NEW *** ////////// *** NEW *** ///////////// *** NEW *** ////// ////////////// /////////////////////////////////////// CROSS \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\* ///// ///// This returns a perpendicular vector from 2 given vectors by taking the c ross product. ///// /////////////////////////////////////// CROSS \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\* CVector3 Cross(CVector3 vVector1, CVector3 vVector2) { CVector3 vNormal; // The vector to hold the cross product // If we are given 2 vectors (the view and up vector) then we have a pla ne define. // The cross product finds a vector that is perpendicular to that plane, // which means it's point straight out of the plane at a 90 degree angle . // The equation for the cross product is simple, but difficult at first to memorize: // The X value for the vector is: (V1.y * V2.z) - (V1.z * V2.y) // Get the X value vNormal.x = ((vVector1.y * vVector2.z) - (vVector1.z * vVector2.y)); // The Y value for the vector is: (V1.z * V2.x) - (V1.x * V2.z) vNormal.y = ((vVector1.z * vVector2.x) - (vVector1.x * vVector2.z));

// The Z value for the vector is: (V1.x * V2.y) - (V1.y * V2.x) vNormal.z = ((vVector1.x * vVector2.y) - (vVector1.y * vVector2.x)); // *IMPORTANT* This is not communitive. You can not change the order or this or // else it won't work correctly. It has to be exactly like that. Just remember, // If you are trying to find the X, you don't use the X value of the 2 v ectors, and // it's the same for the Y and Z. You notice you use the other 2, but n ever that axis. // If you look at the camera rotation tutorial, you will notice it's the same for rotations. // So why do I need the cross product to do a first person view? Well, we need // to find the axis that our view has to rotate around. Rotating the ca mera left // and right is simple, the axis is always (0, 1, 0). Rotating around t he camera // up and down is different because we are constantly going in and out o f axises. // We need to find the axis that our camera is on, and that is why we us e the cross // product. By taking the cross product between our view vector and up vector, // we get a perpendicular vector to those 2 vectors, which is our desire d axis. // Pick up a linear algebra book if you don't already have one, you'll n eed it. // Return the cross product return vNormal; } /////////////////////////////////////// MAGNITUDE \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\* ///// ///// This returns the magnitude of a vector ///// /////////////////////////////////////// MAGNITUDE \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\* float Magnitude(CVector3 vNormal) { // This will give us the magnitude or "Norm" as some say of, our normal. // The magnitude has to do with the length of the vector. We use this // information to normalize a vector, which gives it a length of 1. // Here is the equation: magnitude = sqrt(V.x^2 + V.y^2 + V.z^2) Wher e V is the vector return (float)sqrt( (vNormal.x * vNormal.x) + (vNormal.y * vNormal.y) + (vNormal.z * vNormal.z) ); } /////////////////////////////////////// NORMALIZE \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\\* ///// ///// This returns a normalize vector (A vector exactly of length 1) ///// /////////////////////////////////////// NORMALIZE \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\* CVector3 Normalize(CVector3 vVector) { // What's this function for you might ask? Well, since we are using the cross // product formula, we need to make sure our view vector is normalized. // For a vector to be normalized, it means that it has a length of 1. // For instance, a vector (2, 0, 0) would be (1, 0, 0) once normalized. // Most equations work well with normalized vectors. If in doubt, norma lize. // Get the magnitude of our normal float magnitude = Magnitude(vVector); // Now that we have the magnitude, we can divide our vector by that magn itude. // That will make our vector a total length of 1. // This makes it easier to work with too. vVector = vVector / magnitude; // Finally, return our normalized vector return vVector; } //////////// *** NEW *** ////////// *** NEW *** ///////////// *** NEW *** ////// ////////////// ///////////////////////////////// CCAMERA \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\* ///// ///// This is the class constructor ///// ///////////////////////////////// CCAMERA \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\* CCamera::CCamera() { CVector3 vZero = CVector3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); r to 0 0 0 for our position CVector3 vView = CVector3(0.0, 1.0, 0.5); ng view vVector (looking up and out the screen) CVector3 vUp = CVector3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0); rd up vVector (Rarely ever changes) m_vPosition = vZero; the position to zero m_vView = vView; the view to a std starting view m_vUpVector = vUp; the UpVector }

// Init a vVecto // Init a starti // Init a standa // Init // Init // Init

///////////////////////////////// POSITION CAMERA \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

\\* ///// ///// This function sets the camera's position and view and up vVector. ///// ///////////////////////////////// POSITION CAMERA \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\* void CCamera::PositionCamera(float positionX, float positionY, float positionZ, float viewX, float view Y, float viewZ, float upVectorX, float upVectorY, float upVectorZ) { CVector3 vPosition = CVector3(positionX, positionY, positionZ); CVector3 vView = CVector3(viewX, viewY, viewZ); CVector3 vUpVector = CVector3(upVectorX, upVectorY, upVectorZ); // The code above just makes it cleaner to set the variables. // Otherwise we would have to set each variable x y and z. m_vPosition = vPosition; n the position m_vView = vView; n the view m_vUpVector = vUpVector; n the up vector } // Assig // Assig // Assig

//////////// *** NEW *** ////////// *** NEW *** ///////////// *** NEW *** ////// ////////////// ///////////////////////////////// SET VIEW BY MOUSE \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\* ///// ///// This allows us to look around using the mouse, like in most first person games. ///// ///////////////////////////////// SET VIEW BY MOUSE \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\* void CCamera::SetViewByMouse() { POINT mousePos; // This is a window structure that holds an X and Y int middleX = SCREEN_WIDTH >> 1; // This is a binary shift to get half the width int middleY = SCREEN_HEIGHT >> 1; // This is a binary shift to get half the height float angleY = 0.0f; // This is the direction for looking up or down float angleZ = 0.0f; // This will be the value we need to rotate around the Y axis (Left and Right) static float currentRotX = 0.0f; // Get the mouse's current X,Y position GetCursorPos(&mousePos); // Now that we got the mouse position, we want to put the mouse position // back at the middle of the screen. We pass in half of our screen widt

h and height. // The >> operator is a binary shift. So, we are shifting our width and height // to the right by 1. If you do the binary math, it is the same thing a nd dividing by 2, // but extremely faster. The reason why we put the cursor in the middle of the // screen each time is we can can get a delta (difference) of how far we move // each frame, so we know how much to rotate the camera. // If our cursor is still in the middle, we never moved... so don't upda te the screen if( (mousePos.x == middleX) && (mousePos.y == middleY) ) return; // Set the mouse position to the middle of our window SetCursorPos(middleX, middleY); // // // // . // Look below at the *Quick Notes* for more information and examples. // After we get the X and Y delta (or direction), I divide by 1000 to br ing the number // down a bit, otherwise the camera would move lightning fast! // Get the direction the mouse moved in, but bring the number down to a reasonable amount angleY = (float)( (middleX - mousePos.x) ) / 1000.0f; angleZ = (float)( (middleY - mousePos.y) ) / 1000.0f; static float lastRotX = 0.0f; lastRotX = currentRotX; // We store off the currentRotX and will use it in when the angle is capped // Here we keep track of the current rotation (for up and down) so that // we can restrict the camera from doing a full 360 loop. currentRotX += angleZ; // If the current rotation (in radians) is greater than 1.0, we want to cap it. if(currentRotX > 1.0f) { currentRotX = 1.0f; // Rotate by remaining angle if there is any if(lastRotX != 1.0f) { // To find the axis we need to rotate around for up and down // movements, we need to get a perpendicular vector from the // camera's view vector and up vector. This will be the axis. // Before using the axis, it's a good idea to normalize it first. CVector3 vAxis = Cross(m_vView - m_vPosition, m_vUpVecto r); Now we need to get the direction (or VECTOR) that the mouse moved. To do this, it's a simple subtraction. Just take the middle point, and subtract the new point from it: VECTOR = P1 - P2; with P1 being the middle point (400, 300) and P2 being the new mouse location

vAxis = Normalize(vAxis); // rotate the camera by the remaining angle (1.0f - last RotX) RotateView( 1.0f - lastRotX, vAxis.x, vAxis.y, vAxis.z); } } // Check if the rotation is below -1.0, if so we want to make sure it do esn't continue else if(currentRotX < -1.0f) { currentRotX = -1.0f; // Rotate by the remaining angle if there is any if(lastRotX != -1.0f) { // To find the axis we need to rotate around for up and down // movements, we need to get a perpendicular vector from the // camera's view vector and up vector. This will be the axis. // Before using the axis, it's a good idea to normalize it first. CVector3 vAxis = Cross(m_vView - m_vPosition, m_vUpVecto r); vAxis = Normalize(vAxis); // rotate the camera by ( -1.0f - lastRotX) RotateView( -1.0f - lastRotX, vAxis.x, vAxis.y, vAxis.z) ; } } // Otherwise, we can rotate the view around our position else { // To find the axis we need to rotate around for up and down // movements, we need to get a perpendicular vector from the // camera's view vector and up vector. This will be the axis. // Before using the axis, it's a good idea to normalize it first . CVector3 vAxis = Cross(m_vView - m_vPosition, m_vUpVector); vAxis = Normalize(vAxis); // Rotate around our perpendicular axis RotateView(angleZ, vAxis.x, vAxis.y, vAxis.z); } // Always rotate the camera around the y-axis RotateView(angleY, 0, 1, 0); } //////////// *** NEW *** ////////// *** NEW *** ///////////// *** NEW *** ////// ////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ROTATE VIEW \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\* ///// ///// This rotates the view around the position using an axis-angle rotation /////

///////////////////////////////// ROTATE VIEW \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\* void CCamera::RotateView(float angle, float x, float y, float z) { CVector3 vNewView; // Get the view vector (The direction we are facing) CVector3 vView = m_vView - m_vPosition; // Calculate the sine and cosine of the angle once float cosTheta = (float)cos(angle); float sinTheta = (float)sin(angle); // Find the new x position for the new rotated point vNewView.x = (cosTheta + (1 - cosTheta) * x * x) x; vNewView.x += ((1 - cosTheta) * x * y - z * sinTheta) vNewView.x += ((1 - cosTheta) * x * z + y * sinTheta) // Find the new y position for the new rotated point vNewView.y = ((1 - cosTheta) * x * y + z * sinTheta) vNewView.y += (cosTheta + (1 - cosTheta) * y * y) y; vNewView.y += ((1 - cosTheta) * y * z - x * sinTheta) // Find the new z position for the new rotated point vNewView.z = ((1 - cosTheta) * x * z - y * sinTheta) vNewView.z += ((1 - cosTheta) * y * z + x * sinTheta) vNewView.z += (cosTheta + (1 - cosTheta) * z * z) z; // Now we just add the newly rotated vector to our position to set // our new rotated view of our camera. m_vView = m_vPosition + vNewView; } ///////////////////////////////// MOVE CAMERA \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\* ///// ///// This will move the camera forward or backward depending on the speed ///// ///////////////////////////////// MOVE CAMERA \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\* void CCamera::MoveCamera(float speed) { // Get our view vector (The direciton we are facing) CVector3 vVector = m_vView - m_vPosition; m_vPosition.x += vVector.x * speed; to our position's X m_vPosition.z += vVector.z * speed; to our position's Z m_vView.x += vVector.x * speed; to our view's X m_vView.z += vVector.z * speed; to our view's Z } // Add our acceleration // Add our acceleration // Add our acceleration // Add our acceleration * vView.z; * vView.x; * vView.y; * vView. * vView.y; * vView.z; * vView.x; * vView. * vView.

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/ // // * QUICK NOTES * // // Now we have the ability to look around our world with the mouse! It's a grea t // addition to our camera class isn't it? Not much code either. // // Let me further explain what makes this work. What we are doing is continuous ly // putting the cursor in the middle of the screen every time we move the mouse, but // before we do this, we get the new position that it moved. Now that we have t he // position it moved from the center, we can do some simple math to find out whi ch // way we need to move/rotate the camera. Lets do an example: // // Lets say we changed our SCREEN_WIDTH and SCREEN_HEIGHT to 640 480. // That would make our middle point at (320, 240). THe '*' is the cursor positi on. // We will call it P1 (Point 1) // // ----------------------------------// // // // // // * P1 (320, 240) // // // // // // // ----------------------------------// // Now, when we move the mouse, we store that position of where we moved. // Let's say we moved the mouse diagonally up and left a little bit. Our new // point would be, let's say P2 (319, 239) // // ----------------------------------// // // // // * P2 (319, 239) (Figure is not p ixel perfect :) ) // \ // * (320, 240) // // // // // // // ----------------------------------// // Well, logic tells us that we need to rotate the camera to the left a bit,

// and move the camera up a bit as well right??? Of course right. // // Well, the math is simple to find that out. We just subtract P1 - P2. // That will give us a new x and y. That is called the vector. // // What will the vector of those 2 points be then? // // (320 - 319, 240 - 239) = (1, 1) // // Now we have a vector of (1, 1). In our case, those numbers are too high // when we are dealing with radians, not degrees. To remedy this, we need to // make the number a bit smaller, I just divide by a number like 1000. Now // we have a vector of (0.001, 0.001). We want to pass the X value in as our // Y-axis rotation, BUT we need to negate it. Because if we rotate by a positi ve number // it will move the camera to the RIGHT, and we want to go to the left. This w ill take care // of when we move the mouse right too. If the vector is negative, it will mak e it positive. // // You'll notice we added some math functions at the top of this file. These h elp us // determine the axis that we need to rotate around for up and down. By grabbi ng // a 90 degree penpendicular vector to the side of the camera, we can then use // that as our axis to rotate around. This took a bit to figure out at first. // It wasn't as simple as just rotating around the x-axis, because we are walki ng // around the x and z axis all the time, so the rotations need to change axises . // // Notice that with the new CVector3 additions, we can't say: // // CVector3 vVector = {0, 0, 0}; // // It must be: // // CVector3 vVector = CVector(0, 0, 0); // // This is because we have a default constructor, so there is no more {}'s. // We can now create a CVector3 on the fly, without having to directory assing // a variable name to it. The default copy constructor does all the work. // // // Ben Humphrey (DigiBen) // Game Programmer // DigiBen@GameTutorials.com // Co-Web Host of www.GameTutorials.com // //