CS647: Advanced Topics in Wireless Networks Basics of Wireless Transmission

CS 647

2.1

Outline
Frequencies Signals Antennas Signal propagation Multiplexing Spread spectrum Modulation

CS 647

2.2

Types of Wave

Sky wave

Ionosphere (80 - 720 km) Mesosphere (50 - 80 km)

Space wave

itter m rans T
CS 647

Ground wave Earth

Stratosphere (12 - 50 km)

Rece iv

er

Troposphere (0 - 12 km)
2.3

Speed, Wavelength, Frequency Frequency and wave length: = c/f wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f
System AC current FM radio Cellular Ka band satellite Ultraviolet light Frequency 60 Hz 100 MHz 800 MHz 20 GHz 1015 Hz Wavelength 5,000 km 3m 37.5 cm 15 mm 10-7 m

CS 647

2.4

Radio Frequency Bands

Classification Band
Extremely low Infra low Very low Low Medium High Very high Ultra high Super high Extremely high Tremendously high

Initials
ELF ILF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF THF

Frequency Range
< 300 Hz 300 Hz - 3 kHz 3 kHz - 30 kHz 30 kHz - 300 kHz 300 kHz - 3 MHz 3 MHz - 30 MHz 30 MHz - 300 MHz 300 MHz - 3 GHz 3 GHz - 30 GHz 30 GHz - 300 GHz 300 GHz - 3000 GHz

Characteristics
Ground wave

Ground/Sky wave Sky wave

Space wave

CS 647

2.5

Frequencies for communication

twisted pair 1 Mm 300 Hz 10 km 30 kHz coax cable optical transmission

100 m 3 MHz

1m 300 MHz

10 mm 30 GHz

100 m 3 THz

1 m 300 THz

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

infrared

visible light UV

VLF = Very Low Frequency LF = Low Frequency MF = Medium Frequency HF = High Frequency VHF = Very High Frequency

UHF = Ultra High Frequency SHF = Super High Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency UV = Ultraviolet Light

Frequency and wave length:

= c/f
wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f
CS 647 2.6

Frequencies for mobile communication VHF-/UHF-ranges for mobile radio

simple, small antenna for cars deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections

SHF and higher for directed radio links, satellite communication

small antenna, beam forming large bandwidth available

Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF range

some systems planned up to EHF limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules (resonance frequencies)
weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall etc.
CS 647 2.7

Frequencies and regulations

ITU-R holds auctions for new frequencies, manages frequency bands worldwide (WRC, World Radio Conferences)
Europe Cellular Phones GSM 450-457, 479486/460-467,489496, 890-915/935960, 1710-1785/18051880 UM TS (FDD) 19201980, 2110-2190 UM TS (TDD) 19001920, 2020-2025 CT1+ 885-887, 930932 CT2 864-868 DECT 1880-1900 IEEE 802.11 2400-2483 HIPERLAN 2 5150-5350, 54705725 RF-Control 27, 128, 418, 433, 868 USA AM PS, TDM A, CDM A 824-849, 869-894 TDM A, CDM A, G SM 1850-1910, 1930-1990 Japan PDC 810-826, 940-956, 1429-1465, 1477-1513

Cordless Phones

PACS 1850-1910, 19301990 PACS-UB 1910-1930

PHS 1895-1918 JCT 254-380 IEEE 802.11 2471-2497 5150-5250 RF-Control 426, 868

W ireless LANs

902-928 IEEE 802.11 2400-2483 5150-5350, 5725-5825 RF-Control 315, 915

Others

CS 647

2.8

Signals I
physical representation of data function of time and location signal parameters: parameters representing the value of data classification
continuous time/discrete time continuous values/discrete values analog signal = continuous time and continuous values digital signal = discrete time and discrete values

signal parameters of periodic signals: period T, frequency f=1/T, amplitude A, phase shift
sine wave as special periodic signal for a carrier: s(t) = At sin(2 ft t + t)

CS 647

2.9

Fourier representation of periodic signals

1 g (t ) = c + an sin( 2nft ) + bn cos( 2nft ) 2 n =1 n =1

0 t

0 t

ideal periodic signal

real composition (based on harmonics)

CS 647

2.10

Signals II
Different representations of signals
amplitude (amplitude domain) frequency spectrum (frequency domain) phase state diagram (amplitude M and phase in polar coordinates)
A [V] t[s] A [V] Q = M sin

I= M cos

f [Hz]

Composed signals transferred into frequency domain using Fourier transformation Digital signals need
infinite frequencies for perfect transmission modulation with a carrier frequency for transmission (analog signal!)
CS 647 2.11

Antennas: isotropic radiator

Radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves, coupling of wires to space for radio transmission Isotropic radiator: equal radiation in all directions (three dimensional) - only a theoretical reference antenna Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically and/or horizontally) Radiation pattern: measurement of radiation around an antenna

z y x

z x

ideal isotropic radiator

CS 647

2.12

Antennas: simple dipoles

Real antennas are not isotropic radiators but, e.g., dipoles with lengths /4 on car roofs or /2 as Hertzian dipole shape of antenna proportional to wavelength
/4 /2

Example: Radiation pattern of a simple Hertzian dipole

y x side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) y z top view (xz-plane) z x

simple dipole

Gain: maximum power in the direction of the main lobe compared to the power of an isotropic radiator (with the same average power)

CS 647

2.13

Antennas: directed and sectorized

Often used for microwave connections or base stations for mobile phones (e.g., radio coverage of a valley)
y x side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) z y z top view (xz-plane) z x

directed antenna

sectorized antenna

top view, 3 sector

top view, 6 sector

CS 647

2.14

Antennas: diversity
Grouping of 2 or more antennas
multi-element antenna arrays

Antenna diversity
switched diversity, selection diversity
receiver chooses antenna with largest output

diversity combining
combine output power to produce gain cophasing needed to avoid cancellation
/2 /4 /2 /4 /2 /2

+ ground plane

CS 647

2.15

Signal propagation ranges

Transmission range
communication possible low error rate

Detection range
detection of the signal possible no communication possible

sender transmission distance detection interference

Interference range
signal may not be detected signal adds to the background noise

CS 647

2.16

Signal propagation
Propagation in free space always like light (straight line) Receiving power proportional to 1/d in vacuum much more in real environments (d = distance between sender and receiver) Receiving power additionally influenced by fading (frequency dependent) shadowing reflection at large obstacles refraction depending on the density of a medium scattering at small obstacles diffraction at edges

shadowing
CS 647

reflection

refraction

scattering

diffraction
2.17

Multipath propagation
Signal can take many different paths between sender and receiver due to reflection, scattering, diffraction
multipath LOS pulses pulses

signal at sender

Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time interference with neighbor symbols, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted distorted signal depending on the phases of the different parts

signal at receiver

CS 647

2.18

Free-space Propagation

hb hm

Transmitter

Distance d

Receiver

The received signal power at distance d:

Pr =

AeGtPt 4d 2

where Pt is transmitting power, Ae is effective area, and Gt is the transmitting antenna gain. Assume that radiated power is uniformly distributed over the surface of the sphere.
CS 647 2.19

Antenna Gain
The relationship between an effective aperture and received antenna gain Gr can be given by:

Gr = 4 Ae / 2
where is the wavelength, and Ae is the effective area covered by the transmitter. By substituting Ae, in terms of Gr and , we obtain

Pr

= GrGtPt / (4 d/) 2

Free Space path loss is defined as Lf = Pt / P r = (1/GrGt) (4 d/) 2

Lf indicates power loss in the free space. When Gr = Gt=1, Lf = (4 d/) 2 = (4 f cd/c )2

where c = fc (c is speed of light) and f c is the carrier frequency.

CS 647 2.20