ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering

Lecture 18: Free Spanning Pipelines

Shawn Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. Assistant Professor Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Memorial University of Newfoundland spkenny@engr.mun.ca

Lecture 18 Objective
to examine design issues related to free spanning pipelines

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Occurrence of Free Spans

Seabed Roughness
Natural profile Obstructions Artificial supports

Evolution of Seabed Topology

Sediment transport mechanisms Hydraulic scour Strudel scour
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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Key Design Issues

Loading Condition
Primary Hydrodynamic Environmental

Mechanics
Analysis basis Structural analysis Pipeline/soil interaction Vortex induced vibration (VIV)

Acceptance criteria
Stress, strain based design (ULS) Fatigue (FLS)

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Pipeline Configuration

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

CSA Z662 (2007)

11.11 Design for Fatigue Life
Pipelines shall be designed for adequate fatigue life. Stress fluctuations imposed during the entire life of the pipeline, including those imposed during the installation phase, shall be estimated. Such stress fluctuations can result from wind effects, vortex shedding, wave and current action, fluctuations in operating pressure and temperature, and other variable loading effects. Corrosion and strain effects on the fatigue life shall also be considered. Note: Coatings and appurtenances should be considered in fatigue-life analysis.

11.12 Design for Free Spans, Anchoring, and Supports

Stresses resulting from free spans, anchoring, and supports shall be included in the determination of the maximum combined effective stress (see Clause 11.8.4.1). Note: Where practicable, free spans should be avoided.

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

DNV RP-F105 (2006)

Key Elements
State-of-the-art document Longer span acceptance criteria No limit on span length or gap height Calculation procedures Force model Response models Detailed prescriptive requirements

Not Covered
Low cycle fatigue HP/HT pipelines
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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

DNV RP-F105

Ref: DNV RP-F105 (2006)

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Span Classification

Ref: DNV RP-F105 (2006)

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Span Modal Response

Parameters
Single, multiple span Isolated, interacting span Single, multiple mode
Static Beam

Ref: DNV RP-F105 (2006)

Beam + Cable

Cable

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Flow Regimes
Wave Dominant
Wave superimposed by current Current superimposed by wave

Current Dominant

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Flow Regimes (cont.)

Piggyback Pipeline

University of Western Australia

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Flow Regimes (cont.)

Piggyback Pipeline

University of Western Australia

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Flow Regimes (cont.)

University of Western Australia

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV)

Three Options DNV RP-F105
Response model Semi-empirical lift coefficients Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Other Option
Physical experiments Design or mitigation measures Non-standard situations Geometry
Flow regime, model response

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Materials
Modal response, fatigue

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Vortex Induced Vibration (cont.)

Ref: Dalton (2004)

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Vortex Induced Vibration (cont.)

Helical Strakes

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Vortex Induced Vibration (cont.)

Pipeline Natural Frequency (cps)
Mass per unit length including added mass
fn = k EI mL4

Boundary conditions

k = (1.00 )2 pinnedpinned pipeline span k = (1.25 )2 fixedpinned pipeline span k = (1.50 )2 fixedfixed pipeline span
fn =
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k 2 L2

EI m
ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Vortex Induced Vibration (cont.)

Vortex Shedding Frequency (cps)
fs = Su Do

Strouhal Number, S

0.2 for practical pipeline problems

S= 0.21 0.75 CD

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Vortex Induced Vibration (cont.)

Reduced Velocity
In-line

fs fn/3 Ur 1.3
Cross-flow

fs fn Ur 5

Design
U Ur = 3.5 fn Dnom
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fs 0.7fn
ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Design Process
Life-Cycle
Operations

Temperature, pressure
Effective axial force

Soil restraint In-service buckling

Ref: DNV RP-F105 (2006)

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Design Checks
Fatigue Structural

Ref: DNV RP-F105 (2006)

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

Mitigation
Weight or Force
Concrete coating Concrete mattress, grout bags, sand bags Intermittent rock berm Anchors

Supports
Inter-span structure or berm Soil embedment

Structural Configurations
Materials Strake, shroud, cable

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18

References
CSA Z662-07 (2007). Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems DNV OS-F101 (2007). Submarine Pipeline Systems. October 2007, 240p. DNV RP-F105 (2006). Free Spanning Pipelines. February 2006, 46p. DNV-RP-F109 (2007). On-bottom Stability Design of Submarine Pipeline. October 2007, 27p. Dalton (2004). Fundamentals of vortex-induced vibration. 31p.
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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 18