13.

42 Lecture VIV II

Alex Techet March 18, 2003

Vortex Induced Forces

Due to unsteady flow, forces, X(t) and Y(t), vary with time. Force coefficients: Cx = X(t)
1/ 2

U2 d

Cy =

Y(t)
1/ 2

U2 d

Force Time Trace

DRAG Cx

LIFT Cy

VIV
Experiment: cylinder is compliantly mounted and allowed to move only in the y-direction. Large responses may occur when: v = 2 fv ~ n = k m + ma

What is ma a function of?

EXPERIMENT: Force motion y(t) and measure force Y(t)

y(t) = a cos(t) . y(t) = -a sin(t) .. y(t) = -a 2 cos(t) Y(t) = Y1 cos(t-) + Yr(t)

Lift force is sinusoidal component and residual force. Filtering the recorded lift data will give the sinusoidal term which can be subtracted from the total force.

Lift Force:
Y1(t) = Y1 cos(t-) = (Y1 cos) cos t + (Y1 sin) sin t Y1(t) =

.. Y1 cos y(t) + a2

. Y1 sin y(t) a

Added Mass: Ma(,a) =

Y1 cos a2 Y1 sin a

Lift in-phase with velocity: Y1v(,a) = -

Total Force:
.. . Y1(t) = - Ma(,a) y(t) + Y1v(,a) y(t) .. = - (/4 d2) Cma(,a) y(t) . + (1/2dU2)CLv(,a) y(t) If CLv >0 then the fluid force amplifies the motion instead of opposing it. This is self-excited oscillation. Cma, CLv are dependent on and a.

Lift in phase with velocity

Gopalkrishnan (1993)

Drag Amplification
VIV tends to increase the effective drag coefficient. This increase has been investigated experimentally. ~ Cd |Cd|
Gopalkrishnan (1993)
3 2 1

a = 0.75 d

0.1

0.2

0.3

fd U

Mean drag:

Cd = 1.2 + 1.1(a/d)

Cd occurs at twice the shedding frequency.

Fluctuating Drag:

Amplitude Estimation
Blevins (1990)

a/ = 1.29/[1+0.43 S ]3.35 ~ G d
_ _ ^ ^ 2m (2) ; f = f /f ; m = m + m * SG=2 fn2 n n s a d2 = b 2 k(m+ma*)

ma* = V Cma; where Cma = 1.0

Three Dimensional Effects

Shear layer instabilities as well as longitudinal (braid) vortices lead to transition from laminar to turbulent flow in cylinder wakes.

Longitudinal vortices appear at Rd = 230.

Longitudinal Vortices

The presence of longitudinal vortices leads to rapid breakdown of the wake behind a cylinder.

C.H.K. Williamson (1992)

Longitudinal Vortices

Oscillating Tapered Cylinder

x

Strouhal Number for the tapered cylinder:

U(x) = Uo

d(x)

St = fd / U
where d is the average cylinder diameter.

Spanwise Vortex Shedding from 40:1 Tapered Cylinder

Rd = 400; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5 Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5 Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 1.0

dmax

Techet, et al (JFM 1998)

No Split: 2P

dmin

Flow Visualization Reveals:

A Hybrid Shedding Mode
2P pattern results at the smaller end 2S pattern at the larger end This mode is seen to be repeatable over multiple cycles
Techet, et al (JFM 1998)

DPIV of Tapered Cylinder Wake

Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) in the horizontal plane leads to a clear picture of two distinct shedding modes along 2P the cylinder.
2S
z/d = 22.9 z/d = 7.9

Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5

Evolution of the Hybrid Shedding Mode

2P
z/d = 7.9

2S
z/d = 22.9

Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5

Evolution of the Hybrid Shedding Mode

2P
z/d = 7.9

2S
z/d = 22.9

Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5

Evolution of the Hybrid Shedding Mode

2P
z/d = 7.9

2S
z/d = 22.9

Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5

Evolution of the Hybrid Shedding Mode

2P
z/d = 7.9

2S
z/d = 22.9

Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5

Vortex Dislocations, Vortex Splits & Force Distribution in Flows past Bluff Bodies
D. Lucor & G. E. Karniadakis Techet, Hover and Triantafyllou (JFM 1998)

Objectives:
Confirm numerically the existence of a stable, periodic hybrid shedding mode 2S~2P in the wake of a straight, rigid, oscillating cylinder

Approach:
VORTEX SPLIT

DNS - Similar conditions as the MIT experiment (Triantafyllou et al.) Harmonically forced oscillating straight rigid cylinder in linear shear inflow Average Reynolds number is 400

Methodology:

NEKTAR-ALE Simulations

Parallel simulations using spectral/hp methods implemented in the incompressible Navier- Stokes solver NEKTAR

Principal Investigator:
Prof. George Em Karniadakis, Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University

Results:
Existence and periodicity of hybrid mode confirmed by near wake visualizations and spectral analysis of flow velocity in the cylinder wake and of hydrodynamic forces

VIV Suppression
Helical strake Shroud Axial slats Streamlined fairing Splitter plate Ribboned cable Pivoted guiding vane Spoiler plates

VIV Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a common VIV suppresion device.

Trip Wire Experiments

Trip wires cause the shear layer to transition early and thus retards separation. The wires can reduce amplitude of vibration but this reduction is very dependant on angle on incoming flow.

Lift Characteristics of Rigid Cylinder

a) mean lift coefficient b) phase angle between oscillating lift force and cylinder motion.

Tandem Rigid Cylinders-Amplitude

Leading cylinder
-single cylinder -no offset -1D lateral offset

Trailing cylinder 10D

Trailing cylinder 5D

Tandem Rigid Cylinders-Frequency

Leading cylinder
-single cylinder -no offset -1D lateral offset

Trailing cylinder 10D

Trailing cylinder 5D

Tandem Rigid Cylinders-Drag

Leading cylinder
-single cylinder -no offset -1D lateral offset

Trailing cylinder 10D

Trailing cylinder 5D

Tandem Flexible Cylinders-Amplitude

A - Leading Cylinder -single inline -single transverse

B-Trailing Cylinder -tandem inline -tandem transverse

Tandem Flexible Cylinders-Frequency

A - Leading Cylinder -single inline -single transverse

B-Trailing Cylinder -tandem inline -tandem transverse

Oscillating Cylinders
y(t) d y(t) = a cos t . y(t) = -a sin(t) Vm = a = / ; = 2/

Parameters:
Re = Vm d / b = d2
Reynolds # Reduced frequency KeuleganCarpenter # Strouhal #

/ T

KC = Vm T / d St = fv d / Vm

Reynolds # vs. KC #
Re = Vm d / = ad/ = 2 (a/d)(d /)
2

KC = Vm T / d = 2 a/d

Re = KC * b
b = d2

/ T

Also effected by roughness and ambient turbulence

Forced Oscillation in a Current

y(t) = a cos t U

= 2 f = 2 / T

Parameters: a/d, , , Reduced velocity: Ur = U/fd Max. Velocity: Vm = U + a cos Reynolds #: Re = Vm d / Roughness and ambient turbulence

Wall Proximity
e + d/2

At e/d > 1 the wall effects are reduced. Cd, Cm increase as e/d < 0.5 Vortex shedding is significantly effected by the wall presence. In the absence of viscosity these effects are effectively non-existent.

Galloping
Galloping is a result of a wake instability. Y(t) . y(t), y(t)

U V

. -y(t)

Resultant velocity is a combination of the heave velocity and horizontal inflow. If n << 2 fv then the wake is quasi-static.

Lift Force, Y()

Y(t) V

Cy =

Y(t)
1/ 2

U2 Ap

Cy

Stable Unstable

Galloping motion
U V

Y(t) . y(t), y(t) . -y(t)

b

m
k

.. Y(t) = 1/2 U2 a Cy - ma y(t)

Cy (0) + ...

my + by + ky = Y(t)

..

Cy() = Cy(0) +

Assuming small angles, : . y Cy (0) ~ tan = = U

V~U

Instability Criterion
(m+ma)y + (b + 1/2 U2 a
If
.. U

~ )y + ky = 0

b + 1/2 U2 a

<0 U

Then the motion is unstable! This is the criterion for galloping.

 is shape dependent
Shape
1 1 1 2

Cy (0) -2.7 0

2 1 4 1

-3.0 -10 -0.66

Instability:
= b Cy (0) < 1/ U a 2

Critical speed for galloping:

U >

b
1/ 2

Cy (0)

Torsional Galloping

Both torsional and lateral galloping are possible. FLUTTER occurs when the frequency of the torsional and lateral vibrations are very close.

Galloping vs. VIV

Galloping is low frequency Galloping is NOT self-limiting Once U > Ucritical then the instability occurs irregardless of frequencies.

References
Blevins, (1990) Flow Induced Vibrations, Krieger Publishing Co., Florida.