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in India is 244 kilogram of oil (kgoe) (1994 figures) as compared to world average of 1471 kgoe, its total commercial energy requirements are estimated to be of the order of 225 mtoe. Nearly 60 per cent of energy requirements are met by coal, which is available in abundance but is of a poor quality. Thirty per cent of commercial energy requirements are met by petroleum products, nearly 7.5 per cent by natural gas and 3.5 per cent by primary electricity. It is believed that a huge amount of energy requirements, perhaps not properly estimated is met by non commercial fuels like fuel wood, animal waste and agricultural residue. According to one estimate traditional energy sources account for 40 per cent of the total energy consumption in the country. Increasing pressure of population and increasing use of energy in agriculture, industry and the domestic and public sectors is an area of concern. At the same time, the need to meet energy demand has created huge capital requirements needed for setting up power plants, pipelines, ports, terminals, railway tracks to move fuel etc. Reference: http://www.indiacore.com/overview-energy.html POWER OVERVIEW Introduction Electricity is one of the most vital infrastructure inputs for economic development of a country. The demand of electricity in India is enormous and is growing steadily. The vast Indian electricity market, today offers one of the highest growth opportunities for private developers. Since independence, the Indian electricity sector has grown many fold in size and capacity. The generating capacity has increased from a meager 1362 MW in 1947 to more than 91000 MW till date, a gain of more than 60 times in capacity addition. Electricity generation in 1997-98 was 420.6 billion kWh. Nearly 80 per cent of India's electricity is produced in thermal facilities using coal or petroleum products. 17.7 per cent electricity is generated by hydroelectric facilities, and 2.3 per cent electricity is produced in nuclear power plants. In 1947, only some urban areas had transmission and distribution network, toataling nearly 30,000 circuit kms. By 1970, about 1.1 million circuit kilometers (CKM) of T&D lines had been set up. Today it is of the order of over 5 billion circuit Kms. In its quest for increasing availability of electricity, the country has adopted a blend of thermal, hydel and nuclear sources. Out of these, coal based thermal power plants and in some regions, hydro power plants have been the mainstay of electricity generation. Oil, natural gas and nuclear power accounts for a smaller proportion. Of late, emphasis is also being laid on nonconventional energy sources i.e. solar, wind and tidal. Power Shortage The power sector has been characterised by shortage of supply vis--vis demand. In 1990-91, the country faced peaking shortage of around 16% and energy shortage of about 8%. The position has worsened with peaking shortage of 18% and energy shortage of about 12% at the end of 8th Plan (1997) since capacity addition during the 8th Plan (1992-97) was much below the target.
ENERGY SHORTAGE Year 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 Demand (billion kWh) 267.632 288.974 305.266 323.252 352.260 389.721 413.490 313.098 Available (billion kWh) 246.560 266.432 279.824 299.494 327.281 354.045 365.900 286.190 Shortfall 21.072 22.542 25.442 23.758 24.979 35.676 47.590 26.908 (%)(billion kWh) 7.87 7.80 8.33 7.35 7.09 9.15 11.51 8.6*
PEAKING SHORTAGE Year 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 Demand 44,005 48,035 52,805 54,875 57,530 60,981 63,853 63,056 Available 37,171 39,027 41,984 44,830 48,066 49,836 52,376 55,998 Shortfall 6,834 9,008 10,821 10,045 9,464 11,145 11,477 7,058 (%) 15.53 18.79 20.49 18.31 16.45 18.28 17.97 11.2*
Installed Capacity At the commencement of the 8th Five Year Plan (April 1992), the total generation capacity was 69,075 MW. This increased to 85,744 MW by March, 1997 and is currently more than 91000 MW. INSTALLED CAPACITY(MW) Year March 1992 March 1993 March 1994 March 1995 March 1996 March 1997 Thermal 48,086 50,749 54,369 58,113 60,083 61,877 Hydro 19,194 19,576 20,379 20,833 20,986 21,642 Nuclear 1,785 2,005 2,005 2,225 2,225 2,225 Total 69,065 72,330 76,753 81,171 83,294 85,744
Transmission & Distribution Losses Transmission and Distribution losses in India are very high. Against a normal T&D losses of 8 to 10%, All India figures were alarmingly high in excess of 23% up to 1996-97. It is a matter of concern as well as potential for saving, which may reduce the demand supply gap. A reduction in T&D losses by 1% would result in saving in capacity of about 800 MW. Yearwise details of the T&D losses for the last four years are given below: Year 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 T&D Losses (%) 21.41 21.13 22.27 23.41
Renovation & Modernisation Of the installed capacity of about 85,744 MW as on March 1997, 34057 MW is covered under ongoing R&M program. Of these 24,404 MW are thermal units and 9,653 MW hydel units. The likely benefits in terms of extra peaking capacity and energy to be realized through R&M are estimated to be more than 6000 MW. Per Capita Consumption The per capita consumption of electricity for the country as a whole is 335.42 kWh during 199596 as against 238.0 kWh during 1989-90. Co-Generation The additional co-generation potential in the Indian industrial sector has been estimated at 65008000 MW, about 50% of it from the sugar industry. Other major sources are the Fertilizer, Petrochemical, Cement, Paper, iron and steel industries. Captive Generation As of March 1996, the country had installed captive generation capacity of 11,889 MW in Industry and Railways. This does not include captive units of less than 1 MW capacity in industry and the large numbers of DG Sets in operation as standby for domestic, commercial and agricultural users. Captive units in industries are used to supplement the power drawn from the grid and as stand by in case of power cuts. More than half of the existing captive power capacity was added in the 1980s. With the looming power shortages, similar spurt is expected in the next half decade also. Perspective Plan The growth of the economy calls for a matching rate of growth of the power infrastructure. In order to support a sustained high rate of growth of GDP of nearly 6 per cent per annum, demand for power is expected to grow at around 9% annually. Central Electricity Authority (CEA), with
active participation of SEBs have assessed the energy and peaking demand as given below:ENERGY AND PEAKING DEMAND 1998-99 ENERGY DEMAND(Billion kWh) PEAKING DEMAND(MW)ANNUAL LOAD FACTOR (%) 469.06 78,936 67.83 2001-02 569.65 95,757 67.91 2006-07 781.86 130,944 68.16
Based on the 15th Electric Power Survey, CEA has prepared a National Power Plan in 1996-97 covering the 15 year period up to the end of the 11th Plan (2007-12). In the Plan, projects totalling to 52820 MW have been identified as the need based requirement in the 9th Plan (1997-2002), This would include 8413 MW capacity of hydro plants, 43528 MW capacity of thermal plants and 880 MW capacity of nuclear plants. The capacity addition needed during the 10th Plan could be 45,370 MW and the capacity addition needed during the 11th Plan would be 55,593 MW. Based on the capacity addition requirements, funds required for the generation component of the National Power Plan have been assessed and are shown below. The requirement of funds for the transmission and distribution component would be about 60% of the funds requirement for generation: FUNDS REQUIREMENT Plan 9th Plan 10th Plan 11th Plan Total Capacity to installed (MW) 52,820 54,370 55,593 153,783 be Funds generation component (Rs. US $ (bil) Millions) 2,250,000(1) 2,500,000(1) 1,250,000(2) 16,000,000 53.57 59.52 29.76 143
(1)Includes funds for advance action on Plan Projects, (2) In addition, about Rs. 1,500,000 millions would be needed for advance action for 12th Plan projects. For T&D components, Rs. 4,000,000 millions would be required totaling Rs.10,000,000 million (US $ 240 bil) for the power sector.