Turbo-machinery Project

Faculty of Engineering and Technology The University of Jordan, Amman-Jordan

Turbofan Engines
By

Waleed Shriem (0076467) Ahmed Awni Al-Qar a (0076416) Ahmed Fahmi Abu-Znait (0072812) Khaldoon Mohammad Dardas (0076426)

March, 2011

Abstract:

A turbofan engine is the modified engine from the basic gas turbine engine which also called the turbo-jet engine, so to understand how it works, jet propulsion will be clarified then the design of the main components of a turbojet such as compressors, combustion chamber, turbines, and exhaust system will be introduced and then see what is motivated in the turbofan and how that gives the higher thrust and better fuel efficiency. Is it reasonable for the most of modern airliners to use turbofan engines, instead of the old jet-engines?

Introduction:
Propulsion system is the system which generate thrust force which required moving the aircraft, it can simply achieved by the third Newton s law which states that for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction, then we can get a thrust force as reaction in forward direction if we found a system can act a force from the aircraft to the space as action. Jet engine which also called gas turbine engine was developed in the Second World War independently in Germany and in England. Early gas turbine engines worked much like a rocket engine creating a hot exhaust gas which was passed through a nozzle to produce thrust. To get full information of how the jet engine works, main parts will be discussed separately.

Figure 1: Jet engine parts.*

Parts of Jet engine: Every part of the Jet engine comes in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the mission of the aircraft. 1-Inlets: to bring free stream air into the engine. The inlet sits upstream of the compressor. 2-Compressor: to increase the pressure of the incoming air before it enters the combustor. Compressor performance has a large influence on total engine performance.

Axial and centrifugal compressors are used. Centrifugal compressors, which were used in the first jet engines, are still used on small turbojets and turboshaft engines and as pumps on rocket engines. Modern large turbojet and turbofan engines usually use axial compressors. Axial is preferred because it can easily be connected in series (multi-stage) 3-Combustor or burner in which the fuel is combined with high pressure air and burned. The resulting high temperature exhaust gas is used to turn the power turbine and produce thrust when passed through a nozzle. 4-power turbine it located downstream of the burner to extract energy from the hot flow and turn the compressor. Work is done on the power turbine by the hot exhaust flow from the burner. 5-nozzle to produce thrust, to conduct the exhaust gases back to the free stream, and to set the mass flow rate through the engine. The nozzle sits downstream of the power turbine.

Figure 2: Parts of jet engine.