ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT

Edited
by
F,

LL.

GRIFFITH

FO UB TEENTH MEMOIR

THE EOCK TOMBS

OF

EL
N.

AMARNA
II.
BY

PAET II.-THE TOMBS OF PANBHESY AND MBEYRA

DE G.

DAVIES

FORTY-SEVEN PLATES

LONDON
SOLD AT

Thk OE'FICEH of
AND BY
B.

the EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND,

37,

Gkeat Kussell Street, W.O.

AND PiJSECE Building, CoTley Square, Boston, Mass., U.8.A.

KECJAN PAUL, TiiENOH, TBUBNBK & CO., Dkvden House, 43, Gerrakd Stkeei, 80110. W. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ASHER & Co., 13, BEOfoKD Street, Oovent Garden, W.C.
;

AND

HENEY

I'llOWDE, Amen Corner, E.G.

PJOO

College of

Ar^tectuie Library

OforncU Itttuccsitg
atljata,

ffitbtatg

Kew ^nrk

A.-'o&i^^- 'o^^ J-j-

Cornell University Library

DT 62.T6D3
V.2

The rock tombs

of El

Amarna

...

3 1924 020 525 352

The

original of this

book

is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in
text.

the United States on the use of the

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924020525352

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT

Edited by
F.

LL.

GRIFFITH

FOURTEENTH MEMOIR

THE EOCK TOMBS

OF

EL AMAENA
PAET II.-THE TOMBS OE PANEHESY AND MEEYEA
BY

II.

N.

DE G.

DAVIES

FORTY-SEVEN PLATES

LONDON
SOLD AT

The offices OF
AND BY
B.

THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND,

AND PlEKCE
BiriLDING,

37,

Great Eussbll Street, W.G.

CoPLEY SQUAHE, BoSTON, MASS., U.S.A.

QCTARITCH,

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TEUBNBR & CO., Dryden House, 43, Gerbaud Street, Soho, W, ASHER & Co., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 15, Piccadilly, W. AND HENRY FROWDB, Amen Corner, E.G.
;

MH

1905
I

UUIVI

vY

LONDON:.

PRINTED BY GIIBEET AND BITINGTON IIMITBD,

ST.

JOHN'S HOtrSE, OIEBKBNWEIiL.

EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND.

tesiOent.

SIE

JOHN EVANS,

K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., P.E.S., V.P.S.A.

IDiccaipreet&ents.

The Et. Hon. The Eael op Ceomee, G.C.B G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt). Geneeal Loed Gebnfell, G.C.B. G.C.M.G The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.). SiK E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L. Peof. G. Maspbeo, D.C.L. (Prance).
,

LL.D.

Peof. Ad. Eeman, Ph.D. (Germany).

A. H. Sayce, M.A.,

The Eev. Peof.

LL.D

Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia).

fcon. trreasuters.

H. A. Gbuebek, Esq., E.S.A.

Gaednee M. Lane, Esq.

(U.S.A.).

1bon. Secretaries.
J. S.

Cotton, Esq., M.A.

Albeet M. Lythgoe, Esq.

(U.S.A.).

Members
T.

of Committee.

H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.

The Ebv. W. MacGeegoe, M.A.

C.

0. P.
J.

MoBEELY Bell, Esq.

MoIlvaine, Esq. (U.S.A.).

E. Caetee, Esq. (U.S.A.).

The Maequbss of Noethampton,

Peancis
P. G.

SoMEES Claeke, Esq., P.S.A. W. E. Ceum, Esq., M.A. Louis Dyee, Esq., M.A. (for U.S.A. Com"'). Aethub John Evans, Esq., M.A., P.E.S. Peof. Eenest A. Gaednee, M.A.
P. Ll. Gbiffith, Esq., M.A., P.S.A. P. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.

Wm.

Peecival, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

Hilton Peice, Esq., Die.S.A. SiE Heebeet Thompson, Baet. Mes. Tieaed. Emanuel M. Undebdown, Esq., K.C. John Wabd, Esq., P.S.A.
E.

TowBY Whytb,

Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

Peof. Alexandee Macalistee, M.D.

Majoe-Genebal Sie Chaelbs W. Wilson,

K.C.B., K.C.M.G., P.E.S.

Mes. McCluee.

CONTENTS
PAGE

List of Plates

vii

Chapter

I.
1

The Site op the Northern Tombs.

2.
3. 4.
5.

The Site The smaller tombs The stone dwellings

1 1
.

4 4
5
6

Quarries, surface burials, &c.

6.

The roads The chronology

....
of the

tombs

Chapter

II.

The Tomb

oe Panehesy.

A. Architectural Features.
1.

2. 3.

4.
5. 6.

The The The The The

Exterior
Hall
.

9 9

Inner Chamber
Shrine

11 11

Sculpture

11
11

Coptic remains

B. The Sculptured Scenes.

1.

2.
3.

The Entrance Portal The Thickness of the outer wall The HaU. Architraves and abaci
.

13
13
15
16

4. 5.
6. 7. 8.

South portal
S. wall,

W.

side

16
17 17

E. side

E. wall
N".

wall
.

19 19

9.

N. portal

W. wall 11. The Thickness of the partition wall

10.
.

20
28 28

12.

The

Shrine, B. wall

C.

The

Religious Texts.
1.

2. 3.

The longer prayers The shorter prayers.

Burial petitions

29 30
31

CONTENTS.

Chapter

III.

The Tomb of Meryra

The exterior The HaU The Inner Chambers The Sculpture
Scenes.

(IL)
PAGE

A. Architectural Features
1.

2.
3. 4.

....
.

33
33 33

S*

B.

The Sculptured
1.

2.
3.

The thickness of the outer wall The HaU, S. wall, W. side

34

34
36 38 43

E. wall

E. side
.

4.
5.

N. wall
Texts.
.

C.

The Religious
1.

The longer prayers

44
45 45

2.
3.

A shorter prayer
Prayers on the architraves

Index

46

LIST OF PLATES
WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED

PLATE
I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.

IX.

X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.

XIV.

XV.
XVI. XVII.
XVIII.

XIX.
'XX.

XXI. XXII.
XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII; XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.
XXXI.

LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE

XXXII. XXXIII.

S. wall.

W.

side.

The King drinking

,,

B. side.
.,

XXXIV.

Key plate On the balcony

.

XXXY.
XXXVI. XXXVII.
XXXVIII.

,,

,,

The bystanders Meryra welcomed home

plate

33,

E. wall.

Key

Tribute of the South

XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
5)

Tribute of the East

N. Wall.

Lower registers Meryra rewarded

Plans
Plans Plans

Tombs
,,

1a, 1b, &c. 3a, 3c, 3d.

3b, 3e, 6c.
3f, 6b.

XL III.
XLIV.

XLV.

Plans
ii.

XLVI. *Tomb XLVII. *

of Meryra

The

hall

Sculptures
* Photographic plates.

THE

EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA,

PART
II.

CHAPTEE

I.

THE SITE OF THE NORTHERN TOMBS.

The
Site.

The Smaller Tombs.

As has been

said

in

the former volume, the

Tomb

6c.

The earlier tombs of the group are

the east.
6,

northern group of tombs at El

here are

Amarna

lies

on

those furthest to
therefore, with

We
tomb
The

shall

begin,

the N.B. side of the desert plain (Plate

hills

i.).

The

No.

the

of

Panehesy
at this

cleft

by a ravine which brings

occasional torrential

(No.

1 of

Lepsius), leaving this and other large

down the waters

rains,

of the

tombs

for

separate notice.

cliff

formerly of enormously greater volume

point tends to a sheer face or even overhangs.

than now.

The range

at this point

is

not

lofty,

Near No.
left

it

presents

a curious appearance

only reaching an elevation of about 280 feet

(Plate XXV.), for well above

of that

and a

little to

the

above the level of the

usual, a

plain,

and dipping some-

what on both sides to the wady. It affords, as more or less abrupt face for the upper half of its height, and for the lower a steep footslope of looser rock (see photograph, Plate xxiv.).

tomb a small rock-chamber, provided with both doorway and window, has been hewn
in the unscalable I'ock.

As

the
it

sill

is

24

feet

even from the mounds below,

to lash

was necessary

two ladders together to effect an entrance.

of
is

The rock-hewn tombs naturally lie at the meeting of the two, a little more than half-way up (approximately 150 feet for No. 5). The limestone
is

small irregular chamber some six feet high

inscriptions

was found, devoid

(Plate xliv.).

or graffiti

There

nothing to prove that the

of

bad

quality,

and contains enormous

excavation was
this is probable,

made
even

for purposes of burial,

if it

but

flint-like boulders,

which, freed from the rocks

be of late date.

Those
it

by denudation, cover the level heights above,

like fallen fruit.
It
is

who

afterwards

made

a dwelling-place of

cut

in

most places very substelae

this

a very neat and serviceable

window with

con-

ject to weathering,

and many of the rock

has

verging sides and top.

have almost disappeared under The stratification of the range

approaching the
vertical,

process.

The need for it may have been due to a partition of the room, of which
there are some traces.

dip

Brick houses beneath

and the weakness thus

perhaps rendered this retreat more accessible

given to the surface of the tomb walls has caused

than now, but

it

is

unlikely that they reached

much

injury to the sculptures.

to the full height,

and holes which pierce the

B

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

corners of the door- cheek indicate that
ascent was

the

by a rope-ladder or some such means.

shows the cartouches of Aten, flanked by those of the king and queen, and
lintel

The

In any case the place must have been singularly

apparently also by the figure and prayer of the

deceased.

The excavation seems to have been effected by cutting broad vertical grooves and then breaking away the intervening mass. 6d. Another small and very similar chamsecure.

On

the upper part of the right

can

still

be read,
"

"

Life to the father

king

the living Ea, ruler

!

jamb god and

of the

ber

is

found on the ground level a

6.

little

to the

right of No.
affords

It

also

has a window and

"I give praise to " The open side of the forecourt has been built up with walls of piled stone to
form a house.

two horizons the living Aten

no proof of use as a tomb.

6b, 6a.

short distance westward are two

The
vault.

interior

shows

hurried

preparation,

other excavations, one in the cliff-face and one

in the slope so

directed primarily to the provision of a burial

below

it.

The

latter (6 a) has

been

The transverse gallery of which

been given
its

it

was

much

altered in later times that its original

to consist has not

full

height or

size

lost. The former has a promising doorway, but the interior is un-

and shape are quite

finished at the N, end.

shaft
is

The mouth

of the burial

cut in a mastaba of rock, and at the

little

finished.

A recess in the left hand wall

is

a relic

depth of only a few feet admits to a

ber on the east.
the

cham-

of later occupation, as also are the exceptionally

solid

Two
all

little

niches for lamps in

and regularly built walls of piled stone outside. These must have formed an excellent
iri

W.

wall are relics of the domestic use to

which

this

and

the other tombs were put in

abode, as homes go

the Orient, with several

later days.

rooms, of which the original chamber was the inmost and most secure. part of the dwel-

3e (Plate

xliv.)

is

the

first

of a

series

of

ling

was on an upper
xlv.).

level of rock, in
cut.

which a

neighbouring tombs cut in a low ledge of rock and facing a little west of south. It is of
irregular shape, just allowing standing room,

rude stairway has been

(See Plates xxv.

and

and contains no provision for burial,

distance separates these from

A considerable

A lampof

niche in the wall outside dates from the time

the next tombs to the west, Nos. -5, 4 and 3 (of Pentu, Meryra, and Ahmes), which follow one another at some interval and without any

when
3d

the court was

(Plate

made

a dwelling-place.
is

xliii.).

This tomb

much

the same shape as the last and shows similar

signs of incompleteness.

dependent tombs of smaller

size.

Beyond them,
in

Later occupants have

where the
below

cliff

is

much reduced

height,

a series of small tombs was cut in the slope

it.

fashioned a shelved recess 39 inches high in the south wall.

3f (No. 5 of Lepsius).

The

first

of these

(Plate xlv.) was not wholly uninscribed.

The

3c (Plate xliii.). tomb of the corridor type with an inner chamber set transversely. Only the outer hall has been finished. The
walls outside are rough, and, like those of its

decoration of the portal

may

even have been

completed, but the weathering of the rock has

left

neighbours, have no trace of inscription.

walls inside are well laid out

The

us

little

of

it.

The type

of facade, represent-

and finished to a

ing a portal set in a wall,

is

repeated in

all

the

succeeding tombs.

The projecting
roll

cornice, as

was often formed of stones cemented into a groove instead of being

it,

sometimes also the

below

ceiling is highly vaulted near the doorway, but becomes almost flat at the N. end. There is a rough trench in the
floor,

good surface.

The

cut in the living rock.

parallel to the W. wall and deepening towards the ends, which seems designed (cf. Part

THE SITE OP THE NORTHERN TOMBS.

i.

pp. 12, 13).

A rough

recess has been cut in

of which has

two cups

to hold water-jars

and

the

W.
is

wall.

The doorway to the inner chamber

on the other by two

these pseudo-cofiins

pits

excavated in the floor

has not been completely excavated, and the inner

to the shape of sarcophagi.

room

not more than begun, the upper part, as

Drill holes

The dimensions of only just allow them to

usual, having been first attacked.

contain

human

bodies.

tethering staple has

are noticeable at intervals in the floor

axis of the hall.

down

the

been formed in the wall at the head of each. This seems accidental, this corner having been
the stable of the inhabitants.
doubt, was of
1a.

3b

(Plate

xliv.).
is

This,

the finest of the

The

burial,

no

uninscribed tombs,
last,

of the

same type

as the

but of much larger

proportions.

The

much later date than the tomb. Tomb of Rudu (Plates xlii., xxiv.).
upper parts being well
finished, while

facade has suffered much, but apparently had

This small chamber was never completed, the

front and

never been inscribed.

of the

Again we have the arch

towards the N. end
wall.

ceiling flattening

the lower part of the walls and the back of the

and a trench near the "W.

there
is

In

this case
ceil-

also a corresponding

groove in the

room are left in the rough. But although this tomb was abandoned by the owner without
having been furnished with a place of interment,
the smoothed lintel outside enabled either
or
his

ing for about the same distance, but not exactly

above tomb.

it.

do not doubt that

it is

a construc-

him
one

tional error, utilized or concealed in the finished

some usurper to scratch a

faint

memorial of

There are recesses on the

W.

side,

prob-

name

and

hopes.

With

difficulty

ably due to the removal of patching stones.

in 3c, the inner

As

deciphers"
of the
gift

in the presence of the

Lord
of

room has not been begun. Evidence of the mode of removing the stone is It affbrded by a circular trench in the floor.

Two

Lands, and a good burial by the

(?) [of the king ?]^

on the great

clifl"

Akhetaten

like

any favourite of Ua-en-ra

Tombs.

(?).

about six inches wide and narrows to the bottom. As the chamber was still extremely
is

For

(?)

the ha of Rudu."^

Scattered

Besides

this

series

of

low on this be used, while the rough character of the groove

side,

no machine of any

size

could

tombs along the

hill- side

there are a few of unhills.

known

date in the vicinity, within the

On

indicates hand-work,

passing through the gap, a

directly opposite

wady

will

be seen

3a (Plate xliii.) is now nothing more than Only a minimum of a tiny cave (uncleared). work can have been spent on it.

and

left.

and two others Between that on the

is

to the right
left

and the
hills.

central

ravine

a track ascending the

is

The four remaining tombs are on the W. side The two inscribed of the gap in the hills.
tombs are hewn some distance beyond these
in the
first

Slightly to the right of this path

a tomb with

a tiny doorway.
1

It consists of a

chamber some
pit, 8 feet

available slope

and

6 feet

by

5,

containing an oblong
the E. and

will be found

two

deep.

From

W.

ends of the pit

smaller chambers, excavated in a low ledge of rock, which is cut back deeply in each case for

two good-sized burial chambers are entered. Another tomb will be found at the first bend of
the central wady, high
gap.

a width just sufficient to receive the portal. The excavation of the 1b (Plate xlii.).
interior
is still

up the

cliff

third

and fourth

will

and facing the be found back to

unfinished above and below.

It
it

back in a low ridge of rock to the right of the

seems to have been the intention to furnish

with architraves, though without supporting columns. Evidence of subsequent occupation by two recesses, one is given on the one hand

'

Perhaps

]
ii.

Of. L. D., Text,

p. 141.

THE EOOK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.

gap.

That facing the gap

is

large but exces;

clear proof that this hill-side

sively rough, perhaps a natural cave enlarged

the other consists of a chamber 7 feet square,

was for some time the abode of a population numbering several Security seems to have been a hundreds.
matter of consideration, for some of the
colonies
little

but only 2

feet high.

are

built

like birds' nests on ledges

The Stone Dwellings.

In front of
all

the tombs just described, walls

of piled stone will be found marking out the

summit of the cliff, in spite of Even at the great inconvenience and danger. very end of the range, an hour's walk from the
of rock at the
river, I

rooms of what were once tolerable dwellings

(Plate xlii.)

found a large cave reached by a

stair-

They are generally considered

for

to

way

cut in the rock,

which staples for pendant

have been built

obviously not

the

convenience of the
this is

lamps and the remains of coarse pottery showed

plainly to have been the lonely

workmen engaged on
so.

the tombs, but

home

of

some
found
5.

They would
it is

in that case have

anchorite or refugee.

good example of the

is

been cleared away as soon as the tomb was completed

;

solid character of these constructions

and while

true that every

it,

tomb has
an over-

on the opposite side of the

raised on

hill

from No.

ruined huts attached to

any

shelter afforded

Here, at great labour, a large platform has been

retaining walls of natural boulders

by a

fallen boulder, a natural cave, or

also seized

hanging ledge was

tight retreat,
built on to
it

upon

for a wind-

and rough blocks of limestone, and covered with

a solid pavement of slabs of cement.^

while roomier

chambers

were

A rough

to suit the occupants' fancy

and

chamber hewn

in

the hill-side

serves for an

need.

Such constructions are found from end to end of this hill-side, and form colonies far
from any tomb.
are

inner room, and a neat stairway, cut in the

Some

are even placed on the

summit, notably a group above

Tomb

6.

They

summit just The whole is now much broken up. Although I have not found a single Coptic
wall of rock, gives access to the
above.
graffito in these houses, I

by no means of the rudest

retaining

kind, but occa-

do not doubt that the

if

sionally represent a considerable expenditure of

builders were Copts

and

any one questions

of people living so

labour, massive
built

walls

having been

the probability of a
far

number

up

to

make a

level platform,

and recesses
In some
laid

formed in the walls for domestic

cases substantial

uses.

from water and in such eyries, he has only to visit the village of Deir Rifeh, near Assiout,

cement pavements were

all

where the spectacle may

sundered from the

still

be seen, even in

down

in slabs

and in
was

the doorways in the

the security and civilization of these days.

life

So

groups 3a to 3f a step of smoothly plastered

bricks or stones
terrent
to
set,

of

Egypt were these

perhaps

as

de-

mountain-dwellers that the use of

limited to

mud
The

bricks
6,

is

wandering

snakes and scorpions.

some buildings outside Tomb

is

which

Where

the owner was fortunate enough to have

was then their place of worship.

according to Prof. Petrie,

pottery,

secured a tomb for his inmost chamber and a

late Roman.'*

rock-hewn court in which to shelter

rooms, he cut holes in
its

his outer

fa9ade to receive roof^

Quarries, Surface Burials, Etc.

is so completely weathered away that only a few hieroglyphs remain. There is a small quarry of coarse

beams, recesses for water-jars

staples for tethering his

and lamps, and

All this
is

The one

stela (V.)

on

this site

animals.

Cf. p. 3.

There

is

a specially neat recess 6 and 6b.

It

hewn

in
3

the rock-face between

Tombs

forms a

little

Cf.

Sheikh Said,

p. 4.

rock-cut sideboard, having cups to hold six jars.

Peteie, T. A.,p.6.

THE SITE OF THE NOETPIERN TOMBS.

alabaster in the

quarries are
river.

wady behind No. 5, and surface numerous between Tomb ] and the
14

by Professor
prevented
those
its

Petrie.^

Unfortunately accident

completion.
fall

My own
I

work on
of
;

In one above No. 6 several loose blocks

roads which
i.,

within the limits

about 24

10

ins.

remain on the

spot.

Plate
for,

has not the exactness

could wish

In the quarry in which Queen Tyi's cartouche

is

though plainly traceable from above and in

cut there

is

also sculptured,

high up on a
both

certain lights, they

become
to

so indistinguishable
difficult

pillar of rock,

a doorway and a figure,

near at hand that they are

to

plan

of the type characteristic of the period.

without
site

help.

It

is

be hoped that the

Other interesting antiquities of the

are

Government

will

include these roads in their

some occurrences of
the
cliff.

burials

on the summit of

Survey, and note the points at which they strike

the ruins or the river.

At

several points on both sides of

the gap are large round cairns built of the

globular boulders which strew the
hill,

The roads are formed simply by the removal

of the loose pebbles to one side
this
little
;

some-

but, slight as

times with buttress walls or appended heaps of

smaller
size.

preparation was, millenniums

to efface
it.

have done

Most are wrecked, and one on the

open and
filled

In some cases they waver or

western

hill T foiind

with a mass
leather,
(?).

change their direction, but often, and for long

stretches,

of burial

debris^ including

cloth,

and

they are ruled as with a pen on paper,

fragments of wooden stools and bowls

They

and

this is

even true of some which have only

seem
shaft,
it

built

on the

solid rock,

and certainly merit

is

the breadth of a narrow track.

Very few can

traffic

further examination.

Behind No. 3

an open

be the result merely of continual

between

but the large amount of boulders round

interior

two fixed
far

points.

Such a path would be very

had occasion
to notice.

seem to have been removed from the

cairn.
is

from

straight, as I

and do not presuppose a

Still

more
like

interesting

a cist-tomb, above
cromlech,
built

No.

6,

a diminutive

of

boulders and roofed with pieces of weathered

rock (Plate xxiv.).

It

measures only 93
ins. in

ins.

by 69
and
it
is

ins,

outside, and about 24

is

height,
ins.

The track which my water-donkey left on the plain, and which threatens to be the most permanent memorial of my three winters' stay, meanders in a way worthy of the animal and yet was always followed by the natives. The larger roads may have been used for
chariots (" wheel roads "

as the interior breadth

only about 18

the natives stUl call

could scarcely contain a full-sized body.

built

It

them),

some

only by pedestrians,

palanquin

on the rock, and

its

axis

is

due east and

I

bearers or patrols.
goals such as

Nearly

all

lead to obvious

west, the opening being to the east.

do not
it is

tombs or

stelae.

Some seem

to

venture to claim an early date for

it,

but

in

make
fore

for the

stone-built hamlets,

and therelaid-out

any case an interesting instance

primitive

of recourse to a
for

may

be of Christian times, though one

carefully

mode
fail

of burial

when implements
loose

would
close

not have expected

any reason
hand.

and only

stones are to

paths from them.

to

The roads cannot be traced

the tombs, as they have there been

finely-ground

limestone
hills

axe-head

was

disturbed or replaced

by

tourist paths.
is

picked up at the foot of the

near Hawata.

The

laying- out of the roads

in good accord

with the priority which will be claimed for

The Roads.
The roads which Akhenaten caused to be laid out in the desert of El Amarna have been
the
object
of

Tombs

3,

5,

and

6.

Apparently the road

Petbie, T. a., plate xxxv. and pp.

ii.,

4, 5.

See also

most

commendable

labour

L. D., Text,

pp. 136, 137.

THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

leading to No. 6 was
that site
priated.
first

made, showing that

first

G.

Narrow and
3,

ill-defined
off to the

path aiming at

was one of the

to

be appro3 two short 3 and

5.

Tomb

but bending

tombs round

3c.

At

a point opposite

Tomb

Direction 92.

roads were led off from

to

Tombs

H. Narrow path aiming

ing off towards

at

Tomb

4,

but bend-

"When Meryra made

out the great

his tomb, however,

he

laid

Tomb

3.

Direction

93|^.

avenue K, thirty-one

feet

in

breadth and stretching from the foot of the

to a great clearing in the plain
river.

hills

K. Avenue above described. Direction 104. L. Broad road to Tomb 4, from the junction
with N.

mid-way

to the

In this square Professor Petrie found

M.
102.

similar road to

Tomb
14
ft.

5.

three mounds, two of

on

all

four sides.^

them approached by ramps The northernmost has a

its

N. Road to

Tomb

6,

broad.

Direction

It is nearly parallel

with K, but makes a

the original direc-

square brick foundation, and

faces

eastern side
is

sudden bend away from

tion being continued

it,

down

the avenue.
altar,

Only the central one

I

by a
6

faint track.

shaped like an
that

and

am tempted

to see in
site

0.
faint

Road
and

to

Tomb

from a different point

6

mound

to

which the avenue leads the

This

irregular.

Direction 93.
(?).

of a great rostrum

where Akhenaten's public

is

P.

Road

to

Tomb

Fairly broad.

appearances were made.

figured in the

Direction 87.

tomb

of

Huya with

four ascents, and as having

it

a raised shrine opposite

and an

altar

between

the exact
The
far

Two narrow paths, diverging from a common track. Q leads towards a collection
Q, R.
of stone huts
;

relation of these remains.

seems intended to ascend to

rest of these roads

from the tombs are

the top of the

hills.

from converging to one point, but make

directly for the river to the north of the city,

The Chronology op the Tombs. As

dates are specified only in

perhaps in order to avoid the loose sand of the

watercourses to right and
left.^

Tombs
is

and

2,

the clearest evidence of sequence

described
as

the

number

The
follows
:

roads

may

be

briefly

of daughters

Queen

in

accompany the King and the various tombs. Although this is

even a precise
artist

who

A. Road to 1a, 1b from

able a short distance.

or C, only trace-

open to

error, since

might

Direction 12^.
1

well ignore infants at

(?),

B. Road to

Tombs

and 2 from the avenue

increasing family of

any rate, the regulai'ly Akhenaten seems to have

12

ft.

broad.

Direction

IT.
(?).

been faithfully noted.

The

case of failure in the

C.

Road along the

Not very
broad.

foot of the hills

D. Road to the wadij from far across the

plain.

straight,

but well

cleared,

16

ft.

Direction 23.

E.

Road
Road

to the toady

from the
2.

S.

tombs

(?),

tomb of Huya, which I cited in Part i, p. 42, is much ameliorated by my subsequent discovery of scenes in which four daughters appear but the royal tomb seems to ignore two children. The sequence of the tombs on this basis, so
far as

12

ft.

broad.

Direction

my

information goes,
;

is

as follows

F.

to stela

V.

Scarcely visible.

(N = North group S = South group of tombs) One daughter. S9 (Mahu); S 11 (Rames).

4th and 6th years. Two. S 23 (Any) stelge of 6th and 8th years. Three. S 10 (Apy) S 25 (Ay. Nezemet-mut shown); S 8 (Tutu); N 3 (Ahmes) N 5
Stelge of
;

' ^

Petrie, T. A., plate

xlii.

parallel to the river from a bay in the hills, just outside the " North Town " in Petrie's
line

The
is

which runs

map,

not a road but the remains of an outer dyke or wall of the town.

(Pentu).

THE SITE OP THE NOETHBEN TOMBS.

Three and
Four.
four.

S 7

N
;

6 (Panehesy.

Neze-

were:

(a)

the

small

met-mut shown

in both).

verse chamber, (b)

tomb with narrow transthe tomb in which this was

4 (Meryra)

(Huya.

Baket-

placed at the end of a long corridor, (c) the

aten shown).

Five and

six.

2 (Meryra

ii.).

Seven. (Four?) Royal Tomb.^

Three daughters seem to have been born in

the latter part of the 4th, 6th and 8th years

tomb with a more spacious hall crowded with columns. The first type was retained in the N. groups only for smaller tombs the third was found too elaborate, till the columns were
;

reduced to two or four, when

it

became the
of decora-

and

if

we suppose

this regularity to

have condaughter

model type.
tion,

The economical corridor tomb

its

tinued, the youngest and seventh

(?)

alone was taken over, with

mode

of Nefertiti,

who was

in

arms

at the funeral of

from the

S.

groups, and employed for the

Meketaten, would be born in the 16th year of

the reign.

burial of

Ahmes and Pentu.

Hence we may assign the tombs of Ahmes and Pentu to the 9th year, Panehesy to the 10th, Meryra to the 11th, Huya to the 12th
and 13th
(since
it
;

The tomb of Panehesy, which modified the form of the columned hall, has elsewhere the
closest afiinities

with the southern tombs, among

of the entrance with

an event of the mid-twelfth

probably the
is

is

them being the decoration

recorded in

fifth

daughter was
ii,

figures of the worshipping

King and Queen as

just born, but

to the 14th

not depicted), and Meryra

later addition.

well as the deceased, the provision of a winding

and 15th, with a

stairway to the burial vault, and the naos-like

shrines in the hall.
(3)

This order coincides well with three other lines

of evidence
:

(1) the position of the tombs, (2)

One

of the

features

that

distinguishes
is

their character, (3) the form of the cartouches

the latter

half

-of

Akhenaten's reign

the

of Atea.

We
may be

find that the

tombs of the
;

S.

changed form of the cartouches of the god.^

group belong to the three-children period

at most,

one,

The

earlier

form

is

almost invariable in the S.

stelss.
is

little later.

The

burial-place,

tombs,^ and on the

It

appears in the

then, was shifted at this period to the opposite

side of the desert,

N. group
of

also,

but

it

precisely to the
it

tombs
is

where the bold

cliffs

afibrded

Ahmes, Pentu, and Panehesy* that

It fell into

con-

better

sites.

The
first

steepest faces of rock

would

fined.

complete disuse then, with

naturally be
sideration

appropriated, and this con-

the 10th year of Akhenaten's reign.

marks out Pentu, Ahmes, and Paneearliest.

The uninscribed tombs

3a

3f, are

of the
in

hesy as the

These three were perhaps

small T-shaped and corridor types

common

begun simultaneously, though that of Panehesy took much longer to construct. But we cannot
see the reason for

the earlier tombs, but the form of the cartouche

abandoning the good

still

sites

near Panehesy
latest

and
of

less for

removing the

tomb later than the three just mentioned. The two tombs 1a, 1b, belong no doubt to the same period as Nos. 1 and 2.
in 3f puts this It will be seen that the 9th year of

tombs

far to the west.

Akhen-

(2)

The forms

tomb

in

vogue in the south

aten

is

one of exceptional activity and inventive-

The eldest four children are shown and a suckling whose name ended in
'

in the royal tomb,

t.

^
3

Part

i.,

pp. 9, 45.

It

must there-

fore either be the fourth daughter, who elsewhere is seen walking with Meketaten or weeping at her bier, or a

seventh.

I do not think the lacuna can possibly admit

The only exceptions I know are in the tombs of Mahu (early ?), and on the columns of Tutu. * This tomb perhaps shows the transition, like that of Tutu, but the cartouches that seem of the later form
are scarcely legible.

Neferneferuaten-ta-sherat.

THE EOCK TOMBS OF BL AMARNA.

ness,

and no doubt represents the high-water

of prosperity in Akhetaten.

spare a chisel.
high, Meryra,

Meanwhile, when hopes were

as high-priest of

mark

The public
officials

buildings had been completed, and the

Aten had the post of power and favour at court, usurped

all

who

having been provided with suitable buildings

in the city, could, plan ambitious eternity " in

the

talent for his splendid

tomb and

left

"houses of
of

Pentu, Ahmes, and

many more lamenting

their

the desert.

But the craftsmen

his
courtiers.

half-executed decorations, or halls which had

Akhetaten could not keep pace with the lavish

projects

only half emerged from the rock.

The days

of

of the

King or

Not

prosperity and leisured luxury were never to

return, either to

one of these splendid tombs was quite finished.

them or

to

new

favourites in

The

walls were prepared and the hard- driven

pacified all his employers

Akhetaten, and the tombs have come down to

artist

by making a

our day as the downfall of Aten-worship

them, a few years after
its

left

brave beginning in paint where he could not

inception.

CHAPTEE
THE TOMB OF PANEHESY

II.

for

A. Architectural Features.

tomb of Panehesy having evidently been taken

as a general model.

The Exterior

(Plates
:

ii.,

v., vi.).

Previous plans are

Hay, MSS. 29,847, foil. 12, 13 (complete). L'H6te, Papiers, iii. 279 (unplotted).

was a room whose breadth little exceeded the depth, but a rough enlargement

The

first hall

of the lower part at the hands of the Copts has of

The tomb

is

excavated at the foot

the

greatly altered the dimensions

plan.

of the

ground

boldest of the rock-faces hereabout, though the

full effect is lost

Other disfigurements too have greatly

hall,

by the base being buried under

at

changed the appearance of the

the chief

several feet of debris (photograph, Plate xxv.).

being the removal of the two western columns and

'

As
able

the

tomb was

some period a place of

its

the substitution of an ecclesiastical apse for the

false

Christian worship, there has been a consider-

door which once balanced

This violence,

amount

of Coptic building round

door.

east side.
injuries

on the combined with minor

its

fellow

The wall
left

of rock has been dressed to a fairly

for

and the

wash of grey

plaster with

smooth surface
along the foot.

some distance
is

to right

and
left

which the Copts obliterated the sculptures, has

given a very sorry aspect to a hall which the
bats, that

of the doorway, a

bank of rock being

The entrance

adorned by

pest

of Egyptian tombs, have, on

a portal of the type already familiar.

lintel

Both

their part, not spared.

and jambs are sculptured, but the latter are half cut away, and on the right an apseshaped niche has been cut out by the Copts.

When

fresh from the hands of the designers'

the hall was divided

by two rows

of

two columns
free for

each, leaving about half the area of the hall

between

them.
all

The walls were

but the north
side,

The Hall
The

(Plates

ii., iii.,

iv.).

sculpture on
false

where two
This latter

exterior wall

is

of the customary solidity,

for decorative

doors occupy half the space.

and the thickness has been used

purposes.
ideal

feature does not recur in

any other of these

doors
in

.The interior

fulfils

the Egyptian

tombs, unless the

uncut
false

Meryra's

by

aiFording a suite of three

chambers,

ante-chamber and the

doors in the inner

the outer hall as a place of public gathering and worship, an inner chamber containing the
place of interment, and a smaller shrine as a place of privacy for the deceased.
If the plans

room
S.

of

Ahmes

represent

it.

Such doorways
statues of to

are found, however, in the large haUs of the

group and contain

intended

sitting

the
his

deceased,

apparently

mark
well portal

be compared with those of Meryra it will be seen that, but for the addition of an ante-

presence in the reception

his private retreat.

room as Whether the

as in

now

chamber
of
its

to that

tomb

iand the unfinished state

destroyed contained such a figure cannot be

determined.
Its fellow

inner rooms, the two are closely alike, the

had been only partially

10

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA..

it

excavated when
fissure interfered

was found that a natural

abandoned the

that stem which was left uncovered

to coincide with

is

seen not

with the work, and in disgust

any of the thirty-two, but with

them.

at this mischance the designer

a division between
capital

As

the

swelling

whole corner, including the sculpture on the

adjacent walls, so that
it

represents
of the

the

heads of the papyrus,

remains a monument
Dissatisfaction

the

leaves

calyx are represented like

only to his ill-temper.

this part of the hall
led,

with
a

sheathing (red lines

on yellow) on the eight

then or

later, to

underlying stems which are visible just above

the bands.

by the construction of a flight of steps descending to a rough burial chamber just below floor level.
further disfigurement,

That the inserted stems consist of

is

eight bundles of three

plain from the four

bands which
tionally

imite
red,

them
green,
itself is

(coloured
blue,

conven-

The columns
good deal
(I. ii.),

diff"er little essentially,

though a

blue,

whereas the

in appearance,

from those in

Tomb

band of the column

a natural yellow).

for in the latter that detail

was probably

The colouring

of these overlaid stems

and their

shown
chisel.

in paint

which

is

here marked by the

bands suggests that the architect was ignorant

of their raison d'etre.

They

are

much more

squat in appearless

ance,

being greater in girth though

in

The

details of the

columns on the

W.

face are

height.

Here, too, each of the eight bundles

is

interrupted

of papyri which the column represents

again
(not
half-

affixed placard.

by a blank space representing an The device on these tablets is

broken up above the sheathing

sculptured here) into four stems.

leaves

similar to that on the lintels of the doorways,

About

except that here a space below the cartouches

is

way between
capital there

the foot and the bands under the

is

occupied by a design representing the union

the

a break, the thirty-two stems of

is

of

Southern
for "

and
"

Northern

kingdoms,

which the column

drawing of east

now

built

up seeming

to

under the symbol of their representative plants.

be shifted round by half a stem's breadth (see

side).

The sign
Plate
iv.

union

occupies the centre.

is

This, however, is

due
eight
lies

whole device on the N. column

The shown on

in reality to the customary insertion of shorter

papyrus stems, three

bundles.

to

each

of

the

Each

of these inserted

stalks

and the ends of that on the S. column. (See p. 30 for the translations of the prayers.) It may be well to compare at this point the
picture of a papyrus

between the original stems and covers them.

column from the temple on

It

One out
tiated

of the four stems in each of the eight

is

the

W.

Aall

(Plate iv.h)}

will
artist

be seen

bundles, however,

left

visible

and

dififeren-

that the

typical

column of the

was of
in

by being coloured yellow, while Thus there are thirty-two

the

very

difi"erent

proportions from those

the

inserted stems are painted conventionally, blue,

red, blue.
divisions,

tomb.

In reality the columns

excavated,

when may have approached this

biiiU,

not

pattern.

above as below, twenty-four of them representing the overlaid stems and eight those underlying.

from the photograph (Plate xxvi.), even the remaining columns have been
will be seen

As

The

representation,

however,
;

is
it

not
is

congruous
division

with the conditions

for

between two stems, and not the surface

number of cups have been cut in the base of the S. column, to hold porous water-jars, with ducts for draining off
greatly mutilated.

of one stem, which forms the centre of a bundle of four and would be left uncovered
inserted stems.

by the
'

This error appears plainly on

The Plate

is

inexact.
'

the upper part of the capital, where the thirty-

tablet is correct in the right

The colouring below the hand column, thus showing

is lost

the apparent twist of the bands noted above, but

in its fellow.

two

original

stems again become visible

for

THE TOMB OF PANEHBSY.

the overflow into a basin in the
floor.

11

Of the

according to custom, a sitting statue of Panehesy, but

it

destroyed columns only the abaci remain.

floor of the

The

has been completely removed.

W.

half of the hall

is

very rough.

The Sculpture.
must be

The work

in the tomb,

it

The gloom

of the hall

was once relieved by

confessed,

was not good, and was,

the brilliant colouring of the walls, the columns, the frieze of cartouches, the pediment and the
ceiling.

therefore, less able to bear injury.

The

figures

have been executed for the most part in the

stone
itself,

Of
(cf.

this

but

little

now

remains, but the

far as

so that,

despite the falling

away

ceiling designs

have been recovered as

iii.

of the thin coating of plaster,

still

the

sculpture

possible

L'Hotb, Papiers

281).
iii.,

The

retains the general outline and, in places,

full

scheme can be gathered from Plate

patterns identified from Plate ix.

and the

almost the

measure of the original outline.

is

seems to be identical
the
blue
centre,

Avith pattern

Pattern B B of I. xxxix.,

Scarcely any plaster

left

on the thickness

of the outer walls, for instance, yet the scenes

perhaps,

excepted.^

What

there are the best in the tomb.

The

plaster

must

remains of the columns of hieroglyphs between

the patterns will be found on Plate xxi., and an

have been a mere overlay, giving smoothness to

the whole and filling
as enabling details to

up

irregularities, as well

attempted translation of these on pp. 30-31. Innek Chamber. This is of the same shape

be elaborated or supplied
treatment of the designs

in colour.

The

stiff

and almost the same

size

as the

outer hall.

also detracts

from the value of the scenes, but

has been their salvation,
in Plate vii. being the only

The

ceiling

feigns

to

be supported by four

this unattractiveness

columns, carrying architraves.

These columns

the injury

shown

are of the papyrus-bud type like those of the

hall,

modern mutilation.

but no detail at
is

all is

shown, and even the

As
also

the architecture, so the scheme of subjects

for the hall of

contracting foot

not represented.

small

was taken over

Meryra (with

pit in the centre of the

room

is

obviously a

an exchange between the E. and

but carried out there with

W.

walls),

subsequent addition.

much

individuality
efforts

The place

of burial

is

reached by a stairway

and greatly superior technique.

The two

of forty-three steps, which descends along the E.

show hoAV varied was the

Coptic Remains.

skill

of the artists, or

wall of the room.

After reaching a landing

it

the success of their methods of working in plaster.

some distance below,

to the
left,

turns at a sharp angle

as a curving stairway
itself at

When

the Copts sought a

and descends
merely a

with a sharp return upon

is

the end.

The

chamber The depth below floor-level The winding stairway iii.

the earlier tombs, and
necropolis.
is

level length of passage.

is is

W, false door, which they saw could be adapted to their needs with but little labour, seems to have drawn them to this
place of assembly, the

shown on Plate
borrowed from

tomb.

Retaining the cornice of the original

construction, they fashioned an apse having a

not repeated in this

moulded arch resting on

capitals (photograph

pilasters

with decorated

on Plate xxvi.).

The apse

The Shrine.
to practice,
is

The
The

third room, conformably

seems to have been designed with a view to

baptismal immersion, for a font five feet deep
occupies nearly the whole space.
steps

inscribed, while the second hall

(theoretically

only a passage
little

to

the

burial

Two rough
from

chamber)

is

not.

chamber contained,

would enable a person

to scramble

the edge into the inner

1

room through a narrow

In the plates

dr. signifies drab, b.

is

= blue, bk. = black

not cut, but only in

aperture which has been cut in the back wall.

r.l.

or r.p. indicates that the line

But

it

is

not easy to see

in,

how any one

could be

red paint.

immersed

or himself emerge from, the font

THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA,

with any dignity.
Thei'e
is

a shallow niche in

spray of leaf and fruit

{d).

The

latter design is
b).

the walls of the apse on each side.

also applied to the sofl5t of the arch {a,

The

The apse having been made, it was impossible to leave the pagan sculptures close by it in
naked
assertiveness.

moulding of the arch

is

coloured yellow with a

band of white splotches on a black background.

Yet

the

earliest
it

wor-

The dome
eagle
(?)

is

occupied by the figure of a soaring

shippers seem to have thought

enough to

sketched in browns of various shades.

daub the sacred

cross

and an Alpha and Omega

Its outstretched

wings are tripartite

?),

(in allusion

in red paint over the figure of the Queen.

later generation, however,

to

the seraph of Isaiah's vision

is

and on

its

was more

particular,

head

a halo or disc (perhaps also a reminisIt

is

and, having covered the whole wall with plaster,

cence of the solar hawk).

much

broken,

(now largely
designs.

fallen

away

again), decorated the

^

and none of the

wall
to

graffiti

here can be read.

is

The
this

surface with the picture of a saint

and

floral

lower of the two borders

the
left

continued on the

The decorations

in the apse, too, are

of the

apse.

Below

not original, but have been renewed on a second

singular
glass

decoration, viz.

disc of

deep blue
set in

about

five inches across,

was added,

a bedding of mud-plaster, but at a later time

was covered over again.^

cupboard has been

cut out in the wall hard by.

Having
position

made
hall,

their

apse in the

extreme
central

corner of the

the unsuitability of such a

to

became evident, and

make

it

tomb was considerably its height, and the two columns broken away to admit light. Several grooves in the wall and floor suggest that a partition was erected outside the line of
to the congregation the

enlarged on this side for half

the architrave.

Other

relics of this

occupation

are the arched recess in the S. wall near the

coating of plaster from very similar designs.

entrance and a similar one outside.

To judge

All the walls on this side of the hall have been

covered in like manner with a thin wash of

plaster,

by the putlog holes and a deep recess in the E. wall, the stairway was bridged over and the
space behind the columns put to
use.

which on the W. wall has adhered with

some

special

deplorable tenacity.

Above the

cornice there

seems to have been a bird

the winged

with

outspread

be added that the spectacle of a Christian church thus quartered in a heathen

It
still

may

wings, not, perhaps, without reminiscences of

scarab, disc, or vulture.

tomb may

be seen under very similar con-

On
(?).

each

ditions at Deir Eifeh.

side of the apse are decorated staves

On
two

the S. wall of the inner

room

are painted
in the

The wall

of the apse

is

painted gray, with

it

crosses with the

Alpha and Omega

darker marbling.

Separating

from the dome

are two borders, the lower showing two inter-

twisted bands (Plate

vi. c),

the upper a branching

Plate XX.

The name

(or

merely apa

?)

seems

to

have

been very short (Plate

iv. a).

gone. When it vyas perceived under the guard was specially charged with its preservation, but it disappeared before my return. It can be guessed what measure of safety antiquities enjoy which are not under lock and key
It is

now

plaster, the

THE TOMB OF PANBHESY.

corners,

13

and one or two indecipherable words or

eldest princesses shake sistra

behind the Queen

symbols.

To

the Copts

is

probably also due a

under the care of their nurses.

but here unnamed
sister of the

younger,
is

strange squaring out of the

wall,

W.

side of the S.

Queen

also in

and a

still

more

irregular
is

marking out of

the train, attended by two shade-bearers and

the

W.

wall.

All this

in black paint.

two female fan-bearers.

dwarfs

Two

misshapen female

who

are of the party seem, also

;

among

B.
1.

The Sculptured

Scenes.
v., vi.).

her attendants (Plates

the

The Entrance Portal

Cf.

(Plates

L'HoTE, Papisrs,

xi.

36.

The decoration here is somewhat out of the common. Instead of columns of prayers and
the divine and royal cartouches, scenes of wor-

by the royal family are exclusively portrayed. On e'ach of the broken jambs are two
ship

pictures of the royal family worshipping the sun,

with a border below of the symbolical

birds
(cf.

relchyt

The upper panels exhibit the King with the crown of the North (on the left, i.e., more northerly jamb), and of
L. D,
iii.

109),

vii., viii. and twice in tomb of Ay). Their names, which in this tomb are greatly damaged, can fortunately be recovered from the tomb of Ay for no little satirical humour has been shown in the nicknames given to these ill-favoured favourites. " One is the " The Queen's Vizier (?), For ever,' and the other " His mother's Vizier (?) The Day (or The Sun ') "' " His mother" would seem to mean the King's mother Tyi, and " the Queen " may also designate Tyi or some other Queen of Amenhotep III.
;
'

'

'

'

for as the sister of Nefertiti

is

only mentioned

in

tombs of
in her

this period,

and the dwarfs only

likely that she
visit to

the South (on the right).

In the lower panels

shown
at this

company,

it is

was

he wears the Jchepersh helmet.

lift

The royal pair

from the

time on a lengthened

Akhetaten,

up

offerings of food to the deity

tables or stands of provisions

which are before

and had brought these attendants from the Theban court of Tyi.

They seem to have been accompanied in these scenes by Merytaten alone. The lintel shows the same subject in a design which for purposes of symmetry is repeated
them.

2.

The Thickness of the Outer Wall.

vii., viii.,

Plates

xxvii.
:

with slight variation on both sides of a central table of offerings, on which the rays of the Aten
stream down.
the table,
laid

Previous copies are

The King and Queen stand beside the materials for the ceremony being

BuBTON, Exoerpta, plate vi. (upper part of W. side). L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 35 (the B. side is reproduced Am^lineau, Sepulture, plate Ixxxiv., p. 610).
Lepsius, D.
iii.

in

91 (E. side, upper part).

on stands near them. On the left they are engaged in burning incense to the god, throwing aromatics with the right hand into the flaming bowl of the censing-spoon, which
left.
is

West

Side

(Plates

vii.,

xxvii.).

The

wall

surfaces in the entrance to the

tomb

are fittingly

held in the

reserved for representations of the worship of

the sun.

On, the right the censers have been laid

As

naturally as the

dweller in the
at

aside,

and

libations are being

poured from the

town or

village

comes to

his

doorway

dawn

spouted vases taken from the stands.

laries of

The

titu-

and evening

to see the

sun

rise in fresh bright-

Aten and of the royal pair are inscribed above them. The long laudation of the Queen
(most of the phrases of which may be restored from Plate vii.) shows the position which was

ness or set in splendour, the occupant of the

ft

fi

and

accorded to her as the royal heiress.

The three

14

THE ROOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

leaves
its

tomb

dark recesses and greets the

burning spices in the hawk-headed censingspoon towards the sun, while the Queen presents
a bouquet of flowers.^

appearing or departing deity at the entrance.

But
and
ship.

here, as often in the earlier tombs, the

his household also are seen

King

Both wear an elaborate

engaged in wor-

variety of the Atef crown, into which, as in a

This

may

be due, not only to the impulse

coat of arms, forgotten history and symbolism

are crowded.

of the Egyptian

King

to self-commemoration,

Two

or three shocks,

somewhat

but also to the need to create traditions for the

resembling those familiar to us in the khelcer

new form

of faith

by giving prominence

to the

ornament, and each flanked by two plumes,

example of the Court. Therefore the figure of Panehesy and his prayer are relegated here to
the lower part of the walls (for a translation of

occupy the centre, standing upright on the combined horns of the bull and the ram. In the
King's head-dress each
solar
is

also

crowned by the

both texts, see pp. 29, 30), while the upper part shows the royal family offering to the radiant

hawk,

identified with the

god of the A.ten

Erect on either
the horns,
are
is

cult
side,

by the double cartouche.

and pendant
also

The King and Queen are extending their sceptres towards the god as if in acknowledgment of their delegated power (cf. I., xxvii.). Before them is a loaded table, having little figures holding ofFering-bowls at the two front comers. The table having first been spread
Disc.

from

figures of the

crowned uraeus.

The whole

attached to the head by a broad base, adorned

with uraei.

The King has thrown a flowing

mantle over his shoulders, and his tunic shows

a flap adorned with uraei and the attachment of
the bull's
tail

with

jars, flat

round loaves have been placed on and the

rest of the offerings laid

behind (not often assumed by

is

their mouths,

him).

on top and crowned with flowers and bowls of burning spices. The King's person is adorned,
as often, with the cartouches of the god.

The Queen encomium

:

again distinguished by an

These
or

" The heiress, great of when she saith anything

favour, mistress of all

it

women

is

done*

the
,

great wife of

were probably inserted

fastened

in

light jewellery

the King
ever."

whom

he loveth [Nefertiti] living for ever and

on ribbons

for they always

occupy

the place of armlets and pectorals, though the

The

register beneath this scene

is

practically

attachments are rarely shown.

in duplicate

on the two

walls.

The point

of

The

elaborate titulary of the

:

Queen written

interest

is

a female figure in the

centre, at-

over her head reads

"

fair of

tended by two dwarfs of her sex, and identified

by this as the
The
heiress, great of favour, mistress of the district

sister of

Queen

Nefertiti, already

and gay with the King at home (?),' two pleased at all that is said, the great and beloved wife of the King, Lady of the Two Lands [Nefertiti]."
of the South

and North,

face

seen on the lintel outside.

is

This interpretation

feathers, soothing the heart of the

supported by the broken inscription which

evidently ran, " the sister of the great wife of the King, Nefertiti,

who
is

lives for ever

and

ever,

The three

eldest princesses shako the sistrum

Nezemet-mut."
s

She

attended by two shadeDenkmaler utterly

behind their parents.^

East Side
prescribed

(Plates

viii.,

xxvii.).

The change
King
is

The drawing

of the figures in the

in the royal attire

on

this
;

wall

may have been

here

misrepresents the original.

* This phrase is applied to a queen in the very earliest times (Peteib, Boyal Tombs ii., pi. xxiv., seal 210), and again to Queen Hatshepsut (Naville, B. el Bahari ii.,

by the
Q

ritual

for the

p. 16).
is

'If

/VWWi

fl

intended.

n
2

Eestore

"^ ^ |
(L.

"^

|
iii.

3*

^^-

^-

-^- "^-

^^-

^^^

The

(injured) sistrum of Merytaten has been omitted

viii.

appears also twice in the tomb of Ay, and apparently

in that of

by error in Plate

Tutu

D.

106i).

THE TOMB OF PANEHBSY.

bearers, four
fan-bearers, three nurses,

15

and a

slight

differences of

spelling.

It

enumerates

detachment of police, and is being received byone or two officials, including, no doubt, Panehesy himself.

the revered powers

in

heaven and on earth

thus

On

closer inspection, however,

is

" Life to the good god having pleasure in Truth,

of the Solar Circuit,

the impression of deference to the royal sister

seen to be mistaken.

Lord

of the Disc,

Lord

of

Lord Heaven,

The row

of figures really

Lord of Earth, the great living Aten who illumines the two Lands!' Life to the Father God and King^

forms part of the scene

above, so

that

the
(

homage

Ea-Horakhti, rejoicing on the horizon

the Brilliance which
ever and ever,
se<f -festivals,^

of the officials

and the train of servants

of
is

in the

name
life

belong to the royal party as a whole, the nurses

being attached to the three daughters of Nefertiti.

in the

Aten

who

gives

for

the great living Aten,

abiding in

Both here and on the

lintel

Nezemet-mut

the

stands aloof from the act of worship, and thus

the temple of
&c.,

Lord of Heaven, Lord of Earth, within Aten in Akhetaten (and to) the King,
; ;

Akhenaten, great in his duration

King,
&c.,

(and

to) the great

seems to belong to the adherents of the old

polytheism, as her name, " the pleasant one of

wife of the ever

' !

Nefertiti,

living

for

ever and

Mut" probably
and even
if

implied.

She appears to be

The
are

faces of the four abaci

towards the nave

offices

older than her nieces, as might be expected,

engraved with the name and

of

she had been resident at the court

'

of her sister in Akhetaten, her disappearance

henceforth would be naturally accounted for

pleonastic introduction to

fill

out the space.

Further experience shows

i.,

that the translation in

is to

by marriage.
parentage,
Nefertiti.

It is a pity that the

accompanyher
sister

Part

p. 8,

cannot be sustained, and that this

be

ing inscription does not anywhere show

and so decide that of her

There
it
is

taken as a double determinative, explanatory of the word "father "in this connection. The strange group must
be due to the unfamiliar application of the double royal cartouche to the title of the god. We must recognize in the double cartouche a conscious dualism in the religion
of

no strong ground
been
foreign.

for

supposing

to

have

The
more

Queen's rights as heiress rather imply a royal

Akhenaten

(cf.

seten

dy hetep prayers to Aten and to

of explaining the relation of the

Egyptian descent on both

likely

sides.

She

Ea, ruler of the two horizons, on Stela 324 of the British

is

Museum).

The need

to

have

been a daughter of

Amen-

hotep III. by an Egyptian heiress whom the King's strong preference for Tyi kept quite in
the background.

The marriages with Syrian

consummated
Letters,
(cf.
i.)

princesses were purely political alliances, and

of the Aten to the well-known god Ea, was the practical necessity out of which the use grew. The cartouches which showed the double nature of the King as divine son and earthly regent, were used to prove that the new religion was still the worship of Ea, but in his visible form, " The Brilliance from the

new

to the old faith,

and

possibly

were
Tell

not always

Sun-disc (Aten)."
visible Aten.

WiNCKLER,
Mitani
she

El Amarna
is

No.

The cult, therefore, was that of the The two determinatives apply to the two
first,

cartouches

the sign of the god to the

(cf.

that of the

so that even if Nefertiti

not the princess of

ruler to the second

PI. iv.g
iii.

more

clearly differen-

whom Akhenaten seems to may after all have had no

have married,
real rival

tiated in III. xxvii., L. B.

1006, 105&, and Sharpb,

Eg. Inscriptions,

ii.

48).

Naturally this fine distinction

in later

in

was apt
the word

to be lost,
is

and

tombs

(I.

xxv.. III. xxi.)

the harem.

3.

The Hall.
iv., v.)-

Aechiteaves and Abaci.

:

determined by two kingly figures. It may be observed that this recurring laudation of the two natures of the Father-god, along with the divine-human
son,

(Plates

Previous copies are

fol.

and not omitting the highest female power, is a strange anticipation of Christian Trinitarian worship in

Hay, MSS. 29,847,

Lbpsius, B.
iii.

63.

L'Hote, Papiers,

iii.

280.

its

91

i.

most popular form, and suggests that the faith of Akhenaten was much more than a personal eccentricity

The same

inscription

in

large

blue hiero-

or a freak in religious thought.

3

glyphs runs along both architraves, with but

Variant

16

THE EOCK TOMBS OP BL AMARNA.

and the same treatment
S. faces

Panehesy,

also

was

neferu-aten, being depicted as very small

as she does not

and

proposed for the N. and

also, as traces

of writing in blue paint are observable.

With

Plates

v., vii.,

appear with the other three in viii., xviii., she may have been

great difficulty parts of three of these were

born while the tomb was in process of decoration.

deciphered (Plate
b

iv., c, d, e,

with enlargements
side of the
e

The three youngest children are lovingly linked

together. Merytaten, the eldest, has the privilege of being taken by her parents into the window,

and/),

S.

and d being from the N. and N. columns respectively, and

c

from the

S. side of the

N. column.
fresh

These are of interest

titles

over the cushion of which she just manages to

reach.^

as

giving

two

to
(

Panehesy
[

With

that frank naivetfe which

is

so

"Superintendent
the

of the

oxen

^3

i)

^^

characteristic of the scenes at

Aten "
of

(d),

and

" superintendent of the

in

Queen encircles arm and passes the other round the daughter's
shoulders.

El Amarna, the her husband's waist with one

granary

the

Aten
abaci

Akhetaten"

(c).

The other four

Aten
in

have
A.ten

"The
in

[great]

Panehesy, happy under a weight of golden

necklaces, stands outside the porch with,
uplifted in

favourite of the good god, the chief Servitor of

arms

the temple

of

Akhetaten,
the act of

Panehesy, maakheru."

The servants are still in receiving further favours for him from
homage.
a whole chest-full
of other

the King, while

4.

South Portal.
and
fol.
ix.

presents are set out on stands behind him, or

Earlier
copies

Plates
are
:

V.

(lintel)

(jambs).

are in the hands of his retinue.

of collars, necklaces, bracelets,

This largesse
pectorals,
is

and

Hay, MSS. 29,847,

xi. 36.

63

(lintel).

L'Hotb, Papiers,

of

other

personal

ornaments
scribes.

being duly
the
iipper

The door-framing has no cornice, but reaches The lintel is adorned in the to the ceiling. way made familiar by Part I., the central part being occupied by symmetrically- arranged cartouches, and the ends by prayers and prayEach jamb is ing figures of the deceased.
occupied by four prayers in as

inventoried

by

the

In

registers Syrians

and negroes (possibly ambasover

sadors or hostages) wait along with the sunshadebearers.

The

inscription

Panehesy

is

obliterated.

The
is

pictorial narrative

is

continued in the subxi.).

many

sidiary registers

below (Plate

In the centre

columns,

addressed to the Aten, the King under both

shown a further array

of royal gifts,

amongst
another

which tables loaded with provisions

quet are to be noted.

for a banis

names, and the Queen.

(See pp.

30, 31

for

On

the right

translations of all the prayers.)

group of Panehesy's friends and retainers, and

on the
left his

chariot waits to conduct

left

him

5.

Panehesy rewarded by the King.

x., xi.

home.

South Wall. West side. Plates Of. L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 34.

The reward
(a scene which

of the faithful official

is

by the King
is

King and gained the public streets or his own home, Panehesy descends from his chariot and is hailed by the populace, or by his household, with
the presence of the
" Nestor

Having

seldom or never omitted from

set
^

a fully inscribed tomb at El Amarna)

forth on
this

The signature

L'Hote,
;

Janv.

1839,"

is

wall.

It differs in

no

essential

from other representations of the kind (regarding the building, etc., see Part I., pp. 20-22).

and though modern graffiti are to be discountenanced, we can more than pardon this modest memorial of one who alone of the old copyists had the thoroughness to copy this dull tomb
written in pencil on this cushion
extenso.

Pour

princesses are present, the youngest, Nefer-

THE TOMB OF PANBHBST.

unrestrained
acclamations.

17

The

men

wave

of old traditions
it is

and

crass

anthropomorphism,

branches and make demonstrations of joy and

devotion
into
;

redeemed by the preference given to flowers

fruits

the

women have formed

or

themselves
professional

and

as

objects

acceptable to the god.

a choir,

have

engaged
them.

performers to
pp. 22, 29).

represent
little

(cf.

Part

I.,

The presentation of those products of the soil whose grace and colour is their chief attraction,
and which are so obviously called into being and beauty by the sunlight, bears witness to a finer
sentiment,
Its

escort of soldiers marches

file.

behind Panehesy in double

rank, which

The farther is naturally hidden by the nearer, is rendered visible in the picture by the simple device of raising the men head and shoulders
above their
are borne
fellows.

which even Christianity approves.

is

Not only are the meat-offerings covered with flowers and

prominence here
obvious.
grapes, and the stands set about with bouquets

Two

military standards

by the squad.
is

and lotus-blooms, but the offerings of the King

(?)

In a short inscription attached to the scene,

Panehesy

designated as usual " the great

favourite of the Lord of the

chief Servitor of the Aten."

Two Lands and the What seems to be

Pharaoh
! !

The emblems of " the beauty of the Aten," whose fragrance Ankhesand Queen
consist of such.

princesses too

are provided with these

fit

en-pa-aten Avould have her

little

sister

enjoy

the cry of the crowd

health,
life,

is

almost illegible "

(?)

once more before parting with them to the god.

Aten grant it for ever." The wall has been made unsightly by the Copts, who cut an arched recess near the doorway and two long upright grooves in the wall. They were perhaps contemplating a doorway or window at this point.^
prosperity
^

to

Nor

is

the

King content

to devote

one bouquet

only.

Panehesy (indicated by his name and

familiar titles)

and his attendants bring yet

King to dedicate. As " Chief Servitor of the Aten " he assists the King in the rites, and it may be in commemoration of such
others for the
occasions that the scene
is

pourtrayed in his

6.

The Royal Family making Offerings

TO THE Aten.
East
side.
:

tomb.

The

faces of

two of the shade-bearers

high up on the wall have escaped injury, and

present
files,

South Wall.

Plates

xi., xii.

very characteristic El

Amarna

pro-

Previous copies are

(Consult the large reproduction in L. D.

L'HoTB, Papiers,

xi.

2 (reproduced by Am^lineau,

iii.

91n).
register (PI. xi.) only contains

Sepulture, pi. Ixxxiii., p. 608).

of servant at top of Plate
xii.).

Lepsius,

Z>.

iii.

91w (head

The subjoined

the usual figures of attendants, and a repetition

The treatment of
these altar-stands

this familiar subject offers

interest.

of the figures of Panehesy (?)

priests
(?)

and
is

his fellow-

no features of exceptional
one
feels that

In face of

The

royal chariot

distinguished

loaded with meat offerings,

by

size

and decoration from the private car of

Akhenaten had scarcely succeeded finding a ritual in harmony with the severely in simple and natural conception of deity which he had introduced. But if this massing of food
and drink
offerings
is felt

Panehesy.

7.

The Royal Family deiving

Bast Wall. Plates xiii. to xvii. Cf. L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 6, 28.

out.

to be an inheritance

Conjecturing

[1

J -^ n f i ^

The scene on
'^^'

this wall

^'

XXX.

remains unfinished on
is

and the tombs of Mahu and Pentu. 2 For the mode of decorating the top part
see Plate v.

of the S. wall,

no inscription, the object of the public appearance which it depicts

the
left

hand, and, as there

is

uncertain.

But

it

seems to be the original

c

18

THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.

"W".

of the design on the

(I. X.,

wall of Meryra's

tomb
filled

stay,

x.a).

Probably a representation of the

which extends from the front rim of the car to the pole, is adorned with a row of uraei
in

temple

set vertically, as there, should

have

what seems a dangerously slender design.

the blank space.

The

subject, therefore, seems

(The block at the King's knee represents the

uraei which are sewn on the

to be a State visit to the temple.

The palace

is

hem

of his tunic

seen in the top right-hand

comer

(Plate xiv.).

they have been

left

uncarved).
before the horses have

The interesting

variations from other pictures of

it

The
picture

saises

who run

the building which

offers
I.,

have been

dis-

been placed beneath them in order to make the

cussed in detail in Part

pp. 23 to 25.

The
but

ostensible reason for its inclusion in the picture

is

as the point of departure of the cortfege,

more compact. The Queen also (in representation at least) drives her own chariot and pair, which are in
every

the repeated representation of the buildings of

way

the counterpart of the King's on a

Aihetaten wherever any pretext offered

betrays that
it

itself

smaller scale.

was to the order of the royal

Six chariots follow.

The foremost

of these,

builder of the city that these tombs and sculptures were executed.

which contains only a driver or an

and Queen
the
rest

official, is

being urged at a gallop like those of the King

in his
chariot,
;

Akhenaten himself standing

follow

under the guardianship of the ever-solicitous sun,

Two

of these

(underneath

more leisurely. and behind the

and guiding in person his bounding horses,

Queen's chariot) contain the four princesses,

makes a worthy centre-piece

is little

to the picture, in

who, like her, for dignity's sake, are feigned

capable
of

spite of the mutilations of the sculpture.

There

driving

themselves.

The

three

to

add to the comments made upon the

its

design on

occurrence in Part

I.

The animals

remaining cars carry six fan-bearers, one for each of the party .^ Three of the police bring

in these larger examples create a vivid impression of motion

if this

up the
are

rear.

and of the grace of strength, and

is

In front of the King and in the register below

stereotyped design

far
it

from affording
exhibits all the
spite

shown the military

escort

and the retinue.

a correct study of the horse,

Egyptian power of proving triumphant, in

is in a very bad condition.) The advanced guard consists of a detachment of five

(The wall here

and even by means of glaring

inaccuracies.

The

artist is

very

much

shows the animal in

happy when he slower movement. The

less

Egyptian spearmen in charge of a sergeant, and preceded by a Syrian and a Lybian as types of the army. One of the number is attached to
the three standard-bearers as a guard.

disproportion given to the neck there becomes

glaring (Plates xv. and xvii.).^

Below

The

details of the harness are

made
is

specially

clear here.

The guiding

rein

seen

to pass

another armed escort led by a negro (?) bowman and a Syrian spearman (I. xv., III. xxxiv.) and four bearers of military standleft
is

on the

through the loop of a leather thong attached to the pad, and also apparently through the ornamental ring of the yoke, which
of the pad.
fixes over the stud

ards.

The

soldiers

are very variously

armed

but the state of the wall leaves the weapons very uncertain in some cases.

The curved end

of the

yoke termi-

Those who
spear.

carry

shields

for

defence

are

nates prettily in a lotus-bloom and buds.

The

probably also in every case armed with the

They are meant

to

meet spearmen, and

'

There

is

a considerable amount of correction by the

sculptor on this wall.

The

false lines

have not always

been indicated in the

plates.

^ I am in error in not placing fans in the left hand of the attendants in the lowest row of chariots in Plate xv.

THE TOMB OF PANE HE SY.

carry a falchion in addition, so that they

19

may

ludicrous,

and

is

itself

symbolic of the very

not be defenceless when their spears have been

hurled.

imperfect victory of the higher creed in this

early mission-field of the faith.

Others have as arms the square-headed

axe and the club.

implies that
it is

The

position of the escort

attached to the royal chariot.

said of the

The same may be

chariots,

three foremost
to

The original scene showed the King and Queen making offerings to the sun. Akhenaten stands before two altar-stands, and uplifts an
oblation arranged on a platter.
gift of bread,

whose speed conforms

that set
in face
is

by

It is a varied

the King and Queen.

The anxiety

and

meat, fowl, and vegetables, topped

attitude of the official in the first car

comical,

by a flaming bowl.

The

latter
;

would seem
for it

to

and perfectly

justified,

one would think, by the

be a lamp rather than a censer

appears

over-horsing of so light a vehicle.

The

official

to contain wicks or tubes from which the flame

is fed.^

on the second chariot seems

little

to

be the secretary

in attendance, for he carries on his shoulder a

box, such as would hold a scribe's materials.

chariots, containing

Queen bouquet. The

The

appears

to

be

presenting

titulary of the

Aten was written

The succeeding

an

official

and body-servants, move at the slower pace of The the princesses to' whose train they belong.
posture of the six
alongside
is

to the left of the disc, and there followed a series of cartouches, divine and royal, which
filled

the space between the sky and the cornice

iii.).

men

of the police

who run

of the shrine (Plate

intended to show the action of

The space under the main scene

by
figures
(?),

is

occupied
a jar of
inscrip-

running, and not the stealthy scouting which to

of Panehesy,

who

holds

our eye

it

suggests.
said, the objective of the ride

milk
has
tion

and of two attendants.

The

As has been

commences with the usual panegyric of the

not been sculptured. Fragments, however, of the greeting crowd are seen at the top of the
wall and in face of the advanced troop, and
justify us in supposing that the lost

deceased, "

The royal acquaintance

etc.,

(?)

beloved

of his lord, the great favourite of the

Lord of the
possessor

two Lands,
of love
child ").

Panehesy
"

design

(or

"...

Ua-en-ra,

thy

would have

closely resembled that of Meryra.

The decorations on the Coptic

8.

plaster,

which

The King and Queen Worshipping the

Aten,
North "Wall. West Side. Cf. L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 31.
This, the
Plates xx., xxvi.

in places

still

clings to the walls

and lends to

the scene

its

bizarre aspect, have already been

(p. 12).

commented upon

9.

only sculptured scene on the N.

Christianity has

North Portal.
Plates
xxi., xxvi.

wall,

now

presents a strange appearance, though

one not infrequent in Egypt.

often thought to easily efface the

tions

pagan decora-

by covering them with plaster and subBut the tenacious stituting its own emblems.
of the painstaking
itself
is

life

work
;

The form and decoration of the doorway to the inner chamber is of the kind already The cartouches on the lintel are familiar. arranged between a sky above and a mat below.
(For translations of the prayers on the jambs

of antiquity has

reasserted

with time

and where the

reappearance

only partial an incongruous

and

lintel see pp. 30, 31, 32.)

medley of pagan and Christian symbols and portraiture results, which is often highly

'

I do not understand the graffito

on the

loaf.

20

THE EOCK TOMBS OP EL AMANITA.

10.

Royal Visit to the Temple oe the

Aten.

building was in an advanced state, drawings of

it

may

not yet have reached the portfolios of

Besides
the
three

West Wall.
Cf.

Plates

xviii., xix.
xi.

the
(A sketch
;

decorators.

complete

L'HoTE, Papiers,

30.

the altar

is

pictures in the northern tombs, the smaller of

shown

in Lettres Rentes, p. 63.)

the two sanctuaries of which the temple was

We
same

have here a subject which,

as that

may be
wall,

the

composed
in
it

on the opposite (East)

but

treated in a wholly different way.

There the
so pro-

shown in Tombs 3 and 5 and twice the Royal Tomb, and an abbreviated copy of seems given in Tomb 1.^ The three prinis

royal figures and their train were

made

cipal views of the temple present it in as

many

minent that the temple

contrary,
available

to

which they were

Here, on the
the

aspects

in

bird's

eye view from the front

bound was altogether omitted.

that
space,

building

occupies

whole

and what was

all-important

there

becomes here a mere accessory.

Ob-

viously

economy has come into play, the subject being spread over the two walls with as little
Meryra, however, as

repetition as possible.

we
D

have seen, did not hesitate at the laborious

duplication of the royal train, the palace and

UXXXX
D

the temple.

Here the

escort of the royal party

is

reduced

to a few soldiers

and policemen, a charioteer or

of female musiI.

rrn .n^r
B
LJ

two, and a few groups of shade-bearers and

attendants.
cians

The two troupes

are familiar to

us already from

xiii.

The royal
ants,

family, accompanied

by a few attendthere.

"-

LJ

Z.

have

entered

the

Court of the Great

3

Altar,

and are seen engaged in worship

D B

i D

The three elder children assist in ways: the King and Queen, standing

suitable
side

by
-**-

side at the top of the steps of the altar, scatter

fragrant spices on to the flaming lamp-bowls,

The Temple op the Atbn.

(I.

which crown the

pile of offerings.
;

A number
are pro-

x.a),

from the

left

(I.

xxv.),

of the priesthood assist

the two

who

and from the

right

hand

(II. xviii., xix.).

If the

minent being perhaps Meryra and Panehesy,

the

tombs are

High

Priest

and the Chief Servitor,

The
is

supposed to be oriented east and west (which, though far from being the case, is still the impression of the natives), the temple
is

radiant sun which blesses the sacred building

repreeio-ht

three times repeated, perhaps with significance

(see p. 27).

sented on

the walls
in
its

temple

is

The following description of the drawn from the two pictures in the

in six out of the

occurrences

actual

orientation.

The

tomb of Meryra, equally with that now before

^

us.

This fuller enumeration must replace that in Part

I.,

The south group

of tombs contains no repre-

p. 29.

The

picture in

Tomb
;

(Huya)

will be referred to
;

sentation of the temple whatever.

Though the

under III. ix.-xi. (L. D. iii. 101, 102) that in Tomb 3 (Ahmes) under III. xxx. that in Tomb 5 as Pentu.

THE TOMB OF PANEHBSY.

remarkable correspondence in
invalidate,
detail, -which all

21

the laxity exhibited by the artists does not

and affording a through passage from the outside to the interior. The other plans, however,

makes

it

plain that these are studied

show plainly that

enclosing wall.

this building lay

within the

views of the great building.

Though

it

cannot

Similarly, the door

shown on

be claimed for them that they

they present us with a clear

satisfy the re-

the extreme

left in I.

xxv. can only indicate an

apart from

quirements of architectural plans, in the main

entrance to the inner court from the ambulatory, not

and complete

from the exterior

it is

for,

knowledge of the building.

other testimony,

unlikely that the security

this
I.

To

facilitate references to the temple, it

may

of the building

would be weakened in
is

way.

be divided as follows.

As

there

is

no proof

The narrow ward

represented in

x.a as

that any section of the building was roofed,

its divisions

absolutely clear of encumbrance, and forming a

have been merely termed courts.

passage round three sides of the building.

From

Roofed colonnades are shaded in the adjoining

plan.

a side view such a passage would be plainly

visible

on the near side but almost

other.

invisible

A. Ambulatory,
B. Outer Court with Greater Sanctuary, containing
1.

on the

This natural aspect

is

reflected

in both cases.

In

I.

xxv. the corridor on the

near side

is

faithfully

Court of the Great Altar.

Forecourt to the Colonnaded Court.

the picture as
little

shown at the bottom of a narrow blank space, to which a

Its existence
is

2.
3. 4. 5.
6.

door on the right admits.

Colonnaded Court.
Forecourt to 5 and
Fifth Court.
6.

on the other side

only indicated by a similar

doorway above
gates.

(i.e.

beyond) the great entrancenot indicated at

all.

In

II.

xix.

it is

The
it

Sixth Court.

inner wall apparently was not corniced, but

stood quite free, being separated

C. Inner Court with Lesser Sanctuary

1.

by an open

Portico of the Royal Statues.

Corridor.

court from the walls of the sanctuaries within.

2.
3.

The Entrance.

The

area enclosed within

Court of the Altar.

Corridor.

the double wall was divided into two unequal

parts by a partition wall which stretched across

4.
5.

Adjoining Chapel

The Ambulatoet.
frontage,

The

(?).

from one side to the other, the space nearest the

enclosure
its

temple

entrance being by far the larger.

Each
:

of these

appears to have been surrounded, except on

two courts contained a sacred

edifice

the outer

by two high enclosing walls, parallel to one another and leaving only a narrow ambulatory or ward between them. To this
ward there was admittance from without only at the two ends, where it met the frontage. The outer wall is drawn in the two sectional
plans
I.

being occupied by the temple proper, while the

smaller space behind was reserved for a temple
of the

Royal

Spirits,

which

think

may be
was

identified with the " temple of the

Benben."

The
single.

front wall of the sacred enclosure

It

was pierced

at

the extreme ends

to the

with

cornice

(II.

xviii.,

xix.,

and

by two tiny doorways which admitted

ambulatory and to
be
this alone,

xxv., where the gaps are only to admit the

etc.).

and
" it

in the centre

hieroglyphs,

This must signify a high In

I.

by the great gateway.

called, for,

" Pylon

can scarcely

corniced wall, not a roofed building.

this cornice
is

x.a

whether with correctness or not

not marked, as

it

should have

the ruins unfortunately do not show, this and

all

been, at the back of the building, but instead there

is

succeeding gateways are represented with

All the gateways in the building

a building extending beyond the wall

vertical sides.

THE BOOK TOMBS OP EL AMAENA.

are constructed after one pattern, diiFering only
in size

ceremonial oifering, a rite prescribed perhaps

.

and the possession of a

single or double

before entering the second sanctuary.

offering

Such an

set of gates.^

They

consist of

two

solid cor-

we

see being made by the King before

(I.

niced towers with jambs projecting from the

the gate of the greater temple

xxv.).

inner face, between which double-leaved doors

swing, their upper pivots secured

The Gtrbater Sanctuary,

The entrance
to this building

The Faqade.

by the heavy

overhanging cap.

The Outer Court.

The

entrance admitted

was by a gateway immediately opposite the outer gate. It was an imposing structure, finding room on each
broad face for
five masts,

immediately to an open court, in the midst of

from the high tops of

fluttered.^

which the greater sanctuary

space
all

lay, leaving a free

which red pennants gaily

These

round

it.

This was devoted to various

masts were firmly secured to the towers by

being passed through two rows of pierced stones
projecting from the
their feet

purposes.
left (I.

Just within the gates to right and

villas,

x.a) were two

officials

the residences, no

masonry, and by having

doubt, of

of the temple.

The
is

plans,

stepped in heavy pedestals.

The
a
its

though inexact, show what were considered the

essentials of

passage was barred by two double-leaved gates.

such a dwelling.

There

a large

The inner one being high

similar

a,nd

unwieldy,
within

reception room, extending across the breadth of the house,

its

but

smaller gate

was

set

ceiling carried

on several columns.
it

jambs, contracting the passage.^

Three inner rooms were accessible from

the one side.
tained

on

Meryra's artist indicates the open door by a

free passage merely,

The other and outer wall conthe entrance, and was shaded by a
portico.

but the other

artists

both

by

columned
also at

According to

I.

xxv.

it

had
the

and colour (deep ochre) show the leaves flung back against the wall, in a way which,
line

one end the large balcony window with

familiar.

in the case of double gates at

least,

is

quite

which we have been made

left-hand
side of the
Its

On

impossible.

great gateway was the

feature

of the

pylon has been

left
I.

unxxv.

slaughter-house.
for the artist has

purpose

is

unmistakable,
of the ox,

noticed, viz. the eight columns,

which in

shown the carcase

stones.

are seen between the flagstafFs on both sides,

the severed head, the flayed skin, the trussed

birds,

arranged in two
is

tiers of four.

This, however,

and the tethering

Along the
sides,

a mere architectural convention, signifying

whole length of the temple on both

court
is

the

that a portico of such columns, two deep and

shoAvn crowded with altar-tables, each

four broad, ran

sides.

along the frontage on both

is

accompanied by a lamp-stand.

The tables are set out with loaves, a joint or two of meat, and a bowl of burning incense. Presumably they
are
offerings

This interpretation
to

furnished by the
Else-

entrance pylon

the second temple.

where

it is

shown
in

as a

pylon of this form, with

;

of

private

persons,

which the

two

tiers of

two columns
perspective

but in
reveals

I.

xxxiii. a
this

priests

were under contract to serve.

At

the

side-view
signified

that

back of the temple are seen eight oblong lavers

or bathing tanks, and
all

to

the

initiated

a portico

of

four

the material for a

^ The evidence of the foundations, suggesting greater depth than breadth for this pylon, does not seem compatible with the pictures and is in itself surprising. Can

The
of

additional gates.

way

by no means agree -which entrances had Meryra assigns them only to the doorthe greater sanctuary, Panehesy to those of both
artists

they be foundations for colossal statues

35.)
8

(Pbteie, T. A.

sanctuaries, others to all the chief gateways.

No

further

L. D,

iii.

243 shows such an arrangement for a doorpylons.

notice will be taken of this variation.

way between

THE TOMB OF PANEHESY.

columns two deep extending along the fagade.
Unfortunately the device could also represent a
colonnade on the inside of the wall.
the
is

23

little

magazines.

The centre of the court

altar,

occupied by the great

its earlier

probably four-

But
^

in face

square, like
It
is

model

at Deir el Bahari.
sides,

of the above unmistakable explanation

we

are

set

on a wider base, has panelled

obliged to apply

it

to the greater sanctuary also

a cavetto-cornice

surmounted

and imagine

its

frontage formed by a portico of

sculptured with open lotus

by a parapet flowers, and finally

columns, eight in line and two deep, broken by

the entrance, and with the towers and masts

a series of rounded castellations which serve to

retain the offerings.

To
to

this altar a flight of

reaching high above

it

in the centre.

Such a

nine
It

(?)

steps*

ascends,

guarded by a ramp.
II.

unique facade

Ave

find actually portrayed in

I.

ends, according

xviii.,

in

little

the building shown in

xxxii.,^ which, indeed,

platform, but this

is

probably only introduced

may
only
one,

be a minor sanctuary built in general on

as a convenient base for the figures of the

King

the model of the great temple, but comprising

its first

and Queen.
In XXV.

The

altar is piled

high with joints

three courts, throwing these into

for

of meat, fowl, bouquets, and bowls of incense.

I.

and substituting an elaborate platform

it

seems as

if

the space within the

for storage

the great altar of the Aten.

altar

and under the steps was used

The Court

oi"

the

G-reat

Altar.

The

temple, though extensive, was very simple in

arrangement, consisting of a succession of seven

courts, each entered

of meat-offerings, but more probably these are only sculptured on the sides. Near the altar are four erections, two of which appear to be
lavers,

by a gateway
first

in the axis

divided into four basins each, corres-

of the temple.

The

court seems to have

its sides

been bare of adornment, three of

occupied by a series of
zines,
little

being

ponding to those at the gate of the smaller temple. The other two appear to be empty
tables or slabs.

chapels or maga-

Numerous

subsidiary places of

each separate and of the same pattern.

in elevation as little pylon-like erections
cells,

offering are also shovni in this court.

Shown

The Colonnaded
third.

Court.^

The second

court

but in plan as mere

they must represent

appears to have only been a forecourt to the

It
is

side-chapels or store-chambers open to the sky.

occupied by small tables of offer-

The contents

of

the room

are seen, not only

ing and magazines of the type just described,

through the open doorway, but, by fictionary

drawing, through the front
piled with joints of
walls.^

each

artist

depicting

as

many

as

his

space

stand,

admitted.

The third court was colonnaded, The

earliest

meat and accompanied by

unit of or six such occupy each of

but

it is

hard to realize the arrangement from

a large

water-jar or two, forms the

the very diverse representations.

provision,

and

five

picture (II. xix.) gives a clear and natural disposition, the

back of the court being occupied by

a colonnade of eight columns two deep (as on

Yet III. xi. (L. D. iii. 102) perversely puts this colonnade of the second temple inside. II. xviii. also leaves the great pylon blank, suggesting that the portico, I. x.A shows an alignment of four if there, was within. perhaps by confusion with the second columns only,
'

the fapade).

As the

central passage

is

closed,

not only by the gate of the court but also by a

small gate flush with the outer

row

of columns,

temple.

In the colonnade
given in
fa9ade.
^

illustration in Part

I.,

p. 40, I

set the first

inside, but I
xxxii.

now

think that the elevation

as

* In I. xii. the altar is in plan, but the steps are shown by the colouring to be at once in plan and elevation.

I.

must be taken

an exact picture of the

Seventeen steps are improbable besides. 5 It is evident that the space below the apparent base
of the

II. xviii.

again refrains from adopting such a con-

temple does not show the court outside

it,

but con-

vention.

tinues the representation of the interior.

24

THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

seems that this row was linked by a dwarf
it

it

or 6

by 3

(I. xii.),

with gaps in the inner rows,

wall (corniced), and

must be

this that
last

is

forming an irregular hypostyle hall within this

court.

shown

like a pillar

between the

column

and the end

building
end,
court.
is

(top) wall.

little

three-roomed

The Remaining Courts.

The
an

fourth

court

placed under the colonnade at this

and

another

close

by

it

in the

open

only contains a few offering-tables and seems to be a mere forecourt to the succeeding two,

which

are

furnished

in

almost exactly

The two pictures in Meryra's tomb, however, show arrangements which differ considerably
from
agree
this

similar way.
in II. xix.
?)

A great
Round

altar (ascended

by

steps

occupies the centre of each court

and partially from one another, but Huya's in the number of columns.
;

and

is

piled high with varied

meat and drink

are

offerings,
little

&c.

the walls
its

sixteen

colonnaded court (III. x.

identical with
it,

L. D.

iii.

101),

if

magazines,^

each having

table

and

shows a greater divergence.

lamp-stand.

two pictures represent a colonnaded space which does not occupy the
While
the
first

The vacant spaces of the court are set out with small altars, and with stands containing the materials, vessels, and vestments

whole of the court, Huya's court

colonnaded, the
little

is

completely

used in the various ceremonials.

door and the dividing

With
reached.
lies

this court the

end of

this

sanctuary

is

waU having

disappeared.

The plans

in

Pane-

In order to enter the building which

be reside

behind, the suite of courts must

to

traversed

the

gates

and one of the

avenues taken.
B.

The Lesser Sanctuary.

The Court.

a
I.

The gateway
III. X. (L. D.
iii.

to the smaller sanctuary lies at the

back of the larger building, but in the same

XXT.
I.

xii.

102)

axis.

In front of

it

are the offerings and lavers

It

Colonnaded Couet.
already mentioned.

admitted, like that of

hesy and

Huya

(earliest

and

latest),

though

di-

the
of

first

temple, to an open court, in the midst

vergent, are both simple and in accordance with

which the building stood.

The

uses to which

Egyptian architecture.

Those of Meryra are

to

this space

was devoted are manifest from the

little,

themselves divergent and difficult to reconstruct

intelligently.

various drawings, which differ but

evidently follow a
left

and
the

The

simplest explanation

is

common

exemplar.

On

suppose a complete change of this court during

the interval, and that
I.

hand of the gateway was a great

Of
this stela,

stela set
flight of

x.a and

I.

xxv.

reflect

on a high pedestal and reached by a

steps or a ramp.

either the progress of the change (or changes),

which may have

or a compromise between the final form and the

original plans.
I suggest then, that after the

been the " Benben

" (I.

xxx.),
site,

we perhaps possess

fragments found on the

of the King, Queen, of the pedestal

and showing figures

court had been built with a simple colonnade

of sixteen columns on one
side, it

and

princesses.^

By the side
King
x.a
;

was decided
four sides.

was a

sitting statue of the

to turn it into a place of adoration of royal

statues,

(coloured black in

II.

xix.

omitted in

I.

with a colonnade round

all

possibly accompanied

by others

in III. xxx.).
set,

If the plan in

Huya's tomb does not represent

By

the side of the temple here were

as in

the court in question,

we should
to one 6

still

have to
1

suppose a change in construction from the 8 by

2 colonnade of
II. xix.

The number

eight

seems

to be favoured.

by 4

(I.

xxv.),

'

Peteie, T. a.

33.

THE TOMB OP PANEHE8T.

the Case of the other sanctuary, a slaughter-

25

testimony to the fidelity of the picture that

pieces of colossal statues of the

house and

a
III.

three-roomed

villa

(with

two

King carrying

columns on
in
II.

xxx.

with an

official

emerging

these insignia were found on the spot by Professor Petrie.^

xix.).

On

the other side

are

shown

several sets

of offerings, each consisting of a

For the protection of these

gate, in front of

statues,

no doubt,
little

table of beer-jars, a stool with a stand of offer-

there was a walled forecourt, entered by a

ings and a lotus-shaped drinking cup

(?).

The
x.A,

and enclosing the pylon. Several

space on the right of the gateway

is

generally
(I.
:

occupied by a choir led by a harpist.

I.

The same protective purpose apparently was served by a

tables of offerings are

shown

in

it.

XXV., III. xxx., and the Royal

II.

Tomb

per-

flanking wall, which

we

find built out

from the

haps desti'oyed in
led
III.

xix.).

second band,

main
to
front.

edifice

on both

sides of the forecourt, so as

by a player on the guitar, is shown in xxx. Both player and singers are invariably
are also
;

enclose a small space on all sides but the

This addition

is

shown

in

all

copies

depicted with shut eyes, indicating blindness.

The menials of the temple

shown

in this

courtyard, busy at their tasks

one sprinkling

the yard with water, and another sweeping and

gathering up the refuse, a third replenishing

the
offerings,

others

bringing

animals

for

^
^ K Qn
\

sacrifice.

Royal Statues. The entrance to the temple was by a great pylon, adorned like the first by a portico on the
of the
exterior,
I.

The Poktico

&

which

is

realistically

shown

in

xxxiii.,

but elsewhere by the strained conven-

tion

already noticed.

The temple being

less

broad than the other has only four columns in

alignment instead of eight.
pillar

In front of each
EoYAL Tomb.
III. xxx.

were placed standing statues of the King,

fly-flap,

holding the crook and

and wearing the

(with the cornice of the wall curiously indicated
in II. xix.,
little villa

crowns of the South and of the North in the

two rows respectively. Small female statues are shown accompanying his own (I. x.A, from their size they might be III. xxx.)
;

and perhaps

also in III. xxx.).

is
;

The
shows

before-mentioned

set

within the

court so formed in III. xxx.

it

II. xix. also

ascribed to his eldest daughter Merytaten,

who

occupied.^

we know had a

shrine in this

temple,^ but

A similar
form.

feature
I.

is

shown

in

I.

x.A,

behind

more probably they are the Queen's (cf. III. xi., The statues of the King are sometimes xxx.).

the pylon, and in

xxxiii. assumes a mysterious

The construction becomes plain in III. xxx.

less

shown of the
as

stiff

Osirian form

at other times
It
is

(supplemented by a
tion in the

injured representaevi-

natural figures of a living King.

Royal Tomb), and again gives

dence of anxiety for the safety of this sanctuary.

Shaepe, Egyptian Inscriptions, ii. 48. The inscription on this block suggests, too, that it is the base of a statuary group of the King and his daughter.
1 2

Peteie, T. a.
It

34.

must be due resembles a cow

*

to injury that the pile

on the

altar here

2.6

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

two covering walls
and
like those just

It indicates

entered by doors in both sides of the temple,

noticed, the ends of which, instead of merely

approaching

leaving a passage,

overlap

considerably, and so form a tortuous approach,

The true entrance to this subsidiary building was by a door at the rear. In the tombs of Panehesy
and
so

could be easily patrolled.

by means
T.

of

which the

entrance

could be
in

and Meryra
interior

it is

furnished only with the smaller

easily defended or concealed.

The drawing

paraphernalia of worship.
is left

In III.

xxx. the

xxxiii. harmonizes with this explanation, if the

a complete blank.

single covering wall there shown, furnished with

a gate,
pylon.

falls

within the

corridor

behind the

The question as to the identity of the elaborate building shown in Huya's tomb must be
reserved for the next volume.
for discussion the

That corridor then forms the second

There remain

turn of the path.

after

The

visitor to the sanctuary,

terms under which the temple

passing

the

forecourt and pylon,

was
a

or temples of the
texts.^

Aten are

referred to in the

obliged to turn sharply to one hand

down

narrow passage, and

corridor,

as this itself lay within a

The

references to the temple, other than as

(per) of

he had to double back before he could

"the temple
(1)

Aten"

are as follows

find

an entrance to the inner rooms.

direct
ingress,

The copy

in II. xix. also shows a very devious instead of a

wall.

The splendid places which Pharaoh made in the Sanctuary of the Benben in the temple of Aten." I.,
"
p. 36, PI. xxx.
(2)

but omits the protecting

"

The

singers

Court of the Altar. This presents much the same appearance as the 5th and 6th courts
of the outer temple, chapels or magazines being

Sanctuary of Akhetaten (?) "

I., p.

and musicians in the court of the the Benben, and (in) every Shade of Ea in
[var., "

every sanctuary in Akhetaten "J.

51,

PL

xxxvii. (where the rendering should be as

ranged round three

the centre occupied

sides,

and the open space

in

above). (3) "

May

she (the Queen) grant

PI. xxi., p. 32.

water and
[var.

offer-

ings in the Sanctuary of the

Benben"
.
. . .

"in the

by a great

altar of offerings

temple
(4)

of Aten].

and by smaller

articles

of furniture connected

"

May he (the King)

PI. ix., p. 31.

with the oblations.

All the copies agree in

festival of the living

an offering at every grant Aten in the Sanctuary of the Ben-

ben."

allowing no entrance to the temple from the

rear.^

(5) " The elect who hear thy sweet voice (the King's) in the Sanctuary of the Benben." Becueil, xv., p. 47.

The Adjoining Shrine.

wall according to
I.

There

remained,

however, another building, outside the boundary

x.a,

(6) " Conducting Queen Tyi, to let of Ea.' " L. D. iii. 101.
(7)

her see her

of

'

Shade
of

"The Aten ....

. .
.

in the

'Shade
iii.

Ea'

the

but within and joined

;

Queen mother
(8)

Tyi." L. D.
in

102.

to the back of the temple in all other plans

yet

"The Aten ....

the 'Shade of

Ea'

of the

marked by

all as

independent of

it.^

To

safe-

guard the sanctuary from violation under cover

of this building,
its

Merytaten .... in the ' House of Eejoicing of the Aten in the temple of Aten in Akhetaten." Shaepb, Egyptian Inscriptions, ii, 48. (Brit. Mus.
Princess
'

....

rooms were separated from

(double or

1000.)
(9)

the temple by an empty passage

treble according to II. xix.),

"

The Aten

in the midst of the

'

House
xii.

of

which was only

Eejoicing' of the [AtenJ

.... Petbib,

T. A., pi.

Further, in the stelae

^

and X, by the

Owing

to injury the exact

I.

arrangement

of the build-

decay of which a complete story of the doings

of

ings at the rear in

question.
^

xxxiii.

and

II.

xix. is

open

to

Akhenaten

at

Akhetaten seems to have been

The

eariier plans of the

temple ruins by

Eebkam

not
'

only show the smaller sanctuary as a distinct edifice, but also this dependent building jutting out at the rear of
it (cf.

The

interesting article of
xl.,

Prof.

Bbbastbd on

this

subject {A. Z.

L. D.

i.

64).

when

pp. 106-113) only came into this chapter was already in print.

my

hands

THE TOMB OF PANEHESY.

lost to us, the

27

King enumerates seven buildings

T)?!

being led towards such a portico containing

whicli he has
1.

made
of

for the

Aten:

her statues
that

among

others,
is

it

is

almost certain
" her

"

The Temple

Aten."
of
(of

" her sun-shade "

equivalent to

2.
3.

" "

"The [Sanctuary?] The Shade of Ea "

The House
'

Aten" (a very the Queen ?).

'

short name).

colonnade."

Perhaps Merytaten also at a later

date had a portico in this colonnaded court,

4.

of Eejoicing

of

Aten .... in the

'

island
5.

(?)

'Aten, eminent in sed-festivals

'

in Akhetaten."

but

this

cannot be asserted, and the " House of

"

" The
7.

House

of Eejoicing

'

" (in the

same

locality).

Rejoicing
Since

remains unidentified.
is

6 and

(Possibly not buildings, but dues, &e.)

it

evident from the pictures that

This

is

an imposing
let

list

for the

few years

at

" singers

and

musicians

"

had

very

special

Akhetaten, but

us consider

how many

of

duties in the courts of the second temple, the

these represent separate buildings.

It is to

quotation (2) above affords a strong proof that

that
is

be observed that both the Sanctuary

the

" sanctuary

of the

Benben "
that

to

of the

Benben and the House of Rejoicing are " in the temple of Aten," and the " Shade of
is

say
of

nothing of
the

the

presence in
to

court

only

monument

which the word

Ra of Merytaten "
ing.

within the House of Rejoic-

Benben can apply.

are the singers

This smaller temple must

The " Shade of Ra " of Tyi was also in the same place, if Huya's building is taken as an abbreviated picture of the temple. The
finding
of pieces

have been the chief centre of worship.

Here
to this
visits.

and the servants.

It

is

alone that the

King pays most

of his

of

about

seventeen
site,

royal

On

the other hand, the

offerings

which
to the

are

statues at one side of the temple

when that

besought for the dead, and which seem to be

granted from amongst those

picture shows sixteen such statues on each side of

made
to

King

the

court,

is

a remarkable

coincidence.^

and to the Aten, are expected

sanctuary
of
is

come from the

festivals

Moreover, one fragment from the same spot

bears the record, " the
of Rejoicing."
^

the

Benben.

There also the

Aten ...

in the

House

King's voice
held,

most often heard and the

we

are told.

What
is

is

" the Shade (or Shadow) of

"spirit of Ra," or

Ra "

The meaning

"image

of Ra,"

The " House of Rejoicing " signifies probably no more than a place of worship for the cult
;

here inapplicable.

In a religion which recog-

of the

Aten seems

to

have been specially marked

"

nizes only the beneficent

Sun

a grateful shade

by demonstrations

of joy.

The House of the

which one

could not be regarded as a conquest of the hostile

propitiation (sehetep) of Aten," of

action of the Sun, but

must be

attributed,

May

is

steward,*

is

more

likely to refer to

some

however illogically, to the action of the Sun itself. The "sun-shade" then may have its natural

storehouse of the temple than to a sanctuary.

(Cf. I.

XXX.)
of the

meaning of a
light,

shelter
it is

from the sun's heat and

Pro-

The representation
so often

smaller sanctuary

and

as
it

evidently applied here to a

by

itself

shows that

this

was a perfectly
this

building,

must be a covered building.

independent part of the temple and of great

importance.

bably the only screened buildings in the temple

of the

The
that
it

addition

to

of

the

Aten were the

porticoes under which the

;

colonnaded court of the temple in the tomb of

royal statues were placed

and

as

we

see

Queen

Huya

suggests

this

also

had a certain

separateness, and

may

not be fanciful to see

a real significance in the three suns whose out'

The date

of the stelae is doubtful

probably the fourth

*

year (post-dated). 2 Peteie, T. a. 34.

8

Daeessy,

Beciieil,

xv. 41

cf.

Peteie, T. A.

p. 33,

Ibid,

and

pi. xii.

pi. xxii.

28

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

mark
off the

stretched arms
as
it

house of the Aten,

(11.

With the exception

is

of the

tomb

of

Huya,

this

seems, into three parts

in Pentu).

xviii,

xix

the only case in which the walls of the shrine

less decisively

Certainly the three

are decorated
fined to

divisions so

made might

well correspond with

:

and here the sculpture is conthe Bast wall, where Panehesy and his
;

the three definite sanctuaries

(1)

household
viz.,

are

"The Temple
The House
" of

of the

Aten" proper,

formably to

shown sitting the use which this

at
little

table,

con-

apartment

the enceinte and the court of the great altar.

(2) "

was hoped to serve for those buried in the

tomb.

of Rejoicing," containing the

"

Sun-Shade
(3) "

Tyi and comprising courts 3 to

of the Benben," coin-

We may
his

gather from the scene that Panehesy

little girl,

6 of the greater Sanctuary.

was a widower with one

been
all

and allowed

The Sanctuary

house to be managed by his

left

sister,

who had
These

ciding with the smaller Sanctuary.

a widow with two daughters.

appear with him therefore in this banqueting

Panehesy.
11.

scene, sitting together before a

Plates
xxii.,

low

table,

which

Thickness op Pabtition Wall.

is

spread with a blue table-cloth and various

viands.
Of.

Panehesy
stool

is

seated on a slender leatherhis little

L'HoTE, Papiers,

xi.

29 (reproduced in Am^lineau,

bottomed

and

daughter

on a

Sepulture, pi. xcix., p. 644).

joint-stool at his side.

" His beloved sister, the

?),

Only the left side of the passage to the inner chamber is sculptured. Here a large figure of Panehesy (unnamed) is given, which by its

house-mistress
sits

Abneba (Abka

maatkhera,"

behind her brother on a chair, her two

side.

daughters standing by her

They appear

marked

difference

from the conventional figure

for

from their dress aad headgear to be older than

their cousin.

which has elsewhere stood

the head shows us the typical

him, seems to

Akhenaten's attraction to women,

of a large

be a real attempt at portraiture.

The shape

of

and the chance that made him father

how consciously conventional El Amarna head is, and how far

racial peculiarities or

family of daughters, may, not improbably, have

strengthened the importance attached to

female line at his court, which flattered giving prominence to
its

the

from being founded on

realism.
It

him by
It

shows

also that if Panehesy's

it

name
in

women

also.

may

has any racial significance

its

must be taken

more general meaning " Southerner," not " Negro " for both he and his sister (Plate xxiii.) show the utmost contrast to the negro
;

even have gone so far that on the monuments they ignored the existence of sons, as daughters

were neglected in

earlier times.
offers a

A
name

male figure in front of Panehesy

type.

In front of Panehesy

is

little

female

bouquet, that he
or

may

inhale
is

its

figure, in

whom we may
is

perfume.
;

No
the
his
(?).

recognize his daughter,

description

appended

for

though she
It is the

unaccompanied by any inscription.

writing above
pious wish,

only tomb at El
of

Amarna where

a
is

him seems only to contain "His reward from the Aten

recognition

the

deceased's descendants

permitted.

he grant thee a good old age as to a favourite." Over the head of Panehesy is
written " Unto
ra,
^

May

Panehesy's Household.
Sheine.

the great favourite of Ua-enetc., etc.,

is

the Chief Servitor,

Bast Wall.
:

Plate

Panehesy, maa-

xxiii.

hheru."
Previous copies are

The

figure

apparently set there

Hay, MSS. 29,847,

Papiers,
p.
xi.

fol.

63.

(inscription).
iii.

L'Hote,
ii,
'

29.

Lbpsius, D.

91k, m, and Text,

132 (inscription).

Correcting to

aa~vv

THE TOMB OP PANEHESY.

merely to suggest that ministration and intercession wliicli Panehesy

29

CThe
1.
1.

Religious Texts.

hoped

to receive often

within this

shrine from friends

and

visitors.

The Longer Prateks.

W.
side.

An

enormous bouquet is painted on the wall behind this figure, more for decoration of a
blank space than as part of the picture.
border of similiar kind
wall,
It is

(Outer thickness.

Plate

vii.)

"An
for ever

adoration of [Ea-Horakhti, &c.],

who

giveth

life

repeated also on the door-cheek close by, and a

is

traceable on the back

where scarcely a vestige remains of the

seated statue of Panehesy, which once, no doubt,

occupied the room.

It

need hardly be said that we know nothing

dawning on the Eastern horizon [and] a propitiation of him at his setting on the Western Thou dawnest in the sky horizon. Homage to thee and shinest in the morning on the horizon of heaven, coming in peace, the Lord of Peace. All mknkind lives at sight of thee, the whole land assembles at thy rising their hands salute thy dawning." (Said) by the Chief Servitor of Aten in Akhetaten,
and
ever, at his
!
'

more of Panehesy than may be gained from his titles in this tomb, and his possession of one
of the few spacious tombs presented to the
favourites of Akhenaten.

His

offices

may

fitly

Panehesy, maakheru. He says "Praise to thee, my god who has formed me and dispensed good to me he who fostered me and gave food to me and provided my goods by his ka;" the ruler who made me among mankind, who caused me to associate with his favourites, and caused ^ every eye to
:

be collected here

(1) Chief Servitor of

Aten

in the temple of

Aten
(2)

in

Akhetaten (passim).

know me.* " Thou didst bring me to me powerful when I was

bours 8 (rejoiced
?)

the front from the rear,^ making

of

Servitor of the Lord of the

Two

Lands,

Nefer-kheperu-ra, in the temple of Aten (Plates

iv.e, xxi,).

no account. All iny neighbecame the favourite of him who did it (?). My city came (?) to me. I was supplicated (?) and grew great thereby (?), by a decree of the Lord of Truth.7
because
I

" I give praise to the height of heaven, I adore the

(3)

Second priest of the Lord of the

Two

Lands, N.,

who

giveth

life

(Plate

ix.).
viii.,

(4) Intimate of the (5)

King (Plates
iv.c).

xx.).

Lord of the Two Lands, Akhenaten, the Fate who gives life, and is Lord of ordinances ^, the Light of every land in whose time there is Ufe, the Nile-god of the land of men by whose spirit one is fed, the god who maketh

Superintendent of the Granary of the

in

Aten

Akhetaten (Plate

(6) Superintendent of the oxen of the Aten

Beading
whole salutation,

>^
cf.

O
ii.

For
iii.

the

(Plate iv.d).
(7) Chancellor

III.

and L'Hdte, Papiers,

activity to the

294

of the

King of the North

(Pentu).
^ The ascription of beneficent King is frequent in these tombs.

(Plate xxi.).

ka of the

striking analogy in

Panehesy seems, then, to have taken only second rank to Meryra in Akhetaten, and in
view of the
titles 5

the Proverbs of Ptahhetep

is

noted in Pbteib, Beligion

and
3

Conscience, p. 179.

and

we
if

are probably not

Beading
j|

making a great assumption

the lower half of the

we suppose that W. wall contained much

fills

The Plate

is

completed from L'Hotb

(v.

AmAlineau,

Sepulture, pi. Ixxxiv.)

5

the same scene as that which

the space

Beading

^
"^
(

under the picture of the temple on the E. wall of Meryra, viz. his reward for the excellent administration of these two departments.
indeed,
is

Beading fD Beading

|^sS
"""^
?

(?)

Meryra,

<:3>

Cf.

L'Hote's

copy)

there

probably sharing the credit

his subordinate's successes
;

and reward of
share, however,

a
to

m^^n
1^:
8

(S.

I.

?"r

which may have been due

him.

See Plate

viii. col.

12.

30

THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

and formeth the humble, the Breath of all by whom men breathe " For the ha of the Chief Servitor of Aten in the temple
!

princes

2.

{Ihid.

Eight

side.)

nostrils,'

of Aten,

Panehesy."

"Praise to thee, the living Aten, who illumines heaven and earth by his dawning. Lord of Eternity, Maker of Everlastingness. When he rises all the land His rays produce eyes for all that he has is in joy.
created.

2.

(Outer thickness.

E.

side.

Plate

viii.)

Men

say

'

It is life to see

him

there

is

dea,th

in not seeing him.'

" [An adoration of the living Aten] and of the King of the South and North (here follow the two titularies of the King and that of the Queen).
TJa-en-ra
live at

"

The Chief
3.

Servitor, &c.,

Panehesy maakheru."
Left side.)

Praise to thee,

(Plate xxi.

Lintel of N. Door.

the whole [land]

[they
is.
^

seeing thee]
7)
. . .

" 'Praise to thee, the living Aten, Lord of that which

(column

him thy

favourite."

" (Said) by the great favourite [of the good god]

the

Chief Servitor
in Akhetaten,

of Aten in the temple of Aten

Panehesy.
in]

He

says

When thou dawnest hands giving praise to thee; the whole land gathers together at thy rising. Health Give to him millions of to Ua-en-ra thy fair child.
Creator of that which exists.
all

mankind

live,

their

good fortune 3 (?). Eelate to one another the benefits which my ruler did to me. He caused me to associate with princes and companions. I was promoted to praises (?). When I knew not the companionship of princes I was found to be an intimate of the King. His Majesty is Ea, who formeth the humble at his pleasure, and creates princes by his Tia. (He is) the Fate who confers life, the Lord of wholesome ordinances. When he is appeased is provided in every land has joy, when (?) the house of the King, power arises in the palace ... reward. The silent man becomes loud of voice * by his teaching (?), the possessor of daily favours. His body then others thrives at sight of thy goodness
'

"

Hail [each one

Akhetaten

who

desires

sed-iestWals.'
" (Said)

by the Chief
4.

Servitor, &c.

[Panehesy]."

{Ibid.

Eight

side.)

"

'

Praise to thee, the Aten, [Lord] of Eternity,

Maker
lives

of everlastingness,

and

(to)

the ka of the King,

who

on Truth, Lord
giveth
life,

Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, who my Lord who formed me, fostered me, gave
of the

me
of

happy life in the service of his ka.' " (Said) by the Chancellor of Lower Egypt, the beloved the Lord of the Two Lands, praised daily by his
a

Lord, the Chief Servitor of Aten, &c., Panehesy."

5.

(Plate iv.

Tablet of N. Column.

Left side.)

after

me

shall say

'

How

is

the intimate of the King,

' !

"

'

Praise to thee, the living Aten, Lord of Eternity,

of everlastingness.

the Chief Servitor of the Aten, Panehesy, prospered

"

Maker

I give praise to

Ua-en-ra.

I propitiate the good ruler.' " (Said by) the Chief Servitor, &c., Panehesy."
2.

The Shoetbe Prayers.

6.

{Ibid.

Eight

side.)

1.

(Plate V.

Lintel of S. Door.

Left side).

" 'Praise to thee, the living Aten,

who

illumines the

" Praises

mankind

[gives] praises

(?)....
;

Two Lands
Thou
and health

with his beauty (and

to)

the ka of the King.

Life, prosperity,
' !

mankind. They live because of thy dawning. Thriving and firm of countenance is he who seeth thee he increases wealth (?) ^ in the palace. " Said by the Chief Servitor, &c., Panehesy."

art Ua-en-ra, the

son of the Aten.

day " (Said) by the Chief Servitor, &c., Panehesy." The two prayers in the S. column are too broken
in the daily affairs of every

to

be of use.
)

Eeading
^

IIIpg^
\

7.

(Plate xxi.

Ceiling Inscription, 2.)

(?)8

"Praise to Thy ka [my] Euler, Light

I.

clothed in

Eeading

|1[]

<"=> should have been

love like the Aten, producing eyes for the land (so that)

printed in the plate.

3

Conjecturing

r\

AAAAAA

^H,

(?).

Cf. ceiling inscrip-

Eeading
7

j|

tion.
*

No.

3, PI. xxi.

Eeading

Eeading

^^ j^{to
nff"!

^
The
is

^j^.

Conjectural reading

(i

Cf.

Plate

vii.

and

Emending

as the first

IS
I.

xxxviii.

three inscriptions are so defaced that

doubtful.

the whole text

more

or less conjectural.

THE TOMB OF PANBHBST.

they (the people) see by means of it>; their Nile-god who makes them live (?), the Breath of life who hears Grant the desire (?) Nefer-kheperu-ra.
that
I
(4)

31

Nefertiti.

May she grant a laudation (?) of the King house, my lord who forms, makes, fosters."
"
Close
:

in his

my

two eyes may see thee

not
fail

daily,

my
;

lord,

and that
is

may

(but)

be firm

(?)

the
life

Two Lands)

" For the ka of (the favourite of the Lord of the Chief Servitor of Aten in the temple

There

is

life

in the service of the lord

not in

of

Aten in Akhetaten, Panehesy."

5

possessions. " For the ka of the Chief Servitor, &c., Panehesy."

Introduction.
(5)

8.

Eight jamb.

As

before.

Ea-Horakhti.

8.

(Ihid.

Inscription No.
of

3.)

"The
"
'

great favourite

the

good

god,

the Chief

King's house.

Servitor, &c., Panehesy,

maakheru, says

Ho

one and

all

who

are in Akhetaten, desiring

he (the god?) ^ grant entrance and exit from the May he (the deceased) be established, and his turn not fail (?), until he becomes amakh (the state of the rewarded dead) in the peace which the
"

May

[Eelate] to one another the benefits which

favourites of the
(6)

Lord

of the

Two Lands

enjoy."

the ruler,

my lord,

did to

me "

namely, that he gave to

(?)

Nefer-kheperu-ra.

me

gold from the daily bounty

(?)

whom
the

his lord advanced

in rank,^

whom

King

of the

May he grant a sight of the living Aten^" at his rising and an adoration of him, and that he may listen to what
"
thou'sayest as (he listens to) his favourites."
(7)

South made, and the King

the Lord of

North the Two Lands made by his

of the

fostered,*
ka.'

whom

Akhenaten.

"May
Benben."

he grant a reception
of

of

loaves, presented

at

every festival

the

living

Aten in the hall of the

BuRiAii Petitions.
(To be recited by visitors on behalf of the dead.)
1

(8)

Nefertiti.

of love,"

4.

(Plate

ix.

South Door.

Left jamb.)

seten

dy hetep

of

(1)

Ea-Horakhti.

he (the god?) grant ^ entrance with the right (conferred by) the Lord of the two Lands, advancement (?) in rank by his Lord,^ and the accomplishment
of his designs."
(2)

"May

she grant the entrance of favour and the exit and a happy recollection in the presence of the King, and that thy name be welcome in the mouth of the Companions." ^ Close: "For the ta of the Chief Servitor of Aten in the temple of Aten in Akhetaten (or, in cols. 2 and 4, "the second priest of the Lord of the Two Lands, Neferkheperu-ra, who gives life "), Panehesy, maakheru."

"

May

912.
(9

(Plate xxi.

North Door.

Left jamb.")

Nefer-kheperu-ra.

Introduction.

"Praises to thy ka,

(10),

Nefer-kheperu-ra

he grant a term of old age, and vigour of body, " and that old age be decreed for thy relatives (?) (3) Akhenaten. " May he grant [a reception of the loaves] ' that are offered in the Presence, and purity of his hands at the
prostration in the court."

"

May

and
(9) "

11),

Akhenaten

Nefertiti " (12), with the

proper

titularies.

May

he grant a happy old age and a journey

hill of

with favours to the

seat."
(10) "

Akhetaten, thine everlasting

May

may

the sight of thee not

he grant a long life, seeing thy beauty fail any day."

Beading
Cf.

^
I.,

**

Supply

I)

[]

Or the King

^^

"5 (?)

of the seten

dy hetep, for on both jambs

2 3

prayer

2, p. 30.

the requests are for court favours.

'"

Cf. petition 1, below.

*
5

Cf. Part

p. 49.

god
in these four
ceiling

Ea

Note the rare determinative of Aten, a figure of the but whether with the head of a hawk or a man
;

The t inserted into the word must be a blunder. Yet see

PI. xxi.
6

columns
3.

is

not clear.

inscription

"
'*

I.e.

the entree of an established favourite

who never

falls into disgrace.

Ibid.
Cf. petition
1,

It will
gift of

be noticed that these court favours, though in

Part

the
i..

the King, would largely depend on the good-

will of the
p. 53.

Queen.
in

The space
cut.

is

blank, the hieroglyphs not having

" Consult the duplicate copies from both jambs

Part
I.,

been

pp. 52, 53.

32

THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMABNA.

(11) "

May

thy tomb-chamber
ever and ever."
(12)

he grant that thy offerings be abundant in may thy name be celebrated for
;

1316.

{Ibid.

Eight jamb.)

'

"May

she

grant a reception of loaves, that

which has been offered in the Presence, a drink-offering and meat-oifering in the sanctuary of the Benben." Close: "l^or the ka of the great favourite of the Lord of the Two Lands (2 and 4 his lord 3 the good ruler'), the Chief Servitor of Aten in Akhetaten " (2 and 4, " the Servitor of the Lord of the Two Lands, Neferkheperu-ra, in the temple of Aten ").
' '

Introduction (as on the other jamb). (13) " May he grant entrance of favour and exit of
love,

and a reception

of the favours of the

Lord

of the

Two

'

Lands, the daily dues," (14) " May he grant thy tomb of everlasting, thy may thy name not be forgotten for seat of eternity
:

ever."
(15)

"

May

he grant a good burial

after [old age]

and

^ '

copy in Tomb 4 changes this to " he." If this has been done because the address there is to the Aten as well as Nefertiti, it shows that the petition is to
later

The The

sculptor has only half erased an error.

interment in the favoured burial-ground." (16) " May she grant a pleasant recollection
the King, and his favour the children of

before

every day, and that the house pour out libations for thee at

the entrance to thy tomb-chamber."

Close
:

the god.

(as

on the other jamb).

33

CHAPTBE
THE TOMB OF MERYRA
II.

III.

O
(

A.'

AuCHITECTURAL

FEATURES.

outer side (Plate xxxvi., translation on p. 45).

Exterior

(Plates xxviii., xxix.).

The position
3).

The

ceiling

between them

is

higher than at the

sides,

of the tomb has already been described (p.

No

and

slightly arched.

The columns are of

the type elsewhere used, and in appearance most

great labour was expended on the exterior. The

nearly resemble those in the tomb of the other

bank of rock in which the tomb was excavated was low and as it was cut back for a very short distance, the portal had to be correspondingly
;

Meryra
ing
is

(I. ii.).

In this

case,

however, the sheathis

not marked, the tablet

so

placed lower

down and

as to face the incomer,

and the

low,

and unprotected by a cornice of rock.

It

heads of the inserted bundles of three stems

each are shown in sculpture above the bands.

has suffered severely in consequence, the surface being in

most parts quite weathered away. It can just be seen that the jambs were inscribed
in three columns.

Neither abacus nor tablet has received inscriptions.

The entrance from outside has no framis

On

the

left

the titulary of
right

ing,

but that to the second chamber

decorated
is

the

Aten can be recognized, and on the

with the usual portal, and the pediment above

familiar phrases of prayer, such as " grant

him

adorned in paint with the usual

series of car-

a duration like (Aten)."

On

the

left

these were

touches and figures of the deceased at prayer (a

short inscription lost

terminated by the figure of the deceased and

his

prayer.

(Plate xxix.

For a translation

Avay

The top of the doorhas been broken away in order to admit

?).

see p, 45.)

The Hall
is

(photograph, Plate xlvi.).

This

more light

to the inner rooms.

later occupants,

This Avas done,

also cut

no doubt, by

who have

the only
its

tomb

of the north group which has

intact,

a neat recess in the wall close by,

and drawn

kept
sents

columns

and the outer

hall pre-

two rough
of the

sailing-boats in ink.
is

The west wall

except for the
xli.

in

consequence a very pleasing aspect

tomb

quite blank of sculpture or design.

is

architecturally.

The

walls, too,

owing

to their

The north wall

pit

also

bare,

unfinished and unpainted condition, present a

cleaner surface and reflect the light freely.

sculpture and sketch given in Plate

The

The
I

found in

this
is

room

is

probably not con-

columns which, conformably to the small size of the wall, are only two in number, support architraves parallel
to

temporary, and
therefore left
it

sure to have been violated.

uncleared.

the

axis of the tomb,

and

The Inner Chambers.

type of tombs.

decorated with a running inscription on the

These are of the narfor the corridor

left at

row transverse pattern adopted

Two
mouth

rock-cut architraves cross

the east end

So called here in order

to distinguish
I.).

chief priest of this

name

(Part

him from the The tomb is No. 2

pp. 137, 138.

the ceiling.

A
is

mastaba was

to receive the
this there

of the burial shaft, but of

(No. 6 of Lepsius).

Cf. L.

D. Text,

ii.,

only the merest commencement.

34

THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

also is only partially

The shrine

hewn

out,

but

it

2.

The King at Home.

West
:

gives sign of the intended statue of the deceased.

South wall.
graph).

side.

Plates xxxii., xlvi. (photo-

The doorway
shown
but
has
door.
it

to the shrine

was

to have been

furnished with a decorated door of the type

in

Previous copies are

tombs

and 3

(III. xix.,

xxvi.)

L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 9 (published in AmAlineau, Sepulture, pi. xcv., and partially in Lettres ]Scrites, p. 66).
Lepsius, D.
iii.

was only begun, even the jambs being Here also a recess only marked out in paint.
been

98b,
ii.,

Peissb, L'Art :Egyptien,

pi. xvi.'

made

in

the

wall

close

to

the

The scene engraved on

presence here
is

this wall
life

has no very
Its

The Sculpture.

obvious connection with the

If the sculptures in

of Meryra.

many

places betray haste, the best parts

siderable powers of drawing the

show configure,

Akhenaten

due to the curious practice of which of dispersing the scenes

human

should have occupied the walls of his

own tomb
a result,
his family

though those of animals are

and hands and Akhenaten's

failures.

The arms

throughout those of his courtiers.

instead of seeing the deceased

As
and

lolling attitude in

Plate xxxii. are skilfully rendered, and even

the rough execution of the crowded scenes on
the
east
Avail

enjoying the burial provisions, or those earthly

banquets which were to be the standard and

pattern for post-mortem delights,
it is

does

not

destroy this power

the royal

(notably the groups of wrestlers and the leap-

family
tables
;

whom we

find at the richly furnished

life,

ing children in Plate xxxviii,).

is

The technique
being

while the deceased, as in

If his

serves his

very poor, the

fill

final coating of plaster

royal master.
at
all, it

own

repast

is

remembered

allowed to

up the

outlines, so that only the

is

relegated to the walls of his private

larger figures are successful.

Wilful injury has

chamber, the narrow inner shrine.

robbed us of many important fragments that

Lepsius and others copied
of the walls,
;

The King's repast

is

not an infrequent subject

and the upper parts

in these tombs, but the scene here

shown forms
the kiosks,

where the bats congregate, are

an especially charming picture of royal recreation.

almost destroyed by their agency.

Akhenaten

sits

in

one of

which were an indispensable part of an EgypB.

1.

The Sculptured Scenes.

tian garden.

The

light roof

is

borne on columns,

the sides being

left

open.

It

was a pleasant

The Peayebs

oe Meryra.
Plates xxx., xxxi.

custom to hang the ceiling of these garden pavilions with flowers and foliage, and this habit
passed into a decorative device.

The thickness

of the outer wall,

:

Here we

see

Previous copies are

Hay, MSS. 29147, fol. 63 (name and titles only). L'HoTE, Papiers, iii., 290, 291 (from which the plates
are restored).

nature and convention united

for while sprays

hang from the roof-beam

of nature, the alternating
lotus
stifily

in all the irregularity

Lepsius, D. Text,

ii.,

p.

137 (name and

titles).

The

walls are greatly

damaged both by time

bud and flower of the form part of the carved design. The arranged bouquets which are mixed with.

and violence, but, thanks to Nestor L'H6te, the modern thefts are partially recoverable. It will
be seen that the walls were already patched with better stone in ancient time.

The

figures
see

show nothing
pp. 44, 45,

distinctive.

For translations

I wish to modify my description of Prisse's drawings El Amarna as reproductions of the plates of Lepsius (I., p. 4). They seem to have been originally independent drawings, often superior to Weidenbach's in detail, but Prisse, or his editor, has added to the plates every additional feature found in the Denkmaler, and so has reproduced every inaccuracy of that edition.
^

at

THE TOMB OP MBEYRA

the sprays show the transition from nature to
art.

IT.

35

in them, often resulted in forms

still

more
is

false

to nature

and devoid of grace.

This

one of

The columns

of the kiosk show one of those

their least

happy innovations.

Equally regret-

elaborate patterns which are

known

to us only

able are the substitution of three loose sashes in

in picture, no examples having survived.

is

This

place of the tight bands under the capital, and

the

natural

for

the

open-work design of the

here, the

attachment of ribbons to the ring of the

This feminine

capitals, often representing, as

open

capital.

impulse

to

beribbon
is

flower, could not be executed in stone, and

not, so far as

was

everything without regard to fitness

noticeable under Akhenaten, and
paralleled in our

very

we know,
is

in metal.

It

must then

may

easily

be

have been of wood, and very

fragile at the best.

That shown here

peculiar shape.

a papyrus column of very

shaft
is

echo of a real
art.

own times as the distorted movement towards naturalistic

under the shelter of
this light

The

solid,

and has the

where
the

peculiar contraction

at

the foot,

Akhenaten
slack

sits

sheaths of the papyrus are seen.

to the ordinary type

But similarity

pavilion, or rather he lolls in that attitude of

ends at the neck, where

repose which his artists seem to have

the shaft

is

abruptly cut off and furnished with

judged to be characteristic of him, in a cushioned

chair (again with irritating drapery round the

a kind of abacus.

On

this rests

an open-work

design representing three open papyrus-heads

carved

legs), his feet resting

on a

soft footstool.

on slender stems, which gain the needed support

The

Queen, " living

and healthy for ever and

daughter, no less than the

by being attached to the (This we must suppose

interior

rim of a

ring.

ever,"

and her

little

to lie

in a horizontal

officials

of the household, are assiduous in minis-

plane, not as in the picture,

different forms given to it

where the two very

of

tering to all his pleasures.

He has already in one

show how subjective

(?)

the representation

is.)

To the outer rim

fastened
lotus,

hand a few flowers from the plentiful supply which little Ankhes-en-pa-aten has brought.

this ring or disc are

three pendant

ducks and as many bunches of

while appearing to hang from
it,

which,

The other hand holds out a shallow patera, which the Queen fills with some choice beverage from a
little jar, filtering

form a clever

the liquid through

means of support.^

a strainer as she pours.

to be taken

His eldest daughter,

The motive seems

man's

from the

sports-

Merytaten,
additional

stands

at

his knee,

shelters, hastily constructed in the

marshes

gratification,^

and
(?)

some Meketaten (?)

offering
for the

from the abundant material found there, and to the pillars of which (made also of papyrus), the
birds which had been secured were naturally

brings

the cap of ointment

head

(frilled, like

everything

else).

It

may

easily

hung

hence the strange combination.

artists to escape

The
from

tainments

have been that at such enterMeryra performed the office of

receiving the

attempts of Akhenaten's

chamberlain,
servants

viands from

the

current conventions, or their imperfect training

and tasting them before

monarch.

presenting

them
to the

to the

At any
officer

rate, in the

un-

finished scene

which

is

appended predella-wise
appears to be disvessels are before
(p),

The rough execution of the scene has led Weidenbach and L'Hote to a curious misrepresentation of the
'

main group, an

charging this function.

Two

capital.

Prisse gives

it

correctly,
is

but elaborates
his wont.
I

it

in

him on
he
is

pedestals near a high lamp-stand

and

plate

xviii. of

his first volume, as

I

may

add here that

found

Max

Weidenbach's signature on
'

taking a large goblet from the hands of

the east wall of this tomb under the scene which he copied there, dated " d. 14 Juni 1845."

Not from a-bag

this is the

end

of

her father's sash.

36

THE EOOK TOMBS OP EL AMA.RNA.

Here, too, are shown the musicians
store

a servant.

chambers at the top of the picture, and so

of the harem,

who

divert the

King with music.

all

indicate the palace interior

by sample.

Above

These female performers, six in number, are

the serpent-crowned framing of the balcony are

furnished with stringed instruments, two playing the harp of seven strings, two the lyre, and

seen the four columns which support the roof,

and, to the right, the two columns of the porch.

two the lute

(or the viol with the

is

bow

?).

The two doors underneath seem

ence.^

to be the side-

The picture
under the
bands.

framed in the familiar border,

with
coloured

doors of the facade, placed there for conveni-

the blue sky stretches above, and the free space

ceiling
is

The

ascent to the balcony

is

not shown,

filled

in

though the doors are some distance from the

ground.

The decorations on the framework

3.

of the win-

Meryra rewarded
wall.

by Akhenaten.
xxxiii.

dow
I.

correspond, in the main, to that

vi.

shown in Divine and royal cartouches and titu-

South

East

side.

Plate
xlvii.

(comprising

laries

within variegated borders

fine detail

make

the sur-

Plates xxxiv. to xxxvi.) and

Previous copies
Sepulture,
lEcrites, p.
pi.

(photograph).

face rich with

and bright colours.

L'HoTE, Papiers,

xi.

15
634)
;

(published in
iii.

xciv., p.

Am^linbau, 130, 131, and Lettres

The panel of the front, which is usually filled by a geometric design (I., vi. TIL, xvii.), is here
;

70 (captives only).
a., p.

filled

with a characteristic Egyptian design, the

Lepsius, D. Text,

138 (Princesses' names).

faint ink of
is

which
is

is

only partially recoverable.^

sign of union.

The

scene on this wall

of Bl

that repeated on that offers

In the centre
right of
it is

the

sam

On
?)

the

almost every tomb

scope for
it.

Amarna

a clump of the plant of the South,

fields (or

The bestowal
gloves,
iii.

of golden necklaces

growing in the
on the
left,

on trellis-work

while

and

other costly articles of dress or plate (dishes,

cups,
signet-rings,
bracelets,

a group of papyrus stems, the plant

goblets,
fillets,

of the North, springs from the clods.

Some

of

&c., in L. D.

103,

and perhaps even

in special cases

the stems

gold

itself in

L. D.

iii.

106) was the traditional

grow up straight, others bend over and meet them flower to flower, and yet others
fetter the necks of captives
;

proof of royal favour.

Except
is

of

whom there

are

the scene of this presentation

the palace.

the verandah of
altered

three on each side. plant of

The building may be

by

bound by the the North represent races of the North

captives
?).

The

omissions and rearrangement, but the essential

features are always the same, and point unmistakably to a single impression on the memory

(three diff'erent types

Similarly those on the

right belong to the negro races of the South

(cf.

Plate
;

of

the

artist

(see

Part

I.,

pp.

23-25,

41).

ideas

The design thus combines two the union of the two Bgypts and the
iii.).

Generally only the verandah or only the facade

of the palace
is

subjection to each of

its

neighbour races.

The

shown, but wherever there

is

is

captives walk on tiptoe, whether in indication

of their
half-throttled state,

space some part of the interior

added behind.

or whether, like

In the tombs of Ay, Tutu and No. 7 the whole

Agag, they walk delicately in apprehension of

the worst.

complex of the royal establishment is depicted even, in the case of the two first, in duplicate.^
;

The

interest of the royal family in the

reward
the

Here

the space was desired for the princesses

given to one, Avho as superintendent of

yet the artist has managed to place one of the

'

The space between has been cut away

if

in ancient

Partially in L. D.

iii.

106a (one-half was never cut)

times, as
3

on account of something objectionable.

iii,

and 109.

Of. L.

D.

109.

THE TOMB OF MEEYRA

Queen's houseliold was so well

II.

37

made

evident.

known to them, is The King, who from the balcony

of the

picture of the bearded Semite with a heavily-

fringed garment

wound round and round

his

hands down the necklaces one by one to Meryra,

receives

body

them from the hands

princesses

Queen

she,

and secured round the waist by a broad girdle into which a handin graceful folds,
(?)

in her turn, having been supplied with

them

kerchief

is

tucked,

is

unmistakable.

The

by the
Their

Merytaten and Meketaten.

younger

sisters,

Ankhes-en-pa-aten,
younger,

negro tribesmen wear the white jibbeh with red sashes and belts, or else tunics from which one
or

Nefer-neferu-aten

the

and Neferlittle

more

real or imitated
if

tails dangle.

It

is

neferu-ra are also present.^

ration has been
childish figures

Very

exagge-

impossible to say
register carry

the men in the topmost

office.^

shown
;

in the

drawing of these
flaccid,

weapons or only wands of

of the

far

from being

they

The dado
by-incidents

(Plate xxxvi.) shows, as usual, the

are notably thickset and sturdy (Plate xlvii.).

scene

in

this

case,

the

The King's sash is richly worked, as in I, xvii. The ties at his breast seem to indicate some upper garment too thin or close-fitting to be represented. The triple sets of armlets which
Ankhes-en-pa-aten wears are only

return of Meryra to his home, and his acclamation

by the household there. The \o\Yest register shoAvs Meryra arriving at the gates in his
chariot, his

neck laden with the king's bounty.

out to meet him.
their arms and applaud the
;

uncommon
is

Men and women have come

The former
raise

because this painted detail has so often perished.

The

thick cushion of the balustrade

uphol-

new

fortunes of their master

the latter, form-

stered in red, with diamonds of blue and another

colour.

ing into a choir, dance, beat cymbals and wave

branches.

In the courtyard of the palace (Plate xxxv.),

Above
the
little

this is

one of the outer gates of which

is

seen in the

shown the next movement in drama. Meryra has passed through

is

right-hand top corner, are assembled the King's

train,

the gates and, on descending from the chariot,

two royal

chariots,

and the indispensable

This
official

again saluted with exuberance by his servants.

scribes

and attendants of Meryra.

Unable
shout,

to contain themselves, they dance

and

himself stands in the porch close under

the

and one

falls

on the ground to

kiss his

balcony, and receives a great double necklace

master's feet.

from the hands of the King to add to the two which are already upon his neck. Three scribes
are busy

acclaim

devotion,

Even the charioteer joins in the the grooms show a more practical and are already busy rubbing down
servants
set

making modern

entries of the gifts.^

It will

and feeding their charges.

be noticed that the ancient Egyptian servant,

like the
fellah,

Meanwhile the

bring

the

whole
that

was wont

to save his
as possible,

bounty of the king,

out on tables,

precious shoes from wear as

much

Meryra may

see its full extent.

It includes a

carrying them with him merely for use

foot- soles

when his
?)

grand repast, sent from the royal kitchen.

picture which

The
shut

gave out.
.

we gain here
is

of the villa of an
It
is

The group

of foreigners

(ambassadors

is

official

of Akhetaten

interesting.

interesting for

the variety of dress and head-

in

from the outside world by enclosing walls

trees

gear which they exhibit.

painted detail
t

Unfortunately, the

and a high gateway, in front of which two

have been
3

is

imperfectly preserved.

The

planted.

The space immediately

The names
For

are

now

destroyed
it.

they are completed

I
I.,

Red

hair

is

observable here and in other tombs, but

it

in the plate
2

from L. B. Text,

p. 138.

am

inclined to think that

is

due everywhere to the

details of the chariots

and trappings see Part

disappearance of the black pigment, which generally

fades
first

pp. 26, 27.

and leaves the red

of the preparatory sketch.

38

THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.

is

within the gates

pleasantly laid out, date-

palms, alternated Avith shade-giving trees, being

set in

on Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, Son of the San, living

Lower Egypt,

living

rows on both

sides of a "J~-shaped tank.

on Truth, Lord of [Diadems], Akhenaten, great

in his duration,

gateway in a

cross- wall

(shown in section)
the back
walls carry

and the great wife of the King, and

ever.

admits to another courtyard, at

of

his beloved, Nefertiti, living for ever

which
roof,

is

a small building.

The

no

His Majesty appeared^ on the throne of the

Divine and
lives

and the gateway

yet
the

also

implies

an open
contents
this

Sovereign Father, the Aten, Avho

;

enclosure:

porch and the room.

on Truth

and the
^

chiefs of

all

lands

within
again
is

suggest a ceiled

Behind
;

brought the tribute

at his

praying favour

seen a fragment of the harem

whose

hand

(?)

in order to inhale the breath

occupants, not being permitted to share in the

of

life.

The

inscription in the
as

tomb

of

Huya

demonstration outside, are giving themselves to

records the event

the

bringing of tribute

dancing

and

mirth within

the

walls.

The

from Kharu and Kush (Syria and Ethiopia),

the
sea
;

building above represents the main building,

containing the dining-hall.

East

and West, and the islands of the

probably more rhetorical

vants

is

cleverly

The staff of sersuggested by the house-boy,

the
floor

a description

than exact.

who

leisurely sprinkles
jar,

with water

from a

and the

hatvivab (doorkeeper),

who

The scene is cleverly drawn to a large scale,

middle
family.

set
sits

out.

The King,
by
his

enthroned in the

has nothing to do but lean idly against the

of the

picture,

accompanied

door-cheek and gossip.

4.

On

the right the tribes of the South

The Tkibute or the Nations.

Plates xxxvii. (comprising Plates xxxviii.-

xl.)

East Wall. and xlvii.

(Plate xxxviii.), on the left the nations of the North (Plate xxxix.), approach the platform humbly. The dado (Plate xl.), shows the

Previous copies are

foreground the
:

crowd on

this

side

of

the

Hay, MSS. 29,814,

tions).

foil.

47,

48

29,847,

fol.

64 (inscripAmi!;linbau,

pavilion.

The canopied platform on which the

to receive the gifts
is

King
xi.

sits

similar to several

L'HoTE, Papiers,
Sepulture,
pi. xcvi., p.
iii.

(published

in

638).

shoAvn on these tombs, and yet cannot be identified

Lbpsius, D.

996 (pavilion only).

with any of them

;

(PI.

xxxii.

I.

xxxi.

The scene on this wall not only is new

and manifestly records an

IIL xiv.)
in kind

for the light

columns here are as

(PI. xxxii.).

historical event,

but a
it.

unique as those on the south wall

descriptive note and a date are appended to

They carry a
papyrus,

triple

capital,
(?),

formed
lily,

by the
super-

The

the lotus

one,

it

is

true,

is

brief

and very bald,

;

and the

and the other too broken

fortunately there
is

to be reliable

but

imposed one upon the other in an ungraceful

combination.*

in the

adjoining

tomb a
"

The royal pair

sit

on cushioned

second, though very differently treated version

same or a similar occurrence, the dating of which is clear, and agrees with what remains
of the

Conjectural reading

^
||
I

3Eeading
(j

of the
follows
'*
:

numbers

here.

The

^ ^^

g^-j

^^ ^

"^

inscription

is

as

Year

season,

month of the winter eighth day] of the King of Upper and

[twelve, second

^o"?i.)...."^Ji^if, ^.. A Y^ T Ttie word might mean "gift" w

(9
III

r\

/WVAAA

vwv\

merely, but, in view of the scenes, forced gifts must be meant.

'

Eeversed by accident in the revised copy on Plate

xxix.

The capitals are very roughly somewhat indeterminate.

*

out,

and their shape

is

THE TOMB OF MERYEA

chairs side

II.

39

by

side,

with their feet resting on

at
this

idea of a spontaneous and unforced

tribute, this

payment of
In
gifts.

double hassocks.
ance before

Even

public appear-

may

be a mistaken impression.

men

of foreign nations their attiis still

the topmost register are specimens of the

tude to one another

most amatory.

The
in

On

native initiative and artistic impulse, appar-

Queen has her

his.

right

arm thrown round her

left
;

ently, the tribute of the

South was wont

to

be

husband's waist, and her

hand reposes

made more presentable by

pieces,

the inclusion of set

So much is perceptible but the bodies of both have been almost erased from the hips

which were sometimes very complex and

(cf.

even, in a barbaric way, picturesque

iii.

L. D.

upwards

in ancient time.

As

usual, all but the

118).

One
to

of the

bare outline of the farther figure was covered

methods was
tails

commonest and simplest decorate a yoke with skins and

sus-

by the
than
is

nearer.

of animals, and with rings of gold

in long chains or

Six princesses are shown, a number greater

pended
while a

sewn on a foundation
feathers
is

found elsewhere.

The new comers

are

of skin or cloth.

These hung from the yoke,

Nefer-neferu-ra,

whom we

have already seen 'on

row

of ostrich

adorned the

The pretty groups have been injured by timq and ruined by thieves, but the names and attitudes are preserved in several earlier copies and squeezes.^

the south wall, and Setep-en-ra.

upper
stand,

side.

One such

pole

seen resting on a

and two

others

are

being borne by

negroes.

second tropliy, of which an example

is

seen

Meketaten turns her head to her sister, and so shows us the side without the hanging lock.
Attracted by the smell of a
pei'sea- fruit
is

here, takes the

form of a representation of the

in precious metal.

dom palm, presumably

L. B.
iii.

In

(pomeholding

118, also,

it is set

in a basket, but here

granate

P)

which Ankhes-en-pa-aten
is is

the blocks (ingots of silver?) instead of being

built into

to her nose, she

stretching out her

in her
sister's

hand for
hand.

an elegant pyramid are merely placed

piles.

another which

right

in

two rough

Behind these trophies are

(?),

Nefer-neferu-aten seems to be holding up a tiny

gazelle,

seen trays holding ingots

bags of gold dust,

bows,

and her

sister

behind has a similar pet

is

and rings of gold

arrows, &c.

also

shields,
gifts are

and

on her right arm, which Setep-en-i"a

diiferent ages of the children

tickling.

Below, similar
chiefs,

being pre-

Both hold flowers in the other hand.

is

The

sented

by negro
iii,

from

Wawat
(cf.

or

Mam

in

not indicated

Ethiopia, to judge

by

their dress

Plate xxxv.

by

their height or demeanour.

As Setep-en-ra
it

and L. D.

118).

Ivory, and the eggs and

does not appear on the south wall,

may

be

feathers of the ostrich,

form part of the tribute,

is

that she was born during the decoration of the

and the Egyptian love of animals

an antelope

gratified
(P),

by

tomb, about the fourteenth year of the reign.

the inclusion of tame leopards, a wild ox

(?).

and

Three nurses of the children stand by the

of the platform.

side

In the third and fourth registers we see

The

titulary of the sun above contains

is

some

prisoners taken in a raid, or perhaps slaves as a

indecipherable additions to what

usual (per"

natural item of the tribute.

haps " in the great desert of Akhetaten

left).

on the
the

male negroes are

About a dozen being dragged forward by

ropes tied round their necks and fettering the

is

In front
bringing of

depicted,

in

six

registers,

wrists also.

Half that number of

women

are

gifts

by negro

tribes of the South,

being led in the same way, except that their

and though the picture does not convey the

The
additions to the plate are from L, D.
99&.

hands are

left

free.

Each

is

accompanied by

three or four children, the elder ones led by the

'

iii.

hand, the youngest one or two carried in a

40

THE

EO0l<:

TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
behind arc evidently
Syrians,
to

pannier which rests on the back, but is supported

whom
full

the

by a band passing round the forehead.

several tribes
(cf.

This

Egyptians
Nearly
all

applied

the

loose

term

Retnu.
beard,

seems to have been a custom general among

have the bushy hair and

in several turns

plate xlv.
l, p. 272).

Newberry, Beni Hasan, ii., Wilkinson, Manners and Customs,

register exhibits a war-like scene,
it is

and the robe wound

round the
long

body from ancles

to

neck.

Some, however,
is
;

have the head shaven, though the beard

The next

type which

Professor

Petrie

classes

as

but as weapons are absent,

to be interpreted

Amorite.

as a series of athletic exercises

who show
form.

their prowess

in

by the this more

first

troops,
pacific

At the top
of

of the picture

we

see a large part

of the gifts grouped, consisting of those Aveapons

The

sports are of three kinds, wrestling,

war which

their Syrian

campaigns had taught

singlestick,
tion,

and boxing.

In the

competi-

the

Egyptians to prize
(?),

and

use.

There are
(?),

two out of the eight combatants have thrown their men, who lie helpless on their
backs as dead.

bows and quivers

with
its

falchions

and daggers and a

spears, shields, coats of mail (?),

chariot,

Two

of the

contests are

still

two

horses.

Beneath,

we

see

other

being stubbornly disputed, though the victors

presents in the hands of

can be easily foretold.

scenes
is

The execution
but their

of these
is

Three young

girls

men of who form part of

The kneeling
roAvs show,

the Retnu.
the tribute

very

rough,

vigour
rivals

are pushed forward in front, as likely to win

unmistakable.

There are only two

on the head.
is

in

favour for the

this

rest.

figures in

the fencing, and one of thgm has already received a decisive blow

and succeeding

no doubt, the
the gifts here

Of the

leaders of the embassy.^

Among

three sets of boxers, one pair

for the victory,

still

struggling

are a metal vase, a casket, an elephant's tusk, a

but the victors of the other

bow and

arrows, and three animals, an antelope,^

lion.

rounds are already jumping for joy and loudly

proclaiming themselves.

an oryx, and a

In the next row nine

:

Meanwhile Meryra
are

(?)

and four other

officials

humbly ascending

the platform to present

themselves to the King.

their shade-

They

are followed

and fan-bearers, and by others

by who

by Egyptians their hands are fettered by handcuffs. The two vases shoAvn here may have had ornamental covers (Hay credits the shorter with a panther's
captives or slaves are led forward
head), but the state of the wall prevents the

may

be a select body of the troops which took

exact forms of the vessels on

Avith accuracy.

it

being ascertained

part in the expedition, or formed the escort to

the mission. unrestrained

In the midst the street boys give

expression, after

The next
deputation,

register seems to shoAv a separate

the

manner of
whole pro-

perhaps

from

the

land

of

the

their kind, to their delight at the

Amorites.
chariot

Their gift comprises tAvo maidens, a

pair,

ceedings (cf 111. xiv.

L. D.

iii.

104).

little

and

and various vases of

fine

work-

group

also

shows proleptically the intended

to be

decoration of Meryra with the double necklace.

manship, including a mounted trophy Avith the head of a lioness on the lid. The loAver two
registers

Honours appear
panions also
;

reserved for his comnecklaces are discoffer

may show

still

another tribe of the

for as

many

played on

stools,

and the closed

may

also

These figures often seem to have had their hands

amputated, and though this would be quite credible in prisoners of war, it is rather to be set down to clumsy drawing and decay. The wall seems to have suffered
since the early copies were made.

contain something more in the

way

of reward.

On
seen.

the left of the platform (Plates xxxix. and

xlvii.) the

peoples of the North (our East) are

Those in the six registers immediately

stag,

according to L'Hote.

THE TOMB OF MERYRA

Retnu, but there are no means of distinguishing it. Their gift consists chiefly of vases in fine
metal work.
lopes,

If.

41

these

vessels

by a comparative study of the

it

metal-work of Syria we find

a difl&cult task,

Besides these, there are two antefile

though

vessels of similar types are often seen

and a

of slaves, including

women and

on Egyptian monuments.^
could cover
to us,

They
Syria

are generally

children.

attributed there to the Retnu, a term which at

of the tribes of the north
is

The enumeration

its

loosest

all

for to the

who

presented tribute at this time

continued

Egyptians, as
largely

these racial

names

Avere

in the long registers below, perhaps with this

difference, that there
force,
is

only rough geographical

distinctions.
bull, as well

no longer any show of

The

vase,

adorned by. a bounding

but a

much

greater likeness to embassies

as that in

which the

full-faced

head of a bull

of peace.

with a disc between the horns forms the cover,

(PI. xl.)
is

In the topmost of these three rows

a small deputation of seven
are clothed simply,
tian fashion.

seen in the tribute of Rameses III. at Karnak, Hit-

men is seen, who and much after the Egypfertile,

where they are attributed to the Retnu.

tites,

however, are seen to be included there

this

Their offerings are of an equally

under
looked

name.

In the tomb of Rekhmara,

classification
is

simple nature, and clearly from a

but

where a more careful

for,

to

be

not a manufacturing land.

calf-shaped

There are calves (or

the finely-chased vases with richly

metal weights), piles of grain or

ornamented rims are put in the hands both of

the Keftiu (Cretans
?)

incense

shoulder-high,

which

two

men
(?)

are

and of the Retnu

but

measuring up, and precious metal

into a flattering imitation of the
istic

formed

the use of animals, or animals' heads, as orna-

two character-

ments, and
assigned
to

the more elaborate creations, are the

Keftiu.

Egyptian structures, the pyramid and the

It

Amongst them

are

obelisk.

seems certain from these offerings

its

pieces which are almost duplicates of the heads

that they are sent from the land of Punt,^

people being grouped here with the northerners

as a non-negro race.

ox and the lioness found in our picture. The long-necked lipped jug here brought by the Kheta is carried both by Keftiu and Retnu
of the

The next embassy is as plainly The eggs and desert population.

the ostrich are
all

that of a
feathers of

elsewhere.

they have to

offer.

Their

flowing, open mantle,

and the

side-lock,

and the

Where, then, was the centre of this cultured manufacture ? The answer may be supplied by a scene in a Theban tomb,^ Avhere the chiefs
of the Kheta, the Keftiu,

feather in the hair pi'oclaim

them

to be

Temehu

Kedesh and Thenpu

or Lybians.

(probably Tunip, a city which in Akhenaten's

it
is

While the dress of the remaining nation marks out as Syrian, the queue into which the hair

time was in the hands of the Kheta), are presenting vases very similar to those shown here.
sculptor
" follows

"

drawn behind

indicates the formidable

Kheta
how-

the chief of Tunip, carrying

(Hittites ?) of the distant north.

So

far,

a piece of plate.
Keftiu,
vases,

He

wears the dress of the

follow, bearing

ever, from appearing as members of an invading horde, the elaborate and tasteful metal-work

and most of the men who

are
of

the

same

nationality.

few

which they have

material
as

to offer, as rich

no doubt in
the

in

form,

betokens

highest

See

I.

xxxi.

Peteie, History,

ii.,

pp. 109.123, &c.

ii.

civilization.

Peisse, Histoire de L'Art iSgyptien,

plates 73-78;
;

When we
'

seek a more definite

origin

for

EosELLiNi, Mon. Civ., plates

115, 116
2
;

Ivii., Iviii., Ixii.

L. D.

iii.

Mission Frangaise,

v.,

plate iv.

Of. ViEETf,

Bekhmara,

pi. iv.

publication of these tombs

ViEEY, Mission Frangaise, pp. 202-205. is to bs deplored.

The semi-

42

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.

Bedawi weapon, according
the embassies into Egypt.
to Wilkinson,^ Ave

resemble in face and dress " the chief of the

Kheta

"

there

shown

but he does not show the

probably have here the troops

who have escorted

King and Queen

peculiar Hittite face or garb.

From

this

and

other evidence
of the

we might gather that the country Keftiu was the home of the craft, and
nations,

The two palanquins

of state-chairs,

of the

rest beside the platform.

that the neighbouring

the

Hittites,

each of

They take the form them carried by two

Retnu, and others imported these splendid products,

strong poles.

Sphinxes bearing the head and

and perhaps even learned to imitate the

forms
;

crowns of the King of the two Egypts, serve as

arm-rests, and the chair
is

less elaborate

so that

it

was

as

much by
The

guarded on each side

their agency as

by

direct trade with the Keftiu

by the carved
floor

figure of a walking lion.

is

The

that they were introduced into Egypt.^ recent

discoveries

on which the creature stands

attached

in

Crete render this hy-

to the poles before

and behind by a uaz column,

pothesis extremely likely

island as the

by pointing

to that

and, in the King's larger chair,

by the

figure of

home

of the Keftiu.

a kneeling captive also.

There

is

no reason, then,

why

such vases

Here we meet

also the personal attendants of

should not be found in the hands of the Kheta,

the King, his censing priest, his servants, whose

though
Hittites,

it

is

just possible that our artist has

;

backs are loaded and hands

full

of all that

erroneously drawn Hittites for Keftiu

for the

he

may
at

call

for,

and the
crowd.

police.

The two
also is the

by reason of distance, are less likely to have sent tribute, and while they are not named or seen in the tomb of Huya, the people of
" the islands of the sea " there

royal chariots

wait in front of the platform,

little

gaped

by a

Here

military escort, and several servants

who bring

named

are not

forward, for sacrifice or feasting, bouquets, fowl,

depicted.

and three

stalled oxen,

whose misshapen hoofs

The remaining groups on the wall do not

form part of the embassies, but are Egyptian.
Below,
i.e.

show
It

their fat condition.

has been

made

a severe reproach against

on

this side of the royal pavilion,

is

Akhenaten that by sheer indolence or incapacity

he
let slip
all

ranged a large body of troops.

The

six

men

the conquests that his ancestors

drawn up number of

in line in
files,

front show, perhaps, the

of

had won in Syria.

But

his policy
;

might be

but

these

only two are

given a very different aspect

for it is clear that

actually depicted.

They
first

are curiously armed.

a firm hold on Syria, and the compulsion of a

Some men

of the

file

are dressed in the

heavy
cost

tribute, could only be obtained at the

short tunic of the Egyptians, and carry a long

staff curved at the upper end, and a battle-axe.

of repeated

military expeditions

on the

Two

feathers

are

worn

in

the hair.

Others

wear a longer tunic and carry only a javelin or curved staff. The hair is worn short and a
ribbon attached to the back of the head.

scale and in face of enormous risks. That the priesthood at Thebes had reaped the largest advantage from such a policy was little

largest

likely to

recommend

it

to

Akhenaten, who well

also,

The
is

knew

that there was a

method of diplomacy

men

of the second

file

carry a spear and a hooked

the

which, by preventing a confederation of the

staff alternately.^

As

curved

staff

Syrian peoples against Egypt, secured to her

a supremacy of a less vainglorious sort, and a

In the interesting fresco shown by Daeessy, Bevue

tribute which,
still

though moderate in amount, was

and much
less

Arch. 1895, p. 286, a ship bringing vases of these shapes, including a dish with a walking bull on the cover, is

of considerable value

provo-

manned by men
^

in the dress of the Eetnu.

p. 296.
3

Of.

ViEBY, Tomheau de Pehsuker,

Manners and Customs,

iii.

p. 218.

THE TOMB OF MERYRA

cative.

II.

43

The

Tell el

Amarna

letters

may

not

much
have

less

due to any part Meryra or

give us a high idea of the

skill

or spirit with
;

in it than to the stir

which

it

Huya had It may caused.

such widely

which
yet
it

this policy

was carried out by Akhenaten

been

that missions

from

seems to have been fairly successful till towards the end of the reign. The nations may have " saved their face " by paying tribute
in the

separated regions as Coele- Syria, Ethiopia and

Punt met by chance opportunity was taken

greatness.

in

Egypt, and that the

parade of Egypt's
it

for a
it

form of
full

gifts for

which they pretended to

seems intolerable in

Or, late as

was,

may have been

expect a

exchange, and their rulers adopted

to us

the

first

time that Akhenaten was able to conarrange an

it

an attitude which
vassals.

vince the nations that he was firmly seated on

Nevertheless, so long as the gifts were

the throne of his fathers, and

exhibition of loyalty.

to

sent,

Egypt prudently took her revenge in the same cheap form, and with an exaggerated
assumption of overlordship, spared her dependStates no humiliation in her chronicles.

Or, not unlikely,

was

the result of timely military demonstrations on the N. and S. frontiers.

The promptitude and

ent

the liberality with which the tribute was paid

We

should probably then be equally wrong in

by many

tribes

probably always depended on

taking this pictorial record as a faithful mirror

of Egypt's foreign relations at this date, or as

such significant hints.

Even

if

we regard

the

prisoners in these scenes as slaves, not captives

of war, the military sports suggest that there

an elaborate falsehood without any real

in fact.

basis

had
is

been

some such

expedition on

the

S.

There
believe

no

sufficient this

ground
the

for refusing to

frontier at least.
to

that

at

time

nations here

bring tribute

But whether the inducement was more warlike or diploto

represented

made

a formal acknowledgment of
gifts,^

matic,

Meryra seems
it.

have taken a leading

Egypt's suzerainty by valuable

that the Kheta,

or even

who were

already feeling their

strength, veiled their hostile intentions under a

Some unnamed official at any rate we may hope that is being rewarded, and Akhenaten had this excuse for making a
part in
political event so

guise of humility.

We may

be even more sure,

prominent in the eternal house

however, that the most has been made of it here,

of his servant

and should be chary of accepting construction put upon it.

to the full the

Although it

is

given the aspect of a payment

5.

Meryea rewarded by King Se-aa-ka-ra.

North Wall
Previous copies are
: :

of tribute in due course, the depiction of the

East

side.

Plate

xli.

scene in these tombs alone

exti'aordinary,

shows that

it

was
is

and

that

its

presence here

Hat, MSS. 29847, foil. 63, 64. L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 14 (partial). Lbpsius, D. iii. 99, a (partial).
Pbissb, Monuments JSgyptiens, p. 3 (cartouches).

Dr. Budge's assertion in his History iv. p. 204, that the embassy from Dushratta, King of Mitani, arrived with presents " in the first month of winter in the twelfth
'

The unfinished picture on

reflect the troubles

this wall

seems to
the reign

which gathered round the

years
of of Akhenaten.

year of the reign," would be

connection, were
it

of

great interest in this

But the date on the The fractured number, the tablet in question is broken. " statement that " the court was in the Southern Capital (Thebes), and the contents of the letter, all speak
authoritative.
for the year 2, not 12.

new
or

capital in the later

upon the death

of

Hastily

executed, or left in the rough ink-sketch, the

figures

This early date in Akhenaten's

I

reign

is itself

important.

am

obliged to Dr. Schaefer,

of the fragment.

familiar

King and Queen, with the cartouches of Akhenaten and Nefertiti

the

of the Berlin

Museum,

for a

copy

replaced by those of Merytaten their daughter

44

THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMABNA.

in-

and her husband, Aukh-kheperu-ra/ the

terrupted project

Avhen the

apprehension concerning the King

the

speaks of

events, actual or
art could

was

justified,

cartouches of his successor

as a date
;

menacing,

in
It

which leisured
is

have

were hastily inserted

though events,
tomb.

no

place.

somewhat

difficult to decide

or the disinclination of the

new King, stopped

the

whether the design as well

belong to Se-aa-ka-ra's
therefore,

as the

cartouches

any further

progress

with

The

reign,

and

whether,

burial shafts were never made,

and Meryra's

these

figures represent

Akhenaten

hopes of a splendid interment here shared the

general ruin.
of

and

his wife or their successors

on the throne.

In the absence of sufficient grounds of suspicion,

The roughly sketched figures of the King and Queen, the ink of which is now
Behind them
is

we must assume
King.
small

that the whole belongs to the

almost invisible,^ stand under the radiating sun

in the centre of the picture.

reign, or at least to a co-regency of the

new

Yet

it is

not obvious

why

not even one

design should be completed by him, or

the royal pair should be
left

why the sun and

untouched.

The cartouches

seem

somewhat

large and clumsy in comparison with the rest of

them their faithful palace A part official, with his friends and attendants. of the group has been removed by the formation Meryra is of a recess here at a later date. standing on a stool, or uf)borne by his friends
the palace and before

the inscription, but the execution of the whole

also is
Avails.

with

officious care,

to receive the

guerdon of
is

very different from that of the other

golden necklaces from the king.

already

His breast

(We cannot
of the

object to there being two

;

covered

Avith

these

marks of royal

scenes

rewarding of Meryra

because

favour

and

it

was no doubt a wise proceeding

official so influential

that occurs in the neighbouring tomb,

is,

and there

on the part of the new monarch to make sure of

the devotion of an
royal harem.
in the

therefore,
It

even a presumption in favour of

as a plausible

it.)

might be put forward

theory that the King's sculptors were called

away

to

work

in the

tomb

of Meketaten, and

returned later to complete the scenes.

But the

D.-

The Religious Texts.

The Longer Peayees.

execution of the work coincided with an illness

of the King, which threatened to prove fatal,
1.

(Thickness of Outer Wall.

East

side.

Plate xxx.)

and under the circumstances the royal cartouches

"When
thee.

thou
life

settest alive' [the

Earth]* worships
thee,

and figures were not proceeded with

then,

West and East

givest
for ever

give

praise to
ever.

Ea-Aten,

who
These cartouches have been removed by thieves, only For the King's we the Queen's cartouche surviving. must have recourse to the four copies, which unfortunately There is give as many readings for the personal name.
"^

and

Thy

setting,

O Thou
raise

that livest

shouts to

upon Truth, is the height of heaven

for his son,
'

They
at seeing

Ea made
gives

He who
him

Akhetaten which lives on Truth.' He

the circuit

him

rule

over

all

countries on
all
"

shines.

He

transmits to

which the sun ^ that he

little

doubt, however, that the reading of Lbpsius, Se-

aa-ka-ra

zeser-kheperu
xviii. 1),

may

gladden his heart therewith

They

are

(D. Text,

ii.,

p.

138),

must be
were traced and included in the them must be false lines and
of a travesty.
at setting. of a

adopted, as the others are only imperfect readings of A squeeze exists among the papers of L'Hote this.

'

All existing lines

and though the third sign is broken, CM is much the most satisfactory reading. It appears that the state of the cartouche was due to time and rough cutting, not to mutilation, and that it was fairly legible The two rings of this King (Peteie, to a practised eye.
(Papiers,
T. A. pi.
XV.)

plate,

though

many

of

the figure restored on

2

them somewhat

In contrast to the idea

Conjecturing
I.e.

sun that dies

"

cannot shake this

evidence, since each

the land traversed by the sun.

Eead shenewt

suggests a different hieroglyph.

The cartouche

of the

(from a squeeze, L'Hote, Papiers,

xviii. 1.).

Queen

is

set a little too

high up in the Plate.

Cf Plate xxxvi. and

.

I.

xh.

THE TOMB OP MERYRA

under the
shall live
feet of
(?)

II.

Ua-en-ra, beloved like the Aten,

who
(Outer jamb.

A Shoeteb
W.
side.

Peayeh.

until the

mountains

rise

ocean goes on foot, and until the up to travel by land and water, ' the good

Plate xxix).
(?).

Thou art the Aten. 3 He appoints as thy boundaries, the Southern the breezes, thy Northern (boundaries ?) as far as Aten shines. It is thy strong arm that protects the Two Lands,
ruler of the Aten.

"I
to the

give praises to the Euler

He

sets

on the
airs

Western horizon of heaven.

May

he give pleasant

Ea

of the royal Scribe, the of

Superintendent of the

royal

harem

the great wife of the King, Nefertiti,

thy valour that makes the rehhyt to

live; Ua-en-ra, beloved like Aten, great (in his duration ?) "The royal Scribe and Superintendent of the royal harem, the Steward Meryra, maakheru."

living for ever

and ever."

Aechiteave Insceiptions.
1.

(West Architrave.

Plate xxxvi).

"A
2.

Seten dy hetep of the living Aten

who

illumines
to give

("West side of same.

Plate xxxi.)

the

Two Lands

with

his

beauty.

He dawns
;

[Aten] lord of love, who bare, him do thou grant his duration like thy duration
in
of the giving of the

"

life to all

the circuit, Aten, fair of forms, radiant with

Lord
all

of (?)

Eternity

and Everlastingness in
that go

herds and flocks

upon

four feet, led to the temple of Aten, the

'

Aten has ordained them for Him who is great in his duration,' the great and good Nile-god of [the people]

colour. Eyes have life at sight of his beauty hearts have health when he shines for them. May he give the pleasant airs of the north wind, the milk which appears oh the altar, all kind of offerings, all kind of vegetables, bread (?), beer (?), and food at (?) all thy shrines, everything good and sweet, for the ka of the

..,'..,. grant [until] my' coming

him
his

his

duration

among

the

living

Superintendent of the harem= of the King, the royal

scribe
2.

[with] reward in peace.

of [eternity] in the

Ordain for
cliff

and steward Meryra, maakheru in Akhetaten."

mansion
(for)

great

of

East Architrave.

Akhetaten,- as

a favourite of the King.

Eor the ka

of the

Steward, the Superintendent of the

Treasury, the Superintendent of the royal harem of the great wife of the King [mistress of the Two Lands]
Nefertiti,

"Praise to thy ka, Nefer-kheperu-ra, the good ruler beloved of Aten, the great Nile-god of the whole land,
ra beloved like Aten.

who

lives

for ever

and

ever, the royal Scribe,

Meryra, viaakheru."

the people) have life, Ua-enEvery day Ea giveth unto thee, whenever he dawneth, hundreds of thousands of sedat sight of
(i.e.

whom

they

festivals.
'

Aten protects his

lives

offspring.

Thou

art his son,

all

He who
may

upon Truth.'

He

delegates to thee

his

'

Cf.

III.

xxix.

(L'HoTE, Papiers,

iii.

287

Bubton,

circuit to
life

gladden thy heart therewith.

be with happiness,

Grant that

my

Excerpta, plate
-

vii.)

Prom

this point cf. III. xxix.

beauty until

my

arrival at the

2 It should be "his," but the scribe has followed the formula of the E. architrave (Plate xxxvi.).

made

in the great cliff of

and that I may see thy mansion which I have Akhetaten for the ka of the

royal. Scribe

Meryra."

46

INDEX.
Abneba

....

INDEX.
Crete, evidence from
.

47

42
10

Cups

for holding jars

3, 4,

Mahu, tomb of May, the scribe

Meketaten, Princess

6,7,17
.

27 45
29
29,

7, 8,

35, 36, 37,

.

Date, record of

38,
4,
.

44
12

Meryra

ii.

8, 20,

Deir Eifeh

tomb

of

2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26,

Dress

13, 14, 16, 18, 28, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42
.

33,34
Merytaten, Princess
. .

Dushratta, King

Dwarfs

Dy

hetep seieii formula

Ethiopia

.... ....
.
.

43

13, 16, 25, 26, 36, 37,

15,

44 44
38
15

13, 14
15, 31,

Mitani

46

Musicians

....
modern

17, 20, 24, 25, 36,

Mut
39, 40,
.

44

Mutilations, ancient

2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 36,

Excavation, methods of

2,3

39,44
11, 12, 33, 34

False doors

9,
.

11 Nefer-neferu-aten, Princess

Females, importance given to

Elagstaffs of temple
.

28
Nefer-neferu-ra, Princess
.

7, 16, 37,
.

39

22
Nefertiti,

37, 39
25, 30,

Flowers as offerings
,,

Queen
,,

(see also Eoyal)

45

14, 17, 19, 23

as decorations.

15, 23, 29, 34,

.

38

,,

family relations of
laudation of
.

13, 14, 15 13, 14

Foreign relations of Egypt

15, 42, 43, 44

,,

,,

,,

Negroes

Gateways, contruction
Glass as decoration
Graffiti
. .

of

22
12

....
,,

prayers to

16, 26, 31, 32

16, 18, 28, 37, 38,
.

40
viii

Newberry, Mr.

J.

Nezemet-mut, Princess
Paint, use of

6, 7, 13, 14,

15

4, 12, 16, 19, 33,

35
8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 28, 34,

37 45 43

Harness

18,
.

37
14
5

Palace, the

18, 20, 36, 37, 38,

Hatshepsut, Queen

Palanquin
Pavilions depicted
.

Hawata Hawk, the

Hittites
.

6, 35, 39,

42 29
41

solar

Hay, Eobert

...
.

12,

14

Pentu, tomb of
Petrie, Professor

2, 6, 7, 8, 17, 20, 28,

.

9, 15, 16, 28, 34, 38, 41,

.

44
42

4, 5, 6, 25,

Pilasters
Plaster, use of

H
11, 12, 19, 34
15, 18, 19, 20,

Horses, drawing of

18, 34
.

Hostages
"

16

House of Eejoicing " " House of the Propitiation of Aten Houses on the hillside Huya, tomb of 6, 7, 20, 24,
.

Police
Portico,

42

26, 27,

28
27 4

"
.

mode

of
.

showing.
. .

22, 23, 25
.

Portraiture

17,

28
4.

1, 2,

Pottery

26, 27, 28, 39, 42, 44

Prayers
Priest,

Ink sketches
Intimate of the King

16, 33, 36, 37, 43

19,

High "Second"

29

Princesses (see Eoyal Family and names)

Prisse d' Avenues

Ka

of the

King

29, 30, 31, 46

Proverbs of Ptahhotep
Punt, land of

Keftiu

42 39
42, 43

Kharu
Kheta

Pylons, entrance

...... ..... .... .....

.

2, 3, 13, 14, 16, 19,

29-32, 33, 34, 45

Kush

39

Quarries

Lamps

...
.1,

2, 4, 19, 20,

36

Ea

(see also Aten)

of

Lepsius, E.
Letters, Tell el

2, 13, 15, 17, 28, 34, 36, 38,

1 5,

44
43

Eames, tomb

..... .....
.

Amarna

Eecesses in walls

L'Hote, Nestor

9, 11, 13, 15-20, 28, 34, 35, 36, 38,

44

Eekhmara, tomb
Bekhyt, the

of

Lybians

18, 42

48

INDEX.
.

Eelations of deceased pictured

28

Stone, walls of piled

....
Aten
"
.

2,
.

Eetnu, the

41, 42

" Superintendent of the granary of " Superintendent of the

16,

29 29 46
45
43-

Eeward
Eoads

of officials, the

16, 36, 38, 41,

.

45

oxen of Aten

16, 45,
.

Eibbons, use of
in desert

35,
.

36
5

" Superintendent of the royal

harem

"
.

" Superintendent of the treasury " Syria, policy regardiag

Eoman

remains

" Eoyal acquaintance "

19,

29

Syrians depicted

16, 18, 37, 41, 42,

44

Eoyal Family
,,

at

home
officials

34, 35
.

,,

receiving tribute

38

T-shaped tombs

2, 3, 7

,,

rewarding
visits the

16, 36, 37, 40,

18,

44 20

Tanks
Technique

22, 23, 24, 38

.

,,

temple

11, 34

worships Aten

13, 14, 17, 19

.

Temple
,,

(see Aten)

"Scribe"
,,

45

divisions of
of

21, 26, 27

statues

22, 24, 25, 26

6, 7, 20,

Temples

Akhetaten

26, 27, 28

tomb Eudu, tomb of

,,

25
3

Tomb

,,

No. 7
1a,

7,36
.

Tombs

1b

3, 6, 7

Euins

of

Akhetaten

5, 6, 22, 26,

27

3a-p
6a-c
scattered
as dwellings

2,7
1,2

Scenes, lack of variety of

,,

20, 36
11, 18, 20,
.

3,4
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11,

re-use of
.

38 43

,,

33

Schaefer, Dr.

,,

southern group of
floor

20
3

Sculpture, character of
Se-aa-ka-ra,

11, 34,
.

40
44 29

Trenches in

2,

King

Tribute, articles of
,,

40, 41, 42
.

" Servitor of the Lord of the two Lands

Seten dy hetep prayer
Setep-en-ra, Princess

of

Eameses III
.

42 26

15, 31,
.

46
39

Tutu, tomb of
Tyi,

6, 7, 14,

Queen

5, 15, .26,

27, 28

" Shade of
Site of

Ea

"

26, 27
1-5, 9,

tombs

38

Ua-en-ra

3, 19, 28,

30, 45, 46
.

Slaves depicted
Soldiers
.

40, 41
17, 18, 20, 40, 43
.

Union, symbol

of

10, 37

Sports, military.

40

Vases depicted
Villas pictured

41, 42
21, 25,

Stairways
Staples

2, 4, 7,

10, 11, 12, 23, 36, 40

.
.

38
43

..

.3,4
34

Statues
Stelae

9, 11, 22, 24, 25, 27,

1, 4, 5, 6,
.

Weapons
Wilkinson

18, 19, 41,

.

24, 26, 27

Weidenbach

34, 35
40,

"Steward"
Stone, condition of
.

45, 46
1, 10,

43

33

Windows

1, 2, 16, 17,

22, 37

rUINTXS UY GILBERT AND BIVINUTON LIMITED,

ST.

JOHN'S HOIISK, CLKRESNWELL,

E.G.

PLATES.

NOTE.
An
index to the passages in the text which are explanatory of the several plates will be found on page vii.

El Amarna

II.

GEf

Brick

[ilatforr

SSo

Plate

I.

lO

SMALL PAINTED PAVEflENT

El Amarna

II.

TOMB OF PANEHESY-PLAN.

Plate

II.

Scale -i100

El Amarna

II.

TOMB OF PANEHESY-SECTIONS,

Etc.

Plate

III.

z o
I-

< o
UJ

O
o
z

O
o
UJ

UJ

5 UJ I

CO

'^ft^U^^^ref/'f

^^,y^,^^..^yy,.^.^^yJ^^,J/^^yM,^.^J.y^^^f.

<
z o z

g H O

W
ui (0

UJ

a
UJ

> CO z
<

-II

Vj

El Amarna

II.

PANEHESY-FRAGMENTS.

Plate

IV.

^
[^
;

'/iW-

^^l&X^i^6:iiD;

4
o-.

H^

f
m

]!H

z 1
-I

o
X
(-

o
(0

f'i.lDX.

to

El Amarna

II.

PANEHES^

!^$

miMI

Scale

Scale

/lENTS.

Plate V.

ItVim,

Door.

+ifPfll
,msm%n%^^^i[m
E.

"^

o:

oO
"

Scale i

The Three Princesses (W. Wall).

El Amarna

II.

PANEHESY-JAMBS OF ENTRANCE DOOR.

Plate

VI.

D^iC'_;j9

^i'

vi

to

e u

El Amarna

II.

PANEHESY-

:kness.

Plate

VII.

.=..,..' 1

\ii

^^

-. ^1

-|^

ISI^^^5^^5
S
'"'I

z
(0
UJ

I
h-

o
h-

rh\t)^';A^^'7aM^iy-

UJ

^immp^

<

o I

l-^^EHf^M^^^
fSl^^i'^t^^il'^aEH^N

o
z

>

^Kii'Bc^eigi^v^- M

mm^^t^mi^
71

^SlEWMliZ!
^^NM^4!fi^^-^

El Amarna

II.

PANEHESY-

<NESS.

Plate

VIII

,\

j-tdo;-

^r

(5

oT!h
^
V

=a J

Ou^tL
^

c^,

o
K
-:1

Jl

-?'

^F

^
i^.l

rr

-^-

Is

J-

^^iV
^x
-V-J

<I1=

o
CJ

jfo
^1C,

Sll Jtolyk^^k^^M'^'^^
*=o<^
i-f1

D W
lU

?"0"^ltNi^fl^
N,

S1!:i
l^<'^ib|'|

I
I-

<^

-^ac\

-Um^

Id^i-fofesr 'q2f!^6s
.<ffi^^<^=^ti.
^'

O z o H
<

c^jJioy^m^^^'^

.2r=J

/I

o o
<

yn

^_:^jf^^||

UIMii^'^^yiloin

El Amarna

II.

PANEHESY-HALL, SOUTH DOOR.

.J^

It

<S

X=

cof

[L=4
[L=_A.

'iL

r^ ^1 A
II
II

/^/s^^AN

<^

//wwvv^

CJ

'f^

/VsA^

<J^ICi
1

n n n n n

r
f^T'^

^
A/SA^

/VSAAA.

o
^*S^

AWi</A

>>*ft

/VWA

or

ol
[0]0^

ID

El Amarna

PANEHESYII.

T
PANEHESY

DE(

W. SIDE.

Plate

X.

i'Z^y^ I'z^

P
'.-

'

""q

%;

mmrnoiioi
I

'-^f&

THE

KING.

El Amarna

II.

PANEHESY-S, WaI

WES

SEMili\l*3
Scale
;

EAST

REGISTERS.

Plate XI

h
:7vi

:'?

TT

Scale i

THE ROYAL

FAMIl

kLL, E. siut.

Plate

XII.

tf
p

ERING TO THE SUN.

El Amarna

II.

PANEHi

THE
Scale

ROYAl

Plate

XIII.

DRIVING OUT.

El Amarna

II.

PANEHESY-EAST WALL.

PLATE XIV.

((^

1,:
'!

.-.

-..

i m

^^fi

El Amarna

II.

PANEHESY-EAST WALL.

Plate XV.

A PRINCESS AND HER TRAIN.

Scale

El Amarna

II.

PANEHE5

Seale-ju

THE KING AND

QUE

PLATE XVI.

THEIR CHARIOTS.

El amarna

II.

PANEHESY-E. WALL.

Plate XVII.

gL

^^

"'"'^^'

^V.

l/.'si?
THE ESCORT.

El Amarna

II.

PANE

V^
Scale
1

THE

TEMI

^ALL.

PLATE XVIII.

a
r
::^

c.S^

^i

nrrp>.

c^

,ri>~

'?

-Z2i.

HALF.

El Amarna

II.

PANEH

N^

-5

^'^^!4S>^'^
^X
Y

mj

P^I

W^J ?^J F=^J r

r
Di.
ig

P22

Plate XIX.
>LL.

K HALF.

El Amarna

II.

PANEHESY-N. WALL.

Plate XX.

COPTIC APSE

THE KING AND QUEEN WORSHIPPING

Scale

{Coptic overlay).

El Amarna

It.

PANEHESY-N. DOOR.

Plate XXI.

or

O
1

MDP

n
^0

I I I I fHliSi^
M
r^ d.

m(i^(^(^((^ vi- ^>^ O

rlSMJlP'^ll

^^.

ItllfA Ai3HAi(e:fA At

la.!

M
pp
1
/VVSA/\
II

ii
( f
I

^i
e

AJ!
aamU

f]'

o
I

TT
o
II

f]
O
I

l3

o
T

rrr^
1

CiJ

n
I I

\^
111
5(i?

lo
^i2t

MM,

m
At"
AAAAl\

3^^
I

^
I
I

"^

am
III

^
fv-^-^i

AAAA\
I

ra

lU
://^
t
I I

<^<^

U
II

m m
i

V^

o
''

J'o^

ir^

-t"^

fm 'cC
rM

^ ^
9
!

c
3i

rj

-OS.

o
(Q,

'?J
/

i
Test lost

Of

lU

1.

IL

a'

j^

Ceiling Inscriptions.
Scale 1

El Amarna

II,

PANEHESY-INNER THICKNESS.

Plate XXII.

Scale

PANEHESY.

X X
UJ

<
Q.

lU _l GQ

<
<
ILi

Z
X

oc

<
u.

03
I

>CO LU

LU

Z
<
a.

w I o z <
>CO UJ

I UJ z <
Q,

<
UJ

z a: < 5
J
o

<

El

Amarna

II.

EXTERIORS.

Plate xxiv.

-^3^l^-^^f

CO
CQ

<
>o: UJ

H
DC

s o

< UJ Z
03

O
UJ

X
I-

co
CD

3 O
(T

s o
IUJ

> o <
CD

O
II<0

J.

El

Amarna

II.

SMALLER TOMBS.

Plate

XXV.

Tomb

b.

Tombs

6,

c.

Stela

J.

El

Amarna

II.

TOMB OF PANEHESY.

PLATE

XXVI.

North Wall and Columns.

North Wall.

El Amarna

II.

TOMB OF PANEHESY.

PLATE

XXVII.

0) U) UJ

o
I
I-

UJ

<

in

El Amarna

II.

TOMB OFMERYRA

II.

Plate XXVIII.

Transverse Section on A.B.

Transverse Section on CD.

/i/,n //y'" mr,,,frif '^.

' 'm777}yy^^jp^ffff^^^i})m>'''iM''^'mwmii'f*""'' f^wfi

I

f/rr/JWW/W/y'

Longitudinal Section-

Y^^v^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^v'^^^^^v^^^^^^^v^^^^\^^^^

;^U^^:iiUUU3AUlUuillUA^

-l3i^
PlaatiTcd

face

Pto-h-M

^\v^^^^^^'.g^V^^^^'

'

'''*^'

'^^^^v^^*'^^'^ ^ '^^ ' '^^^^^^^ " ^ " ^'^'^ ^'^^^

^

'

'

'

'

'

' '

'

'

'
?^T>'^'.\VV.V5.'^:':'!?SJV

xvb

=?=

OtT

Plan.
Scale ^

El Amarna

II.

MERYRA ll.-FRAGMENTS.

Plate XXIX.

West Column East

Face.

Inscription E. Wall.

Scale

R75>

Unclearotl rubtr'w

Facade Elevation.

Fragment Outer Jamb.

El Amarna

MERYRA
II.

II,

E.

THICKNESS.

PLATE XXX.

Scale

|l

HYMN TO THE SETTING

SUN.

El Amarna

II.

MERYRA

II,

W. THICKNESS.

Plate XXXI.

Seale

MERYRA ADORING THE

SUN.

El Amarna

II.

TTr~m

DCZ
OCrd

3 O
06

Q
UJ

Q w
_l _J

Ocrr

<

)(!::;=;

<
>UJ

O.

a'

o
o.(i~-__r

nr-TTT

Plate XXXII.

nEun

Q. ID

O
(O

o
HI

I
f-

o z
_J _J

a
UJ

UJ =)

I H

111

III

III

\\\

III

III

III

III

IIT

El Amarna

II.

MERYRA ll-SOUTH WALL, EAST

SIDE.

Plate XXXIII.

Scale

i13

THE REWARD OF MERYRA.

El AMARNa

II.

MERYRA

---:^

VALL.

E.

SIDE.

Plate XXXIV.

'Axxx

nnd

o o
_I

< m
LU

I
t-

z o
>_J

<
u.

_i

<
>-

o
q:
lij

I
I-

El Amarna

MERYRA
II.

ll-S.

Plate XXXir.

_L, E.

SIDE.

Plate XXXV.

Q z < >
CO
(0

(0 a: UJ

UJ

o
z
< <
LU

>

El Amarna

II.

MERYRA

II

[\f\[\\

Scale I

MERYR/s

MKfefoPii=^gLiJ^i'f^R^^^-g-^^t!ii^ti<i^-v;^fa-^iiiPj
WE!

kn^m^ i:^%^^M.'\^Tri^WMim:;^nm^m%B^^^T4.'S4
Scale
1

EAS'

E.

SIDE.

Plate XXXVI.

\AED

HOME.

El Amarna

II.

MERYR/

THE PRESEN1
Seale i
i4

NALL.

Plate XXXVII.

F TRIBUTE.

El Amarna

II.

MERYRA

?::

te

EAST WALL.

Plate XXXVIII.

IW

'3

>%#M%!5%}

/.

^ I ^^SMfe^ ^

BROUGHT TO THE

KING.

El Amarna

II.

MERYRA

II,

EAST WALL.

Plate XXXIX.

^/-

if'

"I

<3

El Amarna

II.

MERYRA

\ /

_i>"i

'fw ;c\L

L-\^

In.^

-^^

_i^

LOWER
Scale
'

ikst

wall.

Plate XL.

ISTERS.

El Amarna

II.

MERYRA

MERYRA REW

'Icalc i

E.

SIDE.

Plate XLI.

Missing Cartouches from L.D.

III.

THE

KING.

El Amarna

II.

TOMBS

1A,

1B.

Etc.

Plate XLII.

^-"^"^^,
''''''''^^:e^^,,^.-,,,,,,,,,^,,,,y,,M,.,,,,/

at^^^-^^-ai

Section,

Section.

lO

'9

/? 'U ^l

IW ^

tt_#

Inscription on Facade.

Plan.

Elevation

Elevation

Tomb
Scale i
P6

1a.

Tomb "SA

Scale

i-180

Rubble Walls outside Tombs 3a-e.

El Amarna

II.

TOMBS

3a,

3c, 3d.

Plate

XLIII.

Tomb
Plan.

3a.

Plan.

Elevation

Tomb

3d.

Elevation

Longitudinal Section

Section on A.B.

Tomb

3c.

Scale L

El Amarna

II.

TOMBS

3b,

3e,

6c.

Plate XLIV,

a
'M

Section on A.B.

Tomb
Plan.

6c.

Tomb

3e.

Elevation

Elevation.

Tomb

Sb.

Plan.

Section of Ceiling on A.B. Section of Ceiling on

CD

Tomb
Scale
,

3b.

El Amarna

II.

TOMBS

3f and 6b.

Plate XLV.

Tomb

6b,

Plan,

Tomb
Scale i

3f,

Plan.

El

Amarna

II.

TOMB OF MERYRA

II.

Plate XLVI.

El

Amarna

II.

TOMB OF MERYRA

II.

PLATE XLVII.

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ATLAS OF ANCIENT EGYPT. With Letterpress and Index. GUIDE TO TEMPLE 01 DEIR EL BAHARI. With Plan.
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Second Edition
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