-2SEE 3423 Q1.

(a) Name and state the function of the three major parts of the electrical power system. [6 marks] (b) What are the typical voltage levels for each parts (Q1(a) above)? Discuss briefly factors that dictate these voltage limits. [6 marks] (c) Why are power systems commonly use alternating current rather than direct current? [3 marks] (d) What is global warming? Name emissions associated with power plants that contribute to this phenomenon. [6 marks] (e) Explain briefly the meaning of carbon sequestration. How to sequester carbon from a power station? [4 marks]

Q2.

(a)

With the aid of suitable diagram, explain the concept of electricity generation using synchronous generator. [6 marks]

(b)

Explain briefly functions of the following components in hydro power station. (i) Dam [2 marks] (ii) Penstock [2 marks] (iii) Surge tank [2 marks]

(c)

Reservoir for a hydroelectric station covers an area of 2 square km with water capacity of 5 million cubic meter. The water head of the dam is 50 m. Turbine and generator efficiencies of the station are 85% and 95% respectively. It is known that water density is 1000 kg/m3 and constant of gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2.

-3SEE 3423 (i) Calculate the total amount of electrical energy (in kiloWatthour) that can be generated by the station. [3 marks] (ii) If an electrical load of 15000 kW is to be supplied by the station for 4 hours, obtain the fall in water level of the reservoir. [10 marks]

Q3.

(a)

Explain why the following types of transmission systems are adopted in power system, in term of one of their advantages. (i) High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) is commonly used in most power system. [3 marks] (ii) High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) is sometimes used in power system. [3 marks]

(b)

Discuss briefly on two (2) differences between medium and long line models to represent transmission lines. [4 marks]

(c)

A three phase line is used to transfer power at a line voltage of 66 kV. The line is terminated at a three phase, star-connected, 66 kV load, at a distance of 16 km from the source end. The line has a series impedance of (0.125 + j0.4375) and negligible capacitance. If the load requires rated voltage and 70 MVA at a lagging power factor of 0.8, determine (i) The sending end voltage, [6 markah] (ii) voltage regulation, and [5 markah] (iii) line efficiency. [4 markah]

-4SEE 3423

Q4.

(a)

Define the following terms with the help suitable diagrams if needed: (i) Base load. [2 marks] (ii) Load factor. [2 marks] (vi) Energy audit. [2 marks]

(b)

A power utility has to supply load as given in Table Q4(b): Table Q4(b)

Time (hour) Load (MW)

00-08

08-11

11-13

13-14

14-17

17-22

22-24

100

200

350

250

400

250

150

(i)

Draw the load curve and the load duration curve [6 marks]

(ii)

Calculate the load factor [5 marks]

(iii)

Choose suitable generating units to supply this load. Justify your selection. Determine the minimum number of hours each machine is in operation [8 marks]

Q5.

(a)

Describe two (2) advantages of using per unit system in power system analysis. [4 marks]

(b)

A single phase, 40 MVA 20/400 kV transformer has low voltage-side winding with series impedance of 0.9 + j1.8 and high voltage-side impedance of 128 + j288 . By using transformer ratings as the bases for calculation, show that the equivalent impedance of transformer in

-5SEE 3423 per unit is the same, regardless of whether it is referred to hige voltage or low voltage winding. [8 marks] (c) A single line diagram for a three phase power system is given in Figure Q5(c). The line impedance of transmission lines TP1 and TP2 are given in per unit, based on 100 MVA, 400 kV. Load S2 is (15.93 j 33.4) MVA and load S3 is (77 + j14) MVA. If the voltage at Bus 3 has to be fixed at 400 kV, determine voltages (in kV) at: (i) Bus 2 [6 marks] (ii) Bus 1 [7 marks]
Bus 1 G j0.5 pu TP1 Bus 2 j0.4 pu TP2 Bus 3

S2

S3

Figure Q5(c)