NOVEJA ANGLEKA KNJIEVNOST 1.

letnik

Prof. Uro Mozeti .l. 2010/2011 Lastnica zapiskov: Alenka C. Uredila: M.G. & P.P.

Kazalo

1.

Sir Philip Sidney...................................................................................................8 Astrophel and Stella..................................................................................................8 Arcadia (1580 published)...........................................................................................8

2.

Edmund Spenser...................................................................................................8 The Shepherds Calendar............................................................................................8 Amoretti sonnets......................................................................................................9 The Faerie queen......................................................................................................9

3.

William Shakespeare............................................................................................10 Venus and Adonis...................................................................................................10 The Rape of Lucrece...............................................................................................10

4.

Francis Bacon.....................................................................................................11 The Advancement of Learning...................................................................................11 New Atlantis.........................................................................................................11 Novum Organum....................................................................................................11

5. 6. 7.

Richard Hooker...................................................................................................11 Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity.....................................................................................11 Sir Thomas More.................................................................................................12 Utopia (1516)........................................................................................................12 Sir Walter Raleigh...............................................................................................12 Discovery of Guiana................................................................................................12 History of the World................................................................................................12

8.

Thomas Nashe....................................................................................................12 Pierce Penniless (1592)............................................................................................13 The Unfortunate Traveller (1594)...............................................................................13 The Anatomy of Absurdity........................................................................................13

9.

Robert Burton.....................................................................................................13 The Anatomy of Melancholy.....................................................................................13 The Flea...............................................................................................................14 A Valediction Forbidding Mourning (John Donne).........................................................14

10. o

John Donne....................................................................................................14 Love elegies....................................................................................................14 2

Divine poems..................................................................................................14

Songs and sonnets...................................................................................................15 Elegies.................................................................................................................15 Holy Sonnets.........................................................................................................15 11. 12. George Herbert................................................................................................15 Henry Vaughan................................................................................................16 The temple............................................................................................................15 Silex Scintillans.....................................................................................................16 The Retreat...........................................................................................................16 13. 14. Thomas Carew................................................................................................16 Andrew Marvell...............................................................................................16 Poems.................................................................................................................16 The Garden...........................................................................................................17 An Horation Ode upon Cromwells return from Ireland....................................................17 To His Coy Mistress................................................................................................17 The Definition of Love.............................................................................................17 15. John Milton....................................................................................................18 LAllegro, Il Penseroso............................................................................................18 Areopagitica..........................................................................................................18 On the Morning of Christs Nativity............................................................................18 Comus.................................................................................................................18 Lycides................................................................................................................18 On His Blindness (Sonnet XIX)..................................................................................19 Paradise Lost (1667)................................................................................................19 16. 17. 18. 19. John Dryden...................................................................................................21 Thomas Otway................................................................................................21 George Lillo...................................................................................................21 William Wycherley...........................................................................................21 All for Love..........................................................................................................21 The Orphan...........................................................................................................21 The London Merchant..............................................................................................21 The Country Wife...................................................................................................21 The Plain Dealer.....................................................................................................22 20. William Congreve............................................................................................22 The way of the World..............................................................................................22 3

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Sir George Etherege..........................................................................................22 George Farquhar..............................................................................................22 Sir John Vanbrugh............................................................................................23 The Relapse (Virtue In Danger)............................................................................23 The Provokd Wife...........................................................................................23 Sir Richard Steele.............................................................................................23 The Funeral....................................................................................................23 The Tender Husband.........................................................................................23 The Lying Lover..............................................................................................23 Colley Cibber..................................................................................................24

The Man of Mode & She Woud If She Coud................................................................22 The Recruiting Officer.............................................................................................23

Loves Last Shift....................................................................................................24 The Non Juror.......................................................................................................24 26. 27. 28. Oliver Goldsmith.............................................................................................24 Richard Brinsley Sheridan..................................................................................24 The Rivals......................................................................................................24 The Critic.......................................................................................................24 The School For Scandal.....................................................................................24 John Dryden...................................................................................................25 She Stoops to Conquer.............................................................................................24

The Hind and the Panther..........................................................................................25 Absalom and Ackitophel..........................................................................................25 MacFlecknoe.........................................................................................................25 Essay of Dramatic Poesie..........................................................................................25 29. Alexander Pope...............................................................................................25 The Rape of the Lock..............................................................................................26 The Dunciad..........................................................................................................26 Windsor Forest......................................................................................................26 Essay on Man........................................................................................................26 30. 31. 32. Thomas Gray..................................................................................................26 Edward Young................................................................................................27 James Thomson...............................................................................................27 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard........................................................................26 Complaint or Night Thoughts.....................................................................................27

The Seasons..........................................................................................................27 33. o 34. o 35. William Cowper..............................................................................................27 The Task........................................................................................................27 Oliver Goldsmith.............................................................................................27 The deserted Village.........................................................................................27 Daniel Defoe...................................................................................................28

Robinson Crusoe....................................................................................................28 Moll Flanders........................................................................................................28 36. Samuel Richardson...........................................................................................29 Pamela.................................................................................................................29 Clarissa................................................................................................................29 37. Jonathan Swift.................................................................................................30 A Tale of a Tub......................................................................................................30 Gullivers Travels...................................................................................................30 38. HENRY FIELDING.........................................................................................31 SHAMELA (AN APOLOGY FOR THE LIFE OF SHAMELA ANDREWS).........................31 JOSEPH ANDREWS (THE HISTORY OF THE ADVENTURE OF JOSEPH ANDREWS AND HIS FRIEND...).....................................................................................................31 TOM JONES (THE HISTORY OF TOM JONES A FOUNDLING)....................................31 39. LAURENCE STERNE......................................................................................31 TRISTAM SHANDY..............................................................................................31 A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY (THROUGH FRANCE AND ITALY)................................32 40. 41. 42. OLIVER GOLDSMITH.....................................................................................32 TOBIAS SMOLLET.........................................................................................32 HENRY MACKENZIE.....................................................................................32 THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD.................................................................................32

THE MAN OF FEELING.........................................................................................32 THE MAN OF THE WORLD....................................................................................33 43. 44. 45. ELIZA HAYWOOD.........................................................................................33 SARAH FIELDING..........................................................................................33 WILLIAM BLAKE..........................................................................................34

THE ADVENTURES OF DAVID SIMPLE..................................................................33 THE MARRIAGE OF HEAVEN AND HELL...............................................................34 SONGS OF INNOCENCE & SONGS OF EXPERIENCE.................................................34 46. ROBERT BURNS............................................................................................34 SCOTCH POEMS..................................................................................................34 5

47.

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH..............................................................................35

TINTERN ABBEY.................................................................................................35 THE PRELUDE OR GROWTH OF A POETS MIND.....................................................35 POEMS...............................................................................................................35 48. SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE.......................................................................35 THE RIME OF THE AINCIENT MARINER................................................................36 CHRISTABEL......................................................................................................36 KUBLA KHAN.....................................................................................................36 FROST AT MIDNIGHT & DEJECTION: AN ODE........................................................36 BIOGRAPHIA LITERARIA.....................................................................................36 49. GEORGE NOEL GORDON BYRON....................................................................36 CHILDE HAROLDS PILGRIMAGE.........................................................................37 MANFRED..........................................................................................................37 DON JUAN..........................................................................................................37 THE VISION OF JUDGEMENT................................................................................37 50. PIERCE B. SHELLEY......................................................................................37 QUEEN MAB.......................................................................................................38 ALASTOR...........................................................................................................38 THE CERCI..........................................................................................................38 PROMETEUS UNBOUND.......................................................................................38 THE WITCH OF ATLAS.........................................................................................38 ON THE DEATH OF KEATS...................................................................................38 THE DEFENCE OF POETRY...................................................................................38 51. JOHN KEATS.................................................................................................39 ENDYMON A POETIC ROMANCE........................................................................39 LAMIA AND OTHER POEMS.................................................................................39 52. 53. 54. 55. DANTE GABRIEL ROSETTI.............................................................................39 WILLIAM MORRIS.........................................................................................40 CHRISTINA GEORGINA ROSETTI....................................................................40 ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON...........................................................................41

GOBIN MARKET AND OTHER POEMS....................................................................40 POEMS...............................................................................................................41 IN MEMORIAM A.H.H...........................................................................................41 MAUD................................................................................................................41 IDYLLS OF THE KING..........................................................................................41

56. 57.

ROBERT BROWNING.....................................................................................41 ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING.................................................................42

THE RING AND THE BOOK...................................................................................42 AURORA LEIGHT................................................................................................42 SONNETS FROM THE PORTUGUESE......................................................................42 58. 59. MATTHEW ARNOLD......................................................................................42 GEORGIAN POETS.........................................................................................43 THE STRAYED REVELLER AND OTHER POEMS.....................................................43 THE GEORGIAN POETRY COLLECTION.................................................................43
THE GEORGIAN POETRY COLLECTION

Elizabethan period = The Renaissance

1485 (roughly beginning) 1660 (roughly end, revival of classicism neoclassicism) Period
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William Caxton published the 1st imaginative book Le Morte dArthur (The Death of Arthur) 1492 Columbus discovery of America 1485 the end of the Wars of the Roses The Tudors came to power (1509-1547 Henry VIII Tudor asserted the English church) Copernicus, Galileo the Earth is not the centre of the galaxy 1610 the circulation of blood Harvey Items: clocks, microscopes, monitors New debates developed and raised new questions: What is man? What is life for? What is good, bad? What is a king, God? Before everything more or less settled ME hero knew exactly what he was supposed to do. ended with the birth of renaissance not riped completely with ME Renaissance poetry

Often considered the model of renaissance, perfect gentleman: Scholar Chivalric ideas (knighthood) Lover All he wrote was published posthumously. Of high birth diplomant, politician, Elizabethan critic of poetry Passion for literature, art Spoke French, Italian, Latin Astrophel and Stella (lat. star) (1591 published) Sonnets sequence A passionate poem 108 sonnets, 11 songs Key text of the time 1st English renaissance masterpiece Platonic idea of love and beauty Firm autobiographical background (duty: passion), sonnet Figures of speech, metaphors, antitheses (black/white), allegory (=representation of an abstract idea with an object), new, fresh (my sunburnt brain) Highborn man (figure) speaker : quality of his soul, atmosphere of chivalry, silent and melancholic Stella sun brightens him, starlover for a distant star (inspired by Penelope) Stella is a star, Penelope Devereux who married Lord Rich but loved Sidney, a platonic idea of love, beauty, goodness, and he was rejected by her. Astrophel is someone who likes stars (Sidney?) Arcadia (1580 published) Prose romance Ideal place on Earth Chivalry, pastoral genres, comic, sentimental, evocative poetry Poems of the Old Arcadia, A Shepherdess in Love Arcadia is a symbol od a perfect country, paradise of finding and be reunited with the beloved, ruled by king Basilius retired, has two daughters Expressive stylistic ornamentation (descriptions...)

1. Sir Philip Sidney

(1552 1599)

1. Edmund Spenser

Elizabethans were looking for the New poet The best after Shakespeare Admired the old poets of his country (Chaucer) The Shepherds Calendar His formal entry as the New Poet An even uneven work Of historic interest Love & poetry & religion 12 eclogues idyllic poem usually in the form of monologue, soliloguy, derived from Sicilian poems. Theme: manual labour, farmers, shepherds, changing seasons) The implication of guardianship Representation of elemental human emotion. Pastoral allegory in an archaic style (archaism rustic : formal) Combines rusticity (simple life) with formality) Rough dialect words Amoretti sonnets Addressed to her wife Elizabeth Boyle Expresses his feelings without applying allegory only one Praises the virginal in women Imitates Italian poets (Petrarca) cruel ladies of tradition 89 sonnets which celebrate and praise love, virginity A story about a lover whos first rejected by his mistress, but then accepted, and finally rejected again (cruel ladies of tradition) Shakespeare wrote a parody to it in Sonnet 130: written in Elizabethan form and states that the mid is the most beautiful thing The Faerie queen Spensers masterpiece English Christian humanist epic Court of Elizabeth (celebrated parallel with Arthurs court) Model Ariosto (Orlando Furioso) Continued allegory, many metaphors Faerie Queen is Queen Elizabeth metaphor Glory A gentle knight on a glory quest seen the queen and is in search for her, accompanied by Truth, he is everymen and his holiness can be hindered (ovirati) by hypocrisy Divided into 7 books 7 virtues of a good knight: 1st book: Legend of the Knight of the Red Cross HOLINESS 2nd book: Legend of Sir Guyan TEMPERANCE 3rd book: Legend of Britomartis CHASTITY 4th book: The legend of Cambel and Telamond FRIENDSHIP 5th book: The legend of Sir Artegal JUSTICE 6th book: The legend of Sir Calidore COURTESY 7th book: 2 cantos of Mutability principle of nature, decay Alters in spirituality and : reality STANZA = the Spenserian stanza 8 iambic pentameters + alexandrine (iambic hexameter) Rhyme: ab ab bc bc c Inspired John Milton and John Keats enchantment, high romance
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SONNETS 3 basic types: Spenserian sonnet: 3 quatrains + a couplet (abab bcbc cdcd + ee) Shakespearean English sonnet 3 quatrains + a couplet Abab cdcd efef + gg More flexible rhyme scheme Italian Petrarchan sonnet Octave (2 quatrains) + sestet (2 tercets) Abba abba cde cde ( / cdc cdc)

1. William Shakespeare
(1564 1616)

Sonnets probably written in the mid 1590s Published, printed in 1609 154 sonnets: 1-126 addressed to a fair youth, about time, mortality 127-154 addressed to a dark lady, about more erotic themes Themes: Love (Sonnet CXVI) Time (outlasts love) Poetry (outlasts all)

Principal: examination of a man (young) (praises his beauty, he is consoled in him) and the dark lady Agony of the lady who cheated him with his friend anger towards the woman Sonnets: 18, 29, 42, 116, 129, 130 dedicated to the Earl of Southampton Greatest merits: Mingling of thought and passion Petrarchan conceit turned ironically back on itself comparing apparently two dissimilar objects which are exaggerated Wrote also long narrative poems: Venus and Adonis (published 1593) The Rape of Lucrece (1594) Venus and Adonis Probably his 1st publication Written in sesta rima (quatrain followed by a couplet 4+2) Book 10 Orpheos tells the story of Venus (offers herself to him) Adonis is killed by a boar Contrasts the passive male sexuality (Adonis) and active female sexuality (Venus) The Rape of Lucrece Narrative poem A highly metaphorical poem Popular reprinted at least 15 times before his death Retelling of a story (Livy): in the kingdom of Rome, Sextus (son of the king) rapes Lucretia (the wife of one of the kings aristocratic retainers) she commits suicide incited the revolt against the kingdom Roman became Republic

The sonnets are autobiographical. They follow ups and downs of an emotional relationship. They strive towards order and mastery of life, but reveal the depth of the poets violent emotion and conflicts.

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(1561- 1626)

1. Francis Bacon

Renaissance prose

Most important Impact on the scientific movements Renaissance man man of great learning Wrote on ethics, philosophy, sciences, history, law, mythology... Over 70 works The most literary of his works: Essays (1st version came out 1597, enlarged 1612/25) Full of statements (statements on fundamental ethic principles when establishing colonies) Insight on the period Essay of Death knowledge of abstract matters Essay of Revenge explores the notion of revenge Addresses the issues in a more intellectual, impersonal way than Montaignes Essais He perfected the essay form in English Forms used: Maxims (life mottos) Aphorisms Moral sentences Strongly influenced by Machiavelli, describes what men do rather what they should do interest as valuable as values The Advancement of Learning Two kinds of truths: theological and scientific Book 1 states and arguments against learning from religion/politics Book 2 states his views on poetry According to some crticis (not) he might have been the author of Shakespeares dramas New Atlantis Utopian fable anticipation of royal society in London Novum Organum Aristotle logical treatments Argues for a new method of scientific thinking, free of the past and the present

Inductive logical reason, before it was deductive

(?1554-1600)

1. Richard Hooker

1st major prose classics in ME Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity First major prose work in modern English 1-4 and 5th books(1593-97) 6-8 books (1648) Opposition God : man Referred everything to the Bible answers men receive revelation from the reason (from God) and the Bible (reveals the supernatural truth) 2 sources of Gods teaching: the Bible & the reason should be followed Men should be guided by all the instruments they have, the knowledge they possess. Masterpiece: legal, philosophical, theological value Influenced by Thomas Aquinas
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Discusses the via media between positions in his time of the Roman Catholics and Puritans. Defence of Anglicanism against Puritan attacks Functional use of language long sentences

1. Sir Thomas More

(1478-1535)

Travel writing Exotic and imaginative texts Authors wrote about him (William Roper, R. Bolt) Served in the court of Henry VIII as a counsellor didnt agree with his marriages (was a catholic). The King valued his opinion and wanted to get his consent but didnt get it beheaded (beatified and canonized) Utopia (1516) 1st written in Latin Became popular at once translated to Italian, French, English. Includes features like the: Travellers story frame Ambiguities Conditions of England (poverty, crises) at that time Irony Equality of men and women The search for the best government, order and society (communism, equal rights, free will in religion) Describes a perfect city A traveller describes the political arrangements of the imaginary island Country of Utopia to himself and to Peter Gillis French humanist influenced by him, Franois Rabelais (Gargantua and Pantagruel) Model of society or a satire of the contemporary society (??) Influenced Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe), J. Swift (Gullivers Travels)

1. Sir Walter Raleigh

(?1554-1618)

One of the central figures of the Renaissance Traveller, courtier, historian, poet Supported by the queen soon charged with high treason spent 13 years in prison wrote History of the World Discovery of Guiana 1595 expedition to Guiana (Venezuela) description of Eldorado History of the World Historical and literary work Eloquent (izrazit) style literary project + scientific work A lot of reflective passages Recollections about the end of human life the end of Rome (ex)

Elegiac reflection on disappointment and defeat

1. Thomas Nashe
(1567-1601)

Greek, Egyptian, Roman history

Mayor importance in English narrative Picaresque novel author, best pamphleteer Creator of a new genre initiator of the grotesque satirical style ( the vulgar + the cultivated BATHOS, clash)
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BATHOS = a sudden change from beautiful/moral/serious subject to one that is ordinary/silly/not important having ironical and satirical effect)
A clash between high and low style makes the effect of irony and satire

Used colloquialism and high rhetoric style

Picaresque novel = tells the adventures and travels of a character whose behaviour is not always moral but still likeable (conflict with the society)
Satirical low-life complaint to the Devil

Pierce Penniless (1592) Celebrates eating and drinking in the style of Rabelais

The Unfortunate Traveller (1594) He would have invented modern narrative Conglomerate of genre: Picaresque novel Historical Comedy A novel which describes the life of a vagrant rogue (immoral, indecent character but still liked) Narrated by Jack Wilton 1st person narration, (page during the wars against the French and his travels to Italy-Renaissance country (witnesses atrocities plague, rape) He had great fame The Anatomy of Absurdity Criticism of contemporary style of writing

1. Robert Burton
(1577-1640)

English clergyman, scholar Studied in Oxford

Interested in discovering different states of personality

The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) Profound analysis of the human mind Melancholy human condition, a disease (recognized 1st) Remarks similar to that of Shakespeares Philosophical and psychological study 3 portions: 1st portion states different types of melancholy 2nd portion - cure for it 3rd portion - discusses love and divine melancholy Quotes from the bible, classics, Elizabethan authors Influenced Keats.

The Metaphysical school of Poetry

1600 Sidney, Spenser, Hooker and Nashe are dead New literary movement began, led by John Donne and Ben Jonson (playwright) Away from the elaborated Elizabethan styles, elements Extremely compressed and concise Metaphysical 1st term used by Dr. Samuel Jonson (critic, linguist) misleading means sth beyond the physical world, none of the poets interested in metaphysics Metaphysical derogatory term (kodljiv, ponievalen) They demonstrated: A lack of feeling
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Poems- from one idea to another Representatives: John Donne (1572-1631) George Herbert (1593-1633) Richard Crashaw ( 1612/13-1649) Henry Vaughan (1621-1695) Andrew Marvell (1621-1678) dubious cases, explored the theme of carpe diem Thomas Carew (1594/95-1640) (neoclassicist poets) Very little things in common: Important rhetorical figure metaphysical conceit (2 or more figures are organized around a single, dominating idea brings together things that have nothing in common) Simple metaphoric structure (relatively) Rediscovered in 20th century poetry modernism (T.S.Eliot- The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, Ezra Pound) T.S. Eliot metaphysical conceit EVENING compared to a PATIENT LYING borrows quotes, verses from poets (metaphysical) The Flea (John Donne) blood sucked by the flea sucked, consummated both lovers. He tries
to persuade his lover that sleeping with him would be no worse a sin than a flea sucking her blood

Metaphysical poets used: Scientific discoveries and theories Debates on humanism, faith, eternity Innovative verse form Examine relationship between the individual, his God and the universe Their conceits, far-fetched comparison (nothing in common), metaphors, images, paradoxes, intellectual complexity make a poem a constant challenge to the reader.

Unexpected comparisons Bizarre imagery

A Valediction Forbidding Mourning (John Donne) Discussing love souls in terms of two legs- of a pair of compasses if one leg moves, the other moves too - dependent formal speech in a ceremony with ever y person that dies you also die (part of human mind)

1. John Donne

his poems were not conventional songs and sonnets, verse letters, epigrams, satires division of his poetry: Love elegies love poems Divine poems mostly written in the last phase of his life after his wifes death, starts to think about eternity, grave, solemn (mens relation with god),
more spiritual and religious

Reacted against: whatever was in fashion in the Elizabethan period, pastoral poetry, mythology, allegory, chivalry, highly regular meters, rhythm subordination of melody to meaning rhythm that of the speaking voice (poems often dont flow) language is colloquial
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witty conceits self-consciously clever sets up: paradoxes, metaphors in clusters (playing with the language), imaginative picturing 1615 ordained as clergyman 60 years later became dean of St. Pauls Cathedral Last 17 years of his life he wrote weekly sermons (160) and weak poetry Songs and sonnets passion, feeling, sensuality subjugated to wit a lot of stanza forms (40 invented by himself) chief quality union of: passion (in poems to a person truly loved his wife) ratiocination (thinking, arguing logically and methodically) Song Cynical about true love The Apparition A frustrated lover is trying to take revenge on his woman the woman is always to blame Elegies cynicism found in them Elegy XIX Going to bed America Human body : map, continent Lady more beautiful than this world Holy Sonnets Before 1615 Rhetorical manner insisted imperatives in erotic terms
Spiritual humility before God, religious context but using erotic terms

1. George Herbert
(1593-1633)

The finest poet (religious) metaphysical saint His mother was admired by Donne Brilliant religious ??? attracted the attention of King James I/VI 37 took orders rector Fugglestone St. Peter died 3 years later His interlocutor (sb you talk to) most often God prays, doubts Between faith/doubt, acceptance/rejection The temple (1633 published) Faith, subtility expression of his aspirations, failures, triumphs as priest and believer Collection of religious poetry

a picture of the many spiritual conflicts between God and my soul before I could subject my will to Jesus, my master.

HERBERT : DONNE From Donne simple tone, ingenuity Herberts sensibility relationship with God, a man should dedicate all his talents to God, Herbert was very religious In common variety of stanza forms Herbert does not search for the true religion, more optimistic (not as sceptic) world: complete surrender to God

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1. Henry Vaughan
(1622-1695)

Disciple of G. Herbert he asserted that less struggle and negotiation in his poetry Individual voice poems of childhood world of innocence and bordering to mystical (anticipates Romantic poets) Silex Scintillans Neoplatonic idea losing of purity for the concern of the body (soul loses its purity as Religious poetry Aware of the veil that separates God from a man (seek ways to penetrate it) Spiritual reality a child is closer to God than adults The Retreat Lost paradise (childhood) regret
body is led to temptation)

1. Thomas Carew
Affected by Ben Jonson and John Donne and by Italian poets Elegy on Donne allegorical poem Themes of frustrated, rejected love, Petrarcan attitude towards women Main features of his poetry: Lyricism, wit, showed in the poem To My Inconstant Mistress humour, frivolity Displays the best of cavalier poetry polished, elegant style, beauty, wit, also satire Volume of poems From erotic to satirical, expresses passion Similar to a passage on the Bible (Revelation 3:16)
(1621-1678)

Poems

1. Andrew Marvell
Combines metaphysical wit & classical grace (milina) Less place for religious themes Variety of genres: Pastorals Love poems Satires Cromwells admirer may belong to the Restoration period Familiar with aspects of nature Loved wine, women, songs The Garden Gardens = religious contemplation, secular repose The speaker rejects the whole leisure of active life (vita active) and promotes free-time activities, idleness (vita contemplative) An Horation Ode upon Cromwells return from Ireland Political poem Celebrates his victory (the triumph of the Commonwealth a tribute to Cromwell) Dialectic between private life and public life
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To His Coy Mistress Love poetry One of the most seductive poems Combines Renaissance love respecting eternity

The Definition of Love Praises separation above union Impossibility to reality Despair love

brings together favourite Renaissance themes: love and transcience +one of the most memorable images of time passing Concept of seize the day carpe diem time passes (Gather your roses while you may)

Literature of the Restoration (1660 1702)

General frame Religious and political confrontation results in execution of King Charles I Oliver Cromwell defeated with his arms the Irish army at the battle at Preston (1648) came into power the monarchy was overthrown 17 years England seizes to be monarchy Republic under the name Commonwealth (free state) Puritan opposition continuation of Renaissance Imagination seems to be exhausted in 17th century the mind became important return of traditional beliefs Rule and discipline in inspiration, form Cromwells death brought monarchy back, King Charles II came from France Preference to order and balance Intellect chief factor / speculation Authority of rules Fury of society put forward by the philosopher Thomas Hobbes famous work The Leviathan: wrote it during exile in France, recalls medieval rather than Renaissance thinking, the individual (acquisitive no altruism, love) is in charge = subject of state control, allegory of Commonwealth, the leviathan is the Commonwealth. Importance of duality between passion / reason alludes to the Augustan Age = The Age of Reason = Neoclassicism Example of the power of metaphors. The Restoration restored the monarchy with King Charles II and it replaced Cromwells Commonwealth and its Puritan ethos (obiaji) Restoration relied on reason and on facts rather than on speculation The society was Protestant and middle-class

1. John Milton
(1608-1674)

One of the greatest literary men in English literature Lonely and dedicated figure affected by Political turbulence Religious conflicts Loss of sight Hobbes fear of disintegration of order The values in his works: tolerance, freedom, self-determination 80 major prose works
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 Student in Cambridge Latin, Italian poems (sacred, secular) Embarked on a poetic mission refused the idea of being a priest Established a lyrical style continued with poems LAllegro, Il Penseroso (1645): LAllegro, Il Penseroso (1645): published together companion pieces contrasting styles of life Cheerful and thoughtful man, the carefree and the studious joyful vs. melancholic Areopagitica (1644) political speech Attacks the order of Parliament (because of the censorship) and Hobbes The Leviathan Opposition to censorship in favour of freedom of speech On the Morning of Christs Nativity (1629) A hymn that depicts the end of paganism and Satans reign Musical quality language, blending of sound and sense Comus (1634) Masque Dramatic entertainment involving musical dancing show in Miltons case it is closer to pastoral dramas Comus the evil world of Comus (offspring (potomec) of Bacchus and Circe) ultimate form of evil ethic of Comus praise of Gods providence (previdnost) (you can choose temperance and justice)
He lures travellers into his palace and turns them into half-monsters. But a lady resists him. The resistance of chastity to self-indulgence appears here. both present in every man , are complementary

Lycides (1637) major poetic work elegy written in memory of the premature death of a college Edward King (poetic clergyman) combines classical, Christian manners, elements of religious satire pre-text for ventilating his own feelings questions his own vocation (enjoy himself?) final resolution: fame is to be gained in Heaven, not on the Earth (distant) paragraphs, lines, rhetorical devices one of the most precious treasures of poetry Sonnets written all his life personal, political (Cromwell) themes: love, religion, death, poetry, writing, Italian form of sonnets no division in idea a single uninterrupted frame of thought On His Blindness (Sonnet XIX) Biblical reference to Mathew 25 (page 61) Talent creating poetry Parable (prispodoba) of the talents (Bible) Responsibility for Gods gift (Miltons own writing) Own writing final resignation In 1652 he went blind and mourned his loss greatly the mood changes from grief to final resignation Paradise Lost (1667) Principal work
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Epic poem Fruit of a puritans throughout meditation of the Bible The Four the theme for his epic: Mans first disobedience Death Woe (alost) loss commentary of Gods supremacy sources: King James I authorized Bible + the Book of Common prayer (extracts) analyzed the question of freedom and individual will, choice. Assert the spirit of Renaissance bring control to it

The attempt to assert, rationalise the spirit of the Renaissance mankind would not exist outside Paradise it Satan had not engineered the temptation and fall of Adam and Eve. For many critics, the figure of the devil is the hero of the poem. - - When Eve yields to Satans temptation and bites the fruit, the effect is loss, but the loss will turn to gain the gain of a future for humanity on earth. The final image is an image of gain through loss. Through Satans corruption all mankind is corrupted and Paradise is lost but if they hadnt committed the sin, there would be no mankind.

The theme is the fall of men = tragedy The true hero of Paradise lost different critics (Satan? Without a hero? Adam/man?) Final line gloom tema/ despair turned to resolution Milton Christian humanist resources biblical, classical, medieval books, classics, myth, travelogue, geographic books... Ambiguity of the human animal paradox of mans ambition and human love Greco-Roman form of epic (reminds of Illiade, Eneyda) He rejects rhyme blank verse Latin style Consists of 12 books (over 1000 lines), each introduced by an argument (theme, purpose, idea) Book 1 fallen angels in Hell try to recover speeches of fallen angels defence of sin resolution: if it wasnt attractive, there would be no problems for man Book 2 evocation of heroes, Satan is who possesses true heroism. Rebellion against God excessive use of details, logical answers from God to temptations too rational +Book 3 foreseen the fall of men Book 4 Satans arrival to Eden (description of his perspective) Book 5 & 6 Archangel Raphaels account of the war in Heaven, described less persuasive. God acting as a general of his army Book 7 Genesis, Book of Jobe, the Psalms... Book 8 Adams account to Raphael about his view on his life after creation is described Book 9 Satan lures Eve to eat from the forbidden tree of knowledge, Adam decides to share her sin the beginning of mutual accusations. Book 10 reconciliation between Adam and Eve. God decides to send Christ; Satan and his angels celebrate their victory. Book 11 & 12 Adam and Eves banishment from Eden. Archangel Michael tells about the coming Messiah. Paradise regained a sequel to Paradise lost The theme from Luke 4:1-13 Describes Christs withstanding Satans temptation after fastening 40 days in the desert. Eve lost the paradise Christ regained it and ended Satans reign on Earth
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Satan manifold (raznolien) Christ immediately sees through him no dramatic suspense, we already know that Satan wont be able to tempt Christ.

Restoration drama Inspired by French theatre (French phrases, words) Licensed theatres: Theatre Royal Dukes House at Lincolns Inn moved to the Coven Garden Theatre (1732). Features, characteristics: experimentation, cynicism, meditation, scepticism, sharpness Shakespeares dramas appeared in adapted versions (With music) new tastes of the time, to make them more acceptable Actresses are allowed to act Audience largely upper class Swift changes new plays: Heroic drama Romance Intrigue comedy Refined comedy + minor types Concentrated on plot or personality playwrights: tragedians & comedians

Tragedians

1. John Dryden
All for Love (1678) Heroic tragedy Original remake of Shakespeares play Anthony and Cleopatra Elaborated Classical style Concentrates on the final hours of the heroes

1. Thomas Otway
The Orphan (1680) + Venice Preserved (1682) Regarded as the major original tragedian Tragedies of failure, remorse and suicide, rather than ambition, corruption and destiny Romanticism + neoclassicism Reawakening of Renaissance Venice Preserved the hero kills himself and his best friend in order that the social order should not be overturned uniiti ... It is about the inadmissibility of dissent, about how the
hero Jaffeir kills himself and his friend. Hes a hero because he affirms the status quo, rather than questioning it. At first, revenge and freedom are closely linked, later Jaffeir becomes an outcast, as his plans and friendship fail.

The London Merchant (1731 put on stage) + The Fatal Curiosity (p.o.s. 1736)
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1. George Lillo

English domestic tragedy (classical spirit)

Courage to exploit a new order

Middle class setting accepts the norms, cherishes its own values, sentimentalism Inspired by Macbeth husband kills a foreigner (in the hope of monetary gain) which turns out to be his wifes son Had an impact on European drama Albert Camus (Le Malentendu)

Comedy comedy of manners concerned with English promiscuity the restoration better known Mirrors the modes, morals, manners of the upper class - its audience The main concern were sexual relations often theme of marriage (satire corruption of society, romantic love in a world of law) The main subject of Restoration comedy was sex, sexual intrigue, attraction and conquest
Contrasts between innocence and knowingness (between rustic country manners / refinements of the city) They can be: Comedies of action Comedies of character and chatter The best comedies reflect an amoral and frivolous society

Comedians

1. William Wycherley
(1640?-1716)

The Country Wife (stage 1675) Comedy of seduction and hypocrisy Often regarded as the most obscene and immoral of Restoration plays The hero Hornes pretends to be impotent in order to make his conquests. Mrs. Pinchwife claims to be behaving as ladies do in towns. Savagery, animality, selfishness The Plain Dealer (1676) Founded upon Molires play Le Misanthrope (man who hates the world) Sense of outrage Mixture of savage indignation ualjenost + restoration wit Manly (the main character) honest man who is disgusted by peoples manners; censure of upper classes affirmation of a new middle-class ethics
Satiric comedy , author presents a sex-obsessed society

Author claims that people should always speak the truth and be real friends The emergence of new social classes and divisions became more and more significant.

Acute social criticism marriage morality

1. William Congreve
(1670-1729)

Romantic comedy First comedies (1690s staged) The Old Bachelor (1693) The Double Dealer (1693) Love for Love (1695) Lead to the key of Restoration comedy The way of the World (staged 1700) Regarded as his best play
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Plot: standard situations of restoration comedy, complex family and social relationships Tone is half amused & half sad Main protagonists are Mirabel & Millamant Ironies of life, vanity, affection, marriage Language (making witty people speak): balance, rhythm, exactness French expressions
Nothing is left at chance Conversations: half regretful : half passionate Debate about love, marriage

Acute oster observations of the social and emotional pressure on characters.

1. Sir George Etherege

(1625?-1691)

The Man of Mode & She Woud If She Coud Contrast between town manners: country pretentions, and the concern with fashion The Man Of Mode: Witty bargaining between people of opposite sex desire and prudence, surrender and freedom, youth and age, town and country Satirises the mindless foppery nadutost, neumnost of Sin Fopling Futter + questions the values of its characters

1. George Farquhar
(1678-1707)

Realistic in setting and tone (local setting for humour) Wrote about new aspects of life

Wanted to please middle-class, replaced the Restorations comedy cynicism with rollicking humour An Irishman opening up of local settings for social comedy

The Recruiting Officer Country at war with Spain officer one of the finest comic roles Irish nature laughter and tears
Nastiness of military career is shown

1. Sir John Vanbrugh

(1664-1726)

The Relapse (Virtue In Danger) staged 1696 The Provokd Wife (1697 staged) Dramatic style successful because of the naturalness of dialogue, humour, offensive Tichly drawn characters and a series of intrigues and impersonations The characters names indicate their personality: Sir Clumsey, Lady Brute, Lady Fancy Full At the beginning of the 18th century there was a serious opposition against sexuality and immorality in plays The Theatres Licensing Act (1737) introduced censorship (Lord Chamberlain supreme censor in England, and a non-juring clergyman did not jure for his king) silenced political satires and sexual immorality attacked by Jeremy Collier Jeremy Collier - Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage (1698) complained about mockery of the clergy, about profanity and bad language. Effect of his

work was considerable writers and actors were prosecuted, fined, Collier contributed a deadly blow to theatrical writing. The result was the royal order prohibiting the acting of anything contrary to religion and good manners 40 years later censorship became official.

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Plays continued to be written and produced successfully, but the genre went into critical decline for a long period. Fielding turned to the novel (Success!), but drama was silenced until the end of 19th century. 1707-1737 Drama in decline, but theatre still popular

Middle classes started reading journals and fictional prose more gentile versions did not appear in the 19th century and had a revival in the 20th century Sentimental comedy (drama after 1737) simplistic form of comedy goodness always rewarded praised the virtues of family life Domestic family lives in a tender way The Funeral (1702) The Tender Husband (1703) did not prove a success The Lying Lover (1704) mission to reform the English mind and soul Emotion and tenderness humour and wonder Indications of a trend Together with Joseph Addison started a periodic called The Spectator: Popular, moral and educational program Essays intended to enlighten morality with wit Covered everything to a proper society education

1. Sir Richard Steele

1. Colley Cibber
(1671-1757)

Loves Last Shift 1st play (staged 1696) Ridiculed by Congreve (wit in reality not wit) The Non Juror (1717) Decay propad of wit Based on Molires Tartuffe mocked by Alexander Pope

These reactions to sentimental comedy show theres nothing funny about them.

Diversity wrote poems and novels She Stoops to Conquer (1773) Success This was the parody against sentimental comedy The hero Marlow is shy with ladies of his social level but open with servants and barmaids the heroine Miss Hardcastle stoops to an acceptable level to dosei cilj conquer him.

1. Oliver Goldsmith

1. Richard Brinsley Sheridan

(1751-1816)

Comedy regained the ease of movement comedy of character took over from the comedy
of delicacy and sentiment

Sparkling flow of witty dialogues A good observer know how to create a ridicule, confusion, action Irishman dramatist and politician a Whigh member of the British House of Commons Confidential adviser of George IV
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The Rivals (1775) The Critic (1779) The School For Scandal (1777) Masterpiece Satirical note Vigorous characters London society full of gossip and intrigue

1730-1790 A struggle of a new form in theatre. The start of romanticism and the novel gains ground.

From Restoration to the 18th century, The Age of Reason, The Augustan Age

Links: Restoration analysis, realism, comedy, tragedy, satire Entering the 18th century: The Age of Reason reason valued, writers respected and feared the unreason The Augustan Age parallels with Roman tradition Poetry came into the foreground Representative of this transitional period:

1. John Dryden

(1631-1700) (Miracles 63)

Poetry, prose works, critics, drama, At the centre of all greatest debates of his time, modern trends. The end of Commonwealth, return of monarchy, questions of Neoclassicism. Became Catholic in 1685 2 years later wrote an allegorical poem The Hind and the Panther He produced a number of plays (more than 20 comedies), prologues Theorist of the new poetry Ancient model for him (nature, truth) Innovator from heroic couplets favourite form used blank verse,
Leading the move from heroic couplets to blank verse drama

experimented with verse forms. His favourite form was heroic couplet The Hind and the Panther (hind=kouta)

Allegorical poem

Hind Roman Church,, the panther-Anglican Church Deals with the issues of politics and religion. One changes his views through life apology to his conversion (changed from Protestant
to Catholic)

Poetic satire to real figures in politics and society Absalom and Ackitophel (1681) Heroic satire Biblical allegory of a rebellion of Absalom against King David MacFlecknoe (published 1682-1684) Political satire Attacks his literary rival Thomas Shadwell Essay of Dramatic Poesie (1668) 1st important critical work
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1. Alexander Pope
(1688-1744)

Dialogue between the ethic of modern drama and Elizabethan, Ancient plays platonic dialogue (conversation and 4 characters) Dedications, prefaces criticism

Oscar Wilde: there are two ways of disliking poetry: one way is to dislike it and the other is to read Pope.

Catholic special position (an outsider) in society (Protestant) Could not go to a private school schooled at home Translated Greek and Latin classics Homer Translated the Illiade and Odyssey he lacks some imagination, pathos 1725 a noted edition of Shakespeare he provided extensive notes for the readers He never engaged in serious political, philosophical, religious debates on the scale that Dryden achieved. 1704 already written verse Established his reputation with the publication of The Essay on Criticism Samuel Johnson the most attractive of ludicrous compositions which makes the familiar new and the new familiar Versatile in heroic poems especially heroic couplets (introduced by G. Chaucer) technical perfection of them Wrote for his own age classical He painted portraits Sparkling maxims dwelled on life and criticism HEROIC COUPLETS Iambic pentameter introduced by G. Chaucer Rhymed lines Brought them to the highest level The Rape of the Lock (koder) (1712) Mock heroic poem Paradoxes, stolen lock of hair is transported to the heavens to become a new star The Dunciad (1726) Satire (best) Mock heroic poem Attack to literary critics (his literary rivals, critics, enemies Satirizes with wit the poetaster (a small wit poet, would like to be a poet but he is not talented) Windsor Forest (1713) Topographical poem It combines the description of the landscape with the political and historical observations Won him the friendship of Jonathan Swift Essay on Man (1733) Didactic work Comes very near to true philosophical poem 4 epistles in couplets observes human passion, intelligence, sociability ___ During the 18th century there was an exploration of new themes a stream-natural description, individual introspective, philosophical meditation.
The Graveyard School of Poetry

PRE-ROMANTIC POETRY

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Beginning of the Romantic movement (the belief in mans potentialities, his perfectibility, his power of feeling, imagination, his communion with nature)

strove to create the melancholy of death, morbidity with the peace (atmosphere) of delightful bloom (gloom?)
genres: descriptive poetry of nature sentimental lyric (pastoral life, idyllic life in the country) poetry of night and graves (Young, Gray)

Representatives: Thomas Gray Edward Young James Thomson

1. Thomas Gray
(1716-1771)

His view of life was pessimistic, optimistic + melancholy Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751)

The subject matter the short and single annals letopis of the poor to teach the rustic moralist to die

Realistic, pastoral, - written in quatrains Concluding epitaph the young man can be identified with the poet solitary poet
A life-affirming reconsideration of rural values The focus is one the solitary poet, who represents the youth Suffused with a gently humanist melancholy. The taste of meditation on death and decay rather than action

(1693-1765)

1. Edward Young

Complaint or Night Thoughts (1742-44) Written in the memory of the death of his wife and a daughter from his previous marriage today seen as a classical work
Blank verse meditation Fixed rhythm, but does not rhythm (it has unrhymed iambic pentameter lines)

1. James Thomson
Edinburgh student Scott dialect, wanted to change to proper English The Seasons (1726-30) 4 long poems - season by season (winter, summer, spring, autumn) Blank verse New view of nature (1st) harsh (pure pleasure of the rural life) snow, frost, hails + homesickness Fleeting time approaching eternity Other members of the Graveyard School of Poetry:
(1700-1748)

1. William Cowper

(blank verse) The Task (1785) anticipates William Wordsworth + appreciation of the countryside + blank verse poem in six books, describes a closer relationship
between man and nature

1. Oliver Goldsmith
Elegiac rhythm Dramas, novels
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 Won the prays of Gray (poems) Sentimentality, love of nature, life Exoticism The deserted Village (1770) he expresses a note of regret, of sth lost +
idealises nature

The rise of the novel Often connected with the individualism of the burgeoise Influenced by satiric drama, drama of early 18th century (dialogue), romance (structure theme), journals, memoirs, letters, spiritual Readers : female, upper, upper-middle class Novels cover male & female relationships, figures of authority
Scandalous novels were deemed unacceptable
So although the fascination with exotic is a common theme, the concern was not just To

document but to + accommodate experience within recognizable bounds Social components no longer simple aristocratic frame Demand to clear order, social behaviour should be monitored French civilisation influence Upper-class comingling with nobility new values: simplicity, piety pobonost, spotovanje, moralism Novels contain much social comment condition of the poor, the suffering emigrants... + acceptance of authority
The new bourgeoisie reinforced a class distinction between haves and have-nots in this emphasis on middle-class values and middle-class superiority The portrayals of life are realistic 3 types of realism: Judicious (good and sensible judgement) Celebratory (celebrate sth) Sophisticated (story telling itself)

(1659-1731)

1. Daniel Defoe
Journalist First true master of the English novel Government agent Wasnt very interested in love and romance but they werent excluded (Moll Flanders)

Robinson Crusoe (1719) Before publishing gone through many adventures metaphorical & literal sense Documentary method Symbolic drama painful and patient efforts Trial of the castaway Spiritual progress of the repentence of leaving home (sin) Primitivism order (conversion of Friday to Christianity) Allegory footprints Transitional figure (Spenser, Nathaniel H. American author)

Robinson Crusoe makes a kingdom of the island upon which he is shipwrecked. Hes a coloniser, establishes on the island a model of his own society which will continue after the end of the tale. His belief in God is never questioned. He encounters Friday and has to convert him to Christianity. The novel ends positively in order to subvert any of the middle-class mercantile values Crusoe upholds. Having survived 28 years in his deserted island, sees his land colonised without any sympathy for Friday whom he views as the simple native, improved by his master and by his conversion to Christianity. Friday can be seen as the victim of colonialism whose territory and beliefs are usurped by the coloniser.

Moll Flanders (1722) Picaresque novel - tells the episodic story of the rogues progress ( social castout) who is likeable. Tells a story of a rogue heroine and about her progress of becoming a part of
society.

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Picaresque novel = tells the adventures and travels of a character whose behaviour is not always moral but still likeable. At the happy end the hero(ine) is triumphant.

Psychology not romance Neoclassical ages narrative Episodic narrative a lineal neprekinjen series of prime and sexual liaison ljub.razmerje Moll Flanders thief, prostitute, wife (incestuous) eventually improves and is accepted back in society

Theres the story level (what happens) and the discourse level (Why it happens, circumstances). Its gihgly educational but not moralistic or didactic

Significant in the narratological sense: great importance for the development of the novel, narrated from the anti-heroines perspective authorial comment has been rigorously erased/ withdrawn. The reader is called upon (has to construct the story) unreliable narration (you can either trust or not trust her)

1. Samuel Richardson
(1689-1760)

Pamela

his works related to the romance primary concern male and female relationships complexity of characters major works: Pamela (1740) Clarissa (1748) epistolary novel written in the form of letters (limitations + realism) Letters = credible documents, more intimate communication Epistolary novel =as a form gives several correspondents the opportunity to set forth a point of
views. Although one character dominates, this multiplicity of viewpoints creates the impression of diversity leading to consensus. A form of letters.

letters came from the heroine alone to her parents. Worth depended on individual effort, not status (still admired) ambiguity The male provider The female victim preservation of virtue until they submit to the man Ambivalent nasproten nature towards seducers is ambiguous Pamela a great success Pamela II (1741)

A story about a young servant girl who resisted the seductions of her young master Mr B and by doing so earned his respect and love. Pamela suffers a series of trial at the hand of Mr B, culminating and attempted rape. Refuses to become his mistress or wife until she converts Mr B. Then agrees to marry him. The contrast between male domination (sensuality) and female restraint omejevanje and submission (emphasis on virtue) was criticised as hypocritical and later parodied by Fielding in Shamela. It was a great success: emphasized role distinctions (male as master; female as victim). An impression of female independence is given by the creation of a womans role in scoety as mistress of a social circle

Clarissa Epistolary novel, extremely long 4 major letter writers (Clarissa Anna Howe Lover J. Belford) Clarissa ends on a tragic note most moving of English novels. Defence against sexual predominance high price (status, sanity) Loveless plays with her emotions rape (wants to) Eventually recovers sanity still cut off from family, friends Prepares for her death ars moriendi (art of dying) family consumed by remorse, like a proper Catholic All the wicked characters meet their proper punishment

After the rape, she begins to lose her reason and identity. She loses sanity (later regains it), friends and identity. The novel ends with a funeral and Lovelace is mortally wounded (justice).

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Both 2: Socially corrupted world characters: world Trapped in complicated issues Insight in the characters minds 1st English psychological novelist (the minds
of both women are very well explored, he writes in a considerable subtle and complex way)

1. Jonathan Swift
(1667-1741)

Satire is a sort of glass. Wherein beholders do generally discover everybodys face but their own.

Greatest English satirist Irishman (Dublin) (born to English parents) Main target human pride (reason against it) Eager demander of truth Gullivers Travels criticizes Englands oppression of Ireland Gloom character intensely proud, humiliated for poverty he became a misanthrope
His prose was considered offensive

A Tale of a Tub (1704) War against the pride of scholars and religious enthusiasm Allegory 3 brothers left by their father (God) 3 coats in the will: Peter (eldest) Catholic Martin (Luther) represents the Anglican Church - proper care of the coat Jack (Calvin) Calvinism Satire ingenious agnostic (without religion) the only one can underst.?? No difference between the sign of the thing and the thing itself Gullivers Travels (1726) A severe attack on the political parties and religious conflicts 4 parts: Part 1&2 he meets the little people and enormous giants versions of ourselves, relativity of our standards , of our motives (Gulliver) Part 1 Gulliver among the Lilliputians to deflate upasti human pride by showing human pretentions; English political parties and religious controversies are satirized boiled eggs should be opened at the big or little end?

Shows the development of Christianity A satire on corruption in religion and learning

Comes to the island of Lilliput where people are very small and all their actions and debates seem silly.

Part 2 Gulliver comes to Brobdingnag Gullivers people vermin kodljivci ; the enormous height of the giant closely observed; man is a physical animal who sweats disgust (extremely tall people live here, English practices again seem
pretentious)

Book 3 satire of new scientific institutions (Royal A. Of L.) mens of science, projectors, historians. Gulliver visits a land where people are exhert of death and a place where projectors extract sun from cucumbers. Sybille (taken from antique text) eternal life from Apollo grew older, became small and put in a bottle - a tourist asks her what does she want (I want to die)
He comes to Laputa and Lagado, where scientists are useless and people mentally imbalanced.

Book 4 culmination (vrhunec) of Swifts anger Gulliver visits the Houyhnhnms (race of rational, clean, civilized horses) contrasted to uncivilized, brutal Yahoos (ape-like beasts in human form) (Gulliver has to recognize that the Yahoos are the closest to our/his own species)
Visits Houyhnhnms (horses with reason), whose servant are human-like Yahoos.

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Point rationalism / disgust ; Gulliver learns to live and serve Houyhnhnms Gulliver remains throughout the book human at the same time become a god-like creature Swift moral conditions, greatest satire became an insane attack to humanity when older Swift not well received horses main servants of men reversed roles seen as provocation genre of science fiction Imaginative satire impact in the history of novel

Satire on mankind, with all the disgust that applied to depict men as monkey-like Yahoos, considerably inferior in all their qualities to the Houyhnhnms, which are horses. In a period when horses were one of the main servants of man, this is an examination of roles which was intended to provoke and offend.

NOVELISTS:
1. HENRY FIELDING
1 great comic novelist
st

SHAMELA (AN APOLOGY FOR THE LIFE OF SHAMELA ANDREWS)

1741 Parody of Richardsons Pamela Stresses human folly he didnt like his moralistic values with tragical end Argued 1st person narrative views -> intrusive narrator instead all is imagined, nothing is true alienation effect

JOSEPH ANDREWS (THE HISTORY OF THE ADVENTURE OF JOSEPH ANDREWS AND HIS FRIEND...)
1742 Imitates the manner of Cervantes parody of Richardsons characters, burlesque, takes them out to adventures Preface: book described as comic romance outlines his main purpose displaying the ridicule Joseph (Shamelas brother) resists his employers sexual advances hypocrisy & corruption Travels home adventures Males chastity treatment comic, ironic (prejudices of 18th century) Describes to depict things as he sees them realism, taste of the concrete -> national writer Enlightment postulation of human values: judicious realism of assessment (showing good judgement); celebratory realism on attempting a celebration; sophisticated realism (the story telling itself) Comments on life authorial hand/command/presence shapes the story Hints and clues that is a fiction depicted

TOM JONES (THE HISTORY OF TOM JONES A FOUNDLING)

Theatrise on the diverse quality of soul People arent born good or evil each is a mixture of both Tom Jones is a rouge par excellence lusty, passionate, serious of sexual relationships lets himself be reduced Picaresque novel journey from innocence to adultness, from imaginary to assuming social responsibilities Purity goodness of heart (purity of flesh no guarantee of it) Narratology mocking the entire activity of novel writing if human nature is irrational who is the novelist to analyse it in a story shared/compared opinion

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2. LAURENCE STERNE
TRISTAM SHANDY
Novel in 9 volumes, greatest reflexive novels of 18th century Self-referential novel draws attention to the existence of it Stream-of-consciousness novel (first one) Parody of conventions of novel as a genre; critical of realistic novel Main protagonist starts his narrative before he is born, later enters the world of reality the author tries to write an autobiography Special features: black and blank pages (for the reader to participate), introductory dash, incomplete paragraphs and sentences, diagrams Gap between life and attempt to draw it (fiction cant be a substitute for real life) Death and sex made fun of Hundreds of topics mixed; associations, stream of thought The realism of T.S. - representing not the completed world but a process Taoism: path formed as you go John Locke Essay concerning human understanding; consciousness of every individual id formed in his own trend of thought, everyone lives in his world (a prisoner of it), no connection to nature, reality; contemporary perception of reality the radical construction of it

A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY (THROUGH FRANCE AND ITALY)

Based on Sterns 2 journeys abroad Humour mixed with sentimentality; expressions of ones emotions and sensibility; to feel oneself in anothers situation (empathy); cultivation of feeling Proclaimed the sentiment as a term on itself paved way for romanticism Benevolent sentimentality tender feeling projection of emotional faculties

3. OLIVER GOLDSMITH
THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD
Preserves the sentimentalism of Sterne Main character (Dr. Primose) is am epiphany of goodness: priest, husband, father; simple despite being cheated his daughter seduced and imprisoned with his son, he loses his fortune Moral figure (the vicar) similar figures: Sterne, Addison, Austen, Dickens

4. TOBIAS SMOLLET
Born in Scotland Ill-will soothing pricle Ludicrous scenes and circumstances sarcasm Doesnt strive to hide the ugly aspect of life Novels: Roderick Random, Humphrey Clinker Picaresque heroes authors experience 2 interesting narrative techniques: one way correspondence (activity of the reader); weak sides letters to someone outside the story no dramatic effect Good heart goodness and prudence

5. HENRY MACKENZIE
Pursued the cult of feeling influence of romantic authors (J.J.Rousseau La nouvelle Eloise)

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THE MAN OF FEELING

New prototype of a hero: professional man of feeling, cries, hearted, innocent, melancholic, lost in his cold world Adventures: visits a mad house meets a young woman who lost sanity because she lost love, becomes a friend with a prostitute Dies a young man No complication in his hero

THE MAN OF THE WORLD

Sentimental, moral stock features Antecedent of the romantic pleasure of feeling and pain (even death), nobility, happiness vs. fatal pain

Female novelists:
Women novelists have been excluded because of the quality of works and predominance of men.

6. ELIZA HAYWOOD
Novelist Conducted a periodical The Female Spectator Novel: The History of Miss Betty Thoughtless

7. SARAH FIELDING
A heroine who undergoes transformation (scandalous episodes of living people vailed identity les sentimentality) Political satires attacked by Swift and Pope

THE ADVENTURES OF DAVID SIMPLE

Mens self-deception; reality human behaviour Moralizing character cheated on his inheritance in search for a good friend (2 women and a man marry each other in the end)

ROMANTICIZM
Coincided with French revolution End of dominant classical literature Rediscovery of local cultures and vernacular literature (vernacular language from Latin) England: romantic features searched in predecessors (Gary, Spenser) New feeling: people alienated with nature Romantic manifesto: W. Worsworth & S.T. Coleredge: Lyrical Ballads; 1798 official start Wordsworth: written chiefly with the view to assent how far the language of upper classes serves to poetry; 1st poet to have questioned the language in poetry Focus on nature (physical, scientific), where they can find the truth before abstract, preconceived Against prevailing reason Importance of childhood: wisdom disappears with maturity NEOCLASSICAL AUTHORS Rational intelligence Art should be mimetic, imitate love Poetry needs long study and practice 32 ROMANTICISM Feelings and emotion Creativity and originality; art product of creative mind Inspiration, fantasy, intuition

Collectivism, conformity (common collective spirit beliefs, morals) Rules: poetic diction, metre, form Ordinary world, nature Society has strong conservative morality education, self-discipline Complicated, sophisticated language

Individualism, importance of the self Spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings Supernatural world, symbolism Authors noble savages (Byron), wild landscapes, exotic countries Simple language, understood by the masses

8. WILLIAM BLAKE
Essence of romanticism Love and happiness (Poetical sketches 1783; Songs of Innocence 1789) Grief and rebellion against the world (Songs of Experience 1794) The universe through the eyes and heart of a child, delicate, courageous institution of the human mind Romantic features: sense of wonder; contemplation of nature through fresh eyes (old things new metaphors); not as in present: obsession with sentimentality, self and past Visionary encounters with angels, prophets, God Traditions in European thought: Jewish Cabbalistic Ideal inspired tradition of mystical experience of God & universe Emanuel Swedenborg his ideas: scriptures must be understood in a spiritual, mystical way (natural=mystical world), love father, wisdom son, energy spirit; when man dies he goes to heaven, but soon leaves because its not comfortable Jacob Boheme will is the original force The Rosicrucian Brotherhood esoteric mystical Gnostics; truth is the great architect of the universe Artist illustrated his own works Misunderstood; rediscovered in 20th century Against religious hypocrisy, rationalism and Augustan restrictions

THE MARRIAGE OF HEAVEN AND HELL

Inspired by E. Swedenborg: Marriage and Hell Without contraries theres no progression

SONGS OF INNOCENCE & SONGS OF EXPERIENCE

1st: children, flowers, seasons, the Lamb; theme: feeling of a child symbol of innocence & uncorrupted 2nd: symbolic image of the Tyger against the Lamb: the same creator (God), so opposite creatures Should not be understood separately, but as complimentary volumes one perfect, organic body, 2 opposing states of human soul

9. ROBERT BURNS
Greatest English rustic poet (countryside) of the 18th century, greatest Scottish poet Formal education knew literature (French, Latin) Simple language but in Scottish dialect, greatest song writer in Britain revived Scottish songs 33

SCOTCH POEMS
Assimilated (fit in) the long line of Scottish poetic tradition: Allan Ramsey and Robert Ferguson realism, humour A lot of tendencies aesthetics classicism; sensibility, interest for nature, animals, the poor, imagination Works: Tom OShanter, To a Louse, Scotch Drink, A Red, Red Rose (included in Kilmarnock and Edinburgh volumes) Ballads, love poems, satiric poems, folk tales, cantatas (The Jolly Beggars social outcast singing of social independence)

10. WILLIAM WORDSWORTH

Collaboration with S. T. Coleridge: LYRICAL BALLADS 1800 2nd edition; wrote famous preface views of the principle of the poetry, the language used in poetry (simple), poetry = the spirit of knowledge

TINTERN ABBEY
Blank verse Elevation of an ode Faith in the power of nature Nature = poets mind = harmony

THE PRELUDE OR GROWTH OF A POETS MIND

Written in Germany, where he went with Coleridge and Dorothy Autobiographical poem in blank verse Published posthumously 14 books: semi epic form, elevated style 1st book: recollection of early memories (from London, skating in a lake, horrors of Fr. Revolution) 2nd book: meditation about the interpretation of his memories, insight and understanding of them only nature can give that Mystical pantheism nature = God Exploited his gift of egotistical sublime Psychological insight in the memories of a child

POEMS
Poems: The Ode to Duty, Intimations of Immorality, The Solitary Reaper Similar pattern, simple rhetorical diction Contact with nature brings him close to divine spirit Hesitant romantic distrusts and questions his interpretations

11. SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE

Philosopher, literary critic Nature of lesser force than for Wordsworth Celebrates one life or spirit harmony and order in natural world Nature of imagination, opposites: idea : image, novelty : old objects, obscene: pieous Literary output: unevenness, incompleteness, frustration Shifts between real world and the world of imagination Vigorous mind energy and unhappy fate Addicted to opium - Teachings of Moral; had a sense of defeat Capacity to evoke the mystery of things more imaginary, knows how to handle supernatural; sub consciousness beyond the plain of appearance and sense Influenced by: William Godwin evocated anarchy; David Hardly school of thought, 2 theories: the doctrine of variation and the association of society; also Kant and Hegel 34

Religion became Unitarian Interested in the ideas of Fr. Revolution Notable for conversation poetry represent actual trends of thought, steps of reason, imaginative lips Interior monologues in: Christabel, Kubla Khan, Frost at midnight and Dejection: An ode. During the last 30 yrs he wrote no poetry

THE RIME OF THE AINCIENT MARINER

Ballad, complex symbolism Killing of albatross eternal curse (God doesnt forgive) Result of his reading of renaissance travel literature 7 parts medieval style Nature of death The old mariner the only survivor He deserves his fate? Water, water everywhere without a drop to drink. Crime and punishment supernatural level (technique of psychological drama); supernatural things sense of ordinary (seen also in Christabel)

CHRISTABEL
Medieval allegory (ballad) mystical flights of imagination, grotesque images

KUBLA KHAN
Fairy tale kingdom (Kubla Khan 13th century kingdom in Mongolia) Implicit tension: dream vs. reality Vividness of imaginative pictures: undercuts, questions it Quintessential romantic poem most representative: exploration of dreams, hints of earthly heaven, poet set aside of society, magic Dome vs. river = conscious vs. unconscious

FROST AT MIDNIGHT & DEJECTION: AN ODE

Poems stand in thematic opposition: 1. addresses his son Hartly optimism, 2. Sadness despair, physical pain, marital unhappiness; the poetic imagination fails but still captures a permanent truth

BIOGRAPHIA LITERARIA
Divides the imagination in two: Primary imagination: firs act of consciousness Secondary imagination: poetic imagination, faculty of mind, fusion of perceiving mind and imagination, deep feeling, profound thought

The younger romantics:

1. GEORGE NOEL GORDON BYRON
Alienated outsider 1st romantic poet to influence Europe (Preeren translated Parisina) Affiliated to the spirits of Rousseau and Goethes Werther Represents mal du sicle in English literature First poems (1807): Hour of Idleness (suppressed, attached by critics) During his journey he wrote Childe Harolds Pilgrimage Married to Anne Isabella Milbanke daughter Augusta Ada; marriage dissolved Had to sell his family estate in Scotland (pressure of creditors) and leave England, goes to Belgium, Geneva (meets Shelly and Claire Clairmont daughter Allegra), Switzerland (writes 3 cantos nature reflection on his own state of mind) 35

Second wife Mary Godwin Goes to Rome and Venice, writes 4th canto, publishes poetic drama Manfred Writes epic satire Don Juan Moves to Ravena: writes poetic dramas (like Marina Faliero) Involved with cause of Italian patriots Leads the journal The Liberal, first article called The vision of Judgement Allies with the Greek insurgents (against Turkish rule) Kefalonia Misolongy (dies of malaria on 19.4.1824)

CHILDE HAROLDS PILGRIMAGE

In 4 cantos: 1st 2 most known childe young nobleman waiting to become a knight (medieval world) Written in Spenserian stanza (8 lines in iambic pentameter + 1 alexandrian) Projection of Byron himself generous mind, solitary, melancholic Byronic hero: displays a lot of features, many are paradoxal: generous, () egoistical, intelligence, arrogance, cunning, able to adapt, may suffer for a crime (incest), introspective, mysterious, sexual attraction, pursues social and sexual dominance, has seen the world (worldweary), troublesome past, self-destructive, good heart in the end. Inspired by dark and disconnected heroes of the gothic (Miltons Satan)

MANFRED
Poetic drama Outcast in the castle in Alps, tortured for his half-maddening sin (incest relationship with his sister) Erotic hero with his own moral codes

DON JUAN
Unfinished epic satire on abuses of society and judgement Written in ottava rima (8 mostly iambic pentameters 10 syllabic iambic endecasyllabic line cuts off one syllable) Ironic replica to Childe Harolds Pilgrimage (prototype Byronic hero) this one is more lighthearted, less stressful, serious still craves for mysterious and meaning Cynical and witty narrator lessens the character of the main protagonist Cantos 2&3: love affair (describes Byron himself), allegoric figure of a sexual man corresponding to different environments disoluted spirits (Milton, Dryden, Pope, Swift) Following cantos: sold into slavery in Constantinople, escapes and joins the Russian army, becomes the lover of imperatrice Katherina, who sends him on a mission to England

THE VISION OF JUDGEMENT

Satirical poem of A vision of Judgement by Robert Southey, who violently attacks Byrons works and accuses him as the leader of Satans poetry Story: George 3rd is an old, blind, mad, helpless, weak, poor warm and he is refused by St. Peter to enter heaven. He is drove to heaven by the devil (he drives everyone mad by reading his poetry), Gerge 3rd can enter heaven.

2. PIERCE B. SHELLEY
Passionate devotion to intellect Central desire for theoretical expression; new ways: allegory, ode Poetry can change the world (like Keats) Takes political and social questions further Critic of church, family, politics, against liberty 36

Interested in: William Godwin pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism the existence of God cant be proved Married Harriet Westbrook after quarrelling about it with his father Wrote his first poem Queen Mab in 1813 Abandoned his wife and children, goes to Switzerland meets Byron and Mary Godwin Writes volume of poems including Alastor Leaves England and goes to Rome where he writes two great works: The Cenci, Prometheus Unbound In St. Pelegrino he writes The Witch of Atlas In Venice On The Death Of Keats In Pisa he worked in prose pieces (The Defence of Poetry) Last major piece The Triumph of Life Died in 1822 drowned on the return from Livorno. His body was cremated and buried near Keats on protestant cemetery Follows William Blake and gives his texts prolific function

QUEEN MAB
Visionary poem of a mans need virtue and straight forward happiness 9 cantos, 17 prose notes attached (many in essay form: Against Jesus Christ, the Father, the Holy Spirit ...)

ALASTOR
One of the poems in the volume Dream-like allegory poet hero pursuits strange routes and undiscovered lands Blank verse Youth of uncorrupted love

THE CERCI
Tragedy in blank verse Of a mother and step daughter plotting against the mean unfaithful father View of the image of tragic character: revenge, atonement

PROMETEUS UNBOUND
Political drama Changes the myth of Prometheus (originally he stole the fire from Gods and gave it to the people punished) Sexual scientific, political aspects central: liberation

THE WITCH OF ATLAS

87 stanzas on ottava rima A philosophical view of reform Invented powers (witch), intellectual beauty

ON THE DEATH OF KEATS

Allegry in 55 Spenserian stanzas Invented term: Adonais (Adonis Greek god of fertility + Adonay Hebrew for lord)

THE DEFENCE OF POETRY

Reference to Philip Sidneys The Defence of Poesie Poetry is social freedom and love Platonic argument: world of platonic ideas in contact with the poet by his imagination Poets quest for beauty and truth which will show the way Poet appears as a prophet, potential leader, missionary for a new society Spirit of renaissance

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3. JOHN KEATS
The greatest member of younger romantic poets Main theme: conflict between everyday world of suffering, death and decay and the timeless beauty and lasting truth of poetry and human imagination Dreams of order cosmos vs. state of disorder chaos Philhellenism we are all Greek (the only culture created form itself; similar to Shelly and Byron), feeling for Middle Ages Wanted to study medicine, but he decided to write poetry 1st book: Poems Had TBC went to Scotland to get better, but soon returned to London

ENDYMON A POETIC ROMANCE

His 1st successful work (4 books) Extensive use of Greek mythology; based on mythological subject: Endymon (in love with the moon, sets on a journey to find it) Dubious phrase: childhood vs. manhood (he failed to convince the critics, they said it was an immature dream vision) He has matured quickly didnt live long When I Have Fears (wants fame before he dies, forbidden concept in romanticism)

LAMIA AND OTHER POEMS

Poems included: Isabela, The Eve Of Saint Agnes, Ode To A Nightingale, Ode On Grecian Urn (preoccupation with love in ancient Greece escape form change and decay to a world of unchanging art) Warmly praised in Edinburgh review Search for elusive beauty Subject of his ballads is La Belle Dame Sans Merci. He is bewitched by her supernatural personality. Analyses of this lady: Robert Graves The White Goddess she represents love, death and beauty all at once; today viewed as concept of femme fatale. Pre-Raphaelites praised it, many art works inspired by him. Conflict between dream and reality, imagination and rationality

PRE-RAPHAELITISM:
Founding fathers: William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti Conventionality, academism spirituality Models were Italian masters of early renaissance, the greatest was Raphael ( pre-Raphaelitism) Themes of classical mythology Dantes novels Work is atmosphere of deep truth, almost navet Mysticism, symbolism, concern with generalities of life, death and love

4. DANTE GABRIEL ROSETTI

Equally skilled for writing and painting Dominant in this group Born in London, but has Italian roots keenness of sensation, purity of passion, no dividedness of soul After finishing the Kings College, he began studying art of painting (paintings: Girlhood of Virgin Mary, Beata Beatrice, Dantes Dream) Poems: The Blessed Damozel, Hand and Soul, The Portraits, The Choice Edited the Germ magazine magazine of that period 38

Conquest of romanticism feeling to art desorption Insisted on the indispensable importance of art Intensity not expressed directly Religious, archaic, allegorical, idealized female figures Translated early Italian poets: Dante and his circle Death of his wife (1862) struck him; attacks on his poetry too much sensuality buried his poetry with his wife, but they were published later: The House of Life sonnet sequence, passionate love, sensual and philosophical mysticism

5. WILLIAM MORRIS
Poet, artist, socialist, reformer Different temperament liked English nature (like E. Spencer) Various influences (idealistic revival, romantic heritage): poet John Ruskin, Lord Alfred Tennyson (God for Morris) Works: The Defence Of Guenevere And Other Poems, Life And Death Of Jason, Love Is Enough. All these works eveneness? and purity (Chaucers style); written in blank verse almost monotonous Poetry succession of pictures from every part of human life; most dramatic pictures Scandinavian mythology Searched for what he lacked in his character Travelled to Iceland idealized what he saw Language: noble, without affection, Anglo-Saxon words, rich rhythm Humanist thought works: The dream of John Bell, News from Nowhere captivating language, most enchanting of utopias ideal state within reach

6. CHRISTINA GEORGINA ROSETTI

Born in London, lived there all her life Poetry in early girlhood published poems in The Germ when she was 20 yrs old Works: Goblin Market and Other Poems, The Princes Progress, A Pageant and Other Poems Retired life: attended her mother, religious duties, proposed twice refused Imaginative power, exquisite expression, depth of thought in poetry Seeks to conceal rather than reveal Spirit of romanticism Interest on religion aesthetic modest divine love Meditations on death Psychologically analyzes the human passionate love Childlike innocence Undertone of grief (like P. Verlaine) Sonnets lack stronger structural beauty

GOBIN MARKET AND OTHER POEMS

Delightful fairytale Quality of form skilful in metre Spontaneity

VICTORIAN POETRY:
The period of Queen Victoria (1837 -1901) Intellectual and positive movement 39

2 movements/groups of poetry: 1st: need for objectivity, balance, standard, precision, more truth; example: Robert Browning 2nd: idealistic reaction, desire for emotions, spontaneity; natural, direct continuation of romanticism; new features: disciplined manner, precision of form, rational sentimentalism; example: Alfred, Lord Tennyson In 1901 Queen Victoria died, was replaced by Edward VII

1. ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON

Early works are introspective, dramatic monologues, characters dream about death Melodic skill, fluency Critics reviewed him favourably Quality of expression, emphasizes the importance of discipline in form Capacity for vicarious experience (=> undergone through second hand) limited to emotions with which we can identify Quality of imagination rich, sensual, chastity Moves towards symbolism; works: The Lotos Eaters (from Poems), The Dream of Fair Women Worrier like many of his time (God, nature, man, modern science and its effect on belief, Darwins evolution theory, meaning of life), death of a close friend feeling of personal loss another worry In Memoriam A.H.H. More stages of grief: grief, regret, resignation Consolation broader love to mankind Entitled Poet Laureate' in 1850, became a lord in 1883 Became affailiated to the ideal of the era Verse drama Queen Mary Burried in Westminster Abbey

POEMS
Full recognition as a poet Romantic (criticism + history) subjectivism in objective view Universal desire to go beyond the self legends, reality,...

IN MEMORIAM A.H.H.
Hugely popular, especially with Queen Victoria, after her husbands death Reflects the moral and religious conflicts of the century

MAUD
Love affair, tragic accident Speed and passion of lyric Didactic end, patriotic determination of fighting in a 3-year war (rage at himself and society)

IDYLLS OF THE KING

Cycle of tales in 12 books Stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table Dissolution of early patterns of morality, faith, ...

2. ROBERT BROWNING
Broke away from post-keatian images, explores characters At the beginning influenced by Shelly Introduced the form of the dramatic monologue speaker addresses the listener (poem reader), character suggested by what and how he says things; its a kind of masque explores the character without being too directly personal; anticipant of Ezra Pound and T.S. Elliot; its a self disclosure, an analyst at work explains, interprets psychologist, moralist 40

Craving for analysis and modern criticism Victorian principles Intellectual curiosity Married to Elizabeth Barret Works: Dramatic Lyrics, Dramatic Romances, Men and Women, Dramatics Personae In his life time he only got the indifference from the public his subjects were not appealing to the public, because of monotony of style, awkward rhythm; later, the circle of readers expand

THE RING AND THE BOOK

Greatest success, verse novel in 4 books The story of a criminal trial in Italy in 17th century (poet spent a lot of time in Italy) Long dramatic monologues in blank verse Verse novel distinguished by shifting perspectives; renaissance vs. modern world

3. ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING

Married to Robert Browning in secret After publishing Poems, she became known Influenced by classical authors, Coleridge Lyricism quality of suggestion; subtle analysis; keen intensity, pictures of nature; romantic feeling + intellectual rationalizing didactic purpose V. Wolfe: the true daughter of her age

AURORA LEIGHT
Most important work Conflict in verse writing independence of thought vs. verse restriction Tragedy of soul pathos Novel in verse about a woman writer (anticipates Virginia Wolfs A Room of Ones Own), strong feminine affirmation of free view

SONNETS FROM THE PORTUGUESE

Portuguese meaning her husband + her favourite poet Louis de Camoes Record of her love to her husband highly emotional and personal

4. MATTHEW ARNOLD
Profound representative of the era, stimulating influence to other representatives Sensitive Victorian intellectual Sincerity, style of great distinction Hellenism, romantic interest in folktale, legends, solitary meditations in stimulating surroundings, controlled self-pithy Volumes of poetry: The Strayed Reveller and Other Poems, Empedocles on Etna and Other Poems Appointed to the professorship of poetry at Oxford, after that he wrote little poetry His view of society: English aristocracy barbarians, middle classes filistines, lower classes populists Essays on literary, educational, social topics (Essays in Criticism, On the Study of Celtic Literature, Culture and Anarchy, Literature and Dogma study of the interpretation of Bible) Criticized: provincialism, sectarianism (narrow minded), utilitarian English life and culture (they need intellectual curiosity)

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THE STRAYED REVELLER AND OTHER POEMS

1st volume of poetry Description of the landscape Opening poem: Dover Beach symbolic scene of night, quiet; moonlight melancholy, meditation, despair, loss of faith (Victorian era), what remains is a little private society

THE EDWARDIAN POETS:

Later Georgian poets (George V) Start of the new century development of science, rise of socialism labour movements Representatives: Thomas Hardy, A.E. Housman, Edward Thomas, Rupert Brooke Common elements: patriotism, distrust of the artistic imagination, epistemological (theory of knowledge) anxiety, lost of faith in connection between words and things Old fashioned ideas: disillusioned people, tired, weary, in search of lost values George V joined the navy (loved sea), difficult years on the throne east arising in Ireland; 1932 royal broadcasts

5. GEORGIAN POETS
Negative term traditional verse of the early 20th century, rural themes Gained popular readership Creditable attempt romantic, literal, humanistic tradition Colloquial poetry 1930s seen as a tired illusion

THE GEORGIAN POETRY COLLECTION

In several volumes, 5 verse anthologies edited by Edward Marsh 2 sides: Harold Monroe publishing house readings, debates, ... and Glostersher village Reaction against the Victorian didactic function Mutual dislike of nationalists and patriotic views Desire to introduce the individual, personal view An improved world can be achieved in the real world (=romantics) Committed to the leading romantic ideals simplistic, subtle language, favoured W. Wordsworth Trench poetry (trench strelski jarek)

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