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AI (Artificial intelligence)
Contents:
Introduction
y Definition

History
y A brief history

Approaches
y Current Projection

How AI works Applications

y
y y y y

Decision making Game playing Speech recognition Computer vision Use of AI in medical field Use of AI in electronic world (E Business)

Understanding natural language

Problems

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Introduction: Artificial intelligence is a term referred to the intelligence performed by computer or other machines or systems like robots or any other kind of machines. It is a major branch of computer sciences. It is a combination of computer sciences, physiology, and philosophy. The purpose of AI to create such kind of machines that can think. In order to create machine that can thing it is compulsory to define intelligence. What is AI? y y y y The system that can think like human The system the can act like human The system that can decide like human The system that can feel and show anger like human

It is called artificial intelligence. When a machine is devolved it is passed from a turning test this test examines that the machine is intelligent or not. In this test it is assumed that the human and machine are both acts like human. When a machine passes the test the following conditions are applied. y y The machine is considered intelligent Many human may fail in this test

History: The philosophers had said for four hundred years ago that the humans mind work like logical machine. The AI comes on view in (1956). The history had a number of cycles of progress in the pages of history. Approaches: The field of Artificial Intelligence has divided into several different subfields. The basic approaches are of two types y y Top-bottom Up -down

First one is the best way to achieve artificial intelligence is to build electronic copy of the human's brain complex while the second approach is to attempts to copy the brain's behavior with computer programs.

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The human brain is made up of billions of cells.AI wants to researcher who prefer second approach to construct electronic circuits that act like human's brain do in the human brain. How AI works: The machine is coded to do a task on the basses of conditions. The task is performed repeatedly until the condition become true. For example a cleaner is coded to suck until clean. This example can be understood by following figure

The figure shows the sensors in the machine senses and suck the dust until it become cleaned. The process is consisting of a chain of actions. Decision making: A process of making decision on the basses of conditions. This process is consists of a chain of actions that are performed in a particular sequences. Take a look of figure to examine the process of decision making

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First of all the first condition is checked then all the statements are executed and after passing this chain the control finally comes to the destination. As you can see the initial state and then final state. The above working is done with the help of a control system. This system is controlled by sensors, cameras and other such devices the system can be understood by following diagram how control passes from one step to other take a look at the following diagram The diagram shows how a virtual environment and physical devices work together with the help of logics that are written into them. When a user do a task the sensor scan it and pass it to low level controller of it is a simple decision otherwise it will send to the high level controller the after a fast processing the out put send to the user.

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Applications: Game playing: There is a waste use of AI in gaming. It is also helpful to perform actions from machines that the human wants in reality so we can say it gives the basic idea for devolving such kind of machines that scientist wants to develop. You can buy machines that can play master level games. There is some AI in them, but they play well against people. Speech recognition:

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It is a method that and mechanization can use to get information by a system using speech recognition. It is quite convenient because it seems like humanly machine. On the the other hand, while it is possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users have gone back to the keyboard and the mouse as still more convenient. For this purpose first we have to give instructions to machine to understand our worlds. It is a way we can talk with machines. Understanding natural language: Just getting a sequence of words into a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences is not enough either. The computer has to be provided with an understanding of the domain the text is about, and this is presently possible only for very limited domains.

Computer vision: This world is made by three-dimensional objects, but the inputs to the human eye and computers' TV cameras are two dimensional. Some useful programs can work in two dimensions, but full computer vision requires partial three-dimensional information. Use of AI in medical field: AI is used in form of AIM in hospitals also used to scan patients blood samples to check out different diseases for example cancer. The presences of cancer virus are scanned with the help of machines. Let I give you an example to find out how the machines finds diseases When a patient go to the hospital. The doctor take a blood sample of its blood and scan it with the help of machine the working of machine can be understood with the following diagram

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After passing from the machine the effected cell is found. From this example we can imagine how AI is helpful in the field of medical.

Use of AI in electronic world (E Business): Worlds biggest field in which the use of AI is increasing rapidly. Now days you can sell, buy or are any other kind of online transaction. You can pay order online to buy a thing with the help of inter net. This is called E shopping. The working of E shopping can be examined with the help of diagram that shows how a transition is performed online

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You can pay you order and buy any kind of thing online set with comfort at home. This all is done with the help of AI Problems: The main problem with developing an intelligent robot is the many definitions of intelligence. A computer that can add two numbers may be considered intelligent by some but not by all. People do progress at different speeds and under different circumstances. However this does not take into consideration their social ability and also whether they are just intelligent in one particular field. This shows that we only look at someone's ability in one dimensional sense.

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The proof of this is that one-dimensional view is how we measure a person's intelligence. So intelligence should be considered multi-dimensional. What dimensions should be included in the test and how can a comparison be made? This is a very difficult question. A classic example of how intelligence differs can be seen by considering three people who in their own right have been very successful. Another aspect of intelligence is that of animal intelligence. Humans consider dolphins to be intelligent. Artificial intelligence and the quest for the intelligent machine. However it is believed that the goal of an intelligent machine is a long way off. We cannot even attribute intelligence properly to each other. Conclusion: Most of the philosophers use term week AI for artificial intelligence. They rejected the question Can machine think? and replaced it with behavioral test. We can identify eight threats of society posed by AI and related technology. It is concluded that some of them are unlikely, but two in particular are nursery for taking under consideration. First one is ultra intelligent and second one is robotics technology. We should make our more and more contribution in these two fields.