page 1/7+1

NE409/509-Final NAME

MAY 4, 1999 (8AM 11AM)

Total Points : 100+1

Grade to be posted yes / no SS# Write your answers in the space(s) below the questions and use the back side(s) if additional space is needed. Useful equations and information are on the last page - tear it for convenience
(should take less than 2 hours)

1.

True / False questions [cross (X) the correct answer] : (1 point each) ----------------------------[15] a. An edge dislocation slips perpendicular to itself (its line). ------------------- True or false b. A screw dislocation slips along its Burger's vector. --------------------------- True or false c. A sessile dislocation can move easily under an applied stress. --------------- True or false d. A dislocation pinned between 2 points remains to be semicircular (radius of curvature is half the pinning distance) under no force. ------------ True or false e. Like screw dislocations repel each other. --------------------------------------- True or false f. A prismatic loop has Burgers vector perpendicular to the plane of the loop. True or false g. Kinks and jogs on dislocations make the crystals softer. ---------------------- True or false h. Some jogs on screw dislocations have screw character. ----------------------- True or false i. A screw dislocation may change its glide plane by cross slip. --------------- True or false j. An edge dislocation may change its glide plane by cross slip. --------------- True or false k. Exposure to neutron radiation generally leads to increased ductility. ------- True or false l. High energy neutrons lead to atomic displacements which result in increased concentration of point defects. ---------------------------------------- True or false m. Low-cycle-fatigue (LCF) is controlled by ductility and thus radiation exposure leads to improved fatigue life. ---------------------------------------- True or false n. Zircaloys are commonly used in light water reactors due to their large cross-section for absorption of thermal neutrons. ----------------------- True or false o. Boron is a good candidate as a control material. ------------------------------- True or false

page 2/7+1

2. A pressure vessel steel specimen made of an A533B steel [ferritic] of diameter 1 mm and grain size of 0.2 mm exhibited an yield point with the lower yield stress equal to 520MPa. The source hardening term (ky/ D ) was found to be 150 MPa. a. Draw a typical nominal stress versus strain curve on the graph below (specify units of the axes), indicating clearly the following parameters : -------------------------------------------------- [2+5] PV (ferritic) steel Lower yield stress Youngs modulus Uniform elongation Total elongation stress Tensile strength

strain b. On the above figure, show the true - curve (superimposed) and clearly indicate the friction and source stresses (with their respective values). --------------------------------------------------- [2] This material (PV steel) was exposed to intense neutron radiation in an operating reactor which resulted in the following microstructural features : dislocation density () of 2x1013 cm-2 and copper precipitates of 10 radius and 0.001% volume fraction. c. Evaluate the friction hardening of the irradiated material due to these two microstructural features. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [6]

d. What will be the yield strength of the irradiated steel ? ------------------------------------------------ [3]

page 3/7+1

e. After a certain time in the reactor, the grain size of the A533B steel increased to 0.3 mm (while the other microstructural features as in #c remained the same). Determine the yield strength. ---- [3]

3. A nickel alloy has a yield strength of 46,000 psi and a critical fracture toughness (KIC) of 33ksi in What would be the largest flaw (depth) on the surface which could be present that would allow this material to be used at tensile stresses upto 80% of the yield strength? ----------- [4]

4. A 10 mm diameter tensile specimen has a 50 mm gage length. The load corresponding to the 0.2% offset is 68 kN and the maximum load is 84 kN. Fracture occurred at 73 kN. The diameter after fracture is 6 mm and the gage length at fracture is 65 mm. The diameter away from the fracture was measured to be 9 mm. The material followed the standard work-hardening law (=Kn). Calculate the following parameters : (2 points each a-c) ------------------------------------------------- [6+3] (a) UTS (MPa) (c) Reduction in Area (%)

(b) Yield Strength (MPa)

(d) Strain-Hardening Parameter (n)

page 4/7+1

5. Consider the following two dislocations in an fcc metal :

b1=

on {111} planes (see figure on right) These two dislocations glide to point A where they react to form #3 dislocation.

1 [101] 2

and b2=

1 2

[01 1 ]
A 70o32

(111)

(111 )

a. Write down the dislocation reaction and what will be the Burgers vector (b3) of the 3rd dislocation. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [2]

b. Show that the reaction is energetically favorable. ------------------------------------------------------- [4]

c. Determine the unit line vector of the product (i.e., #3) dislocation. ---------------------------------- [4]

d. What is the glide (or slip) plane of the #3 dislocation ? ------------------------------------------------- [4]

e. Is this a glissile or sessile dislocation (explain) ? ------------------------------------------------------- [2]

page 5/7+1

6. A copper specimen is exposed to 2 MeV monoenergetic neutrons of flux, of 2x10 n/cm s for 6 days continuously. a. Determine the number of atomic displacements per atom (dpa). -------------------------------------- [5]

15

In a sample of irradiated copper, dpa was determined to be 3 while only one vacancy survived per 9 billion (10 ) atoms displaced (due to in-situ annealing). b. Write down the expression for self-diffusivity (DL) defining all the terms and determine the 2 o self-diffusivity (cm /s) of irradiated Cu at 400 C. --------------------------------------------------- [2+5]

7. What is creep (define) and draw a typical creep curve indicating clearly the three stages (mark the axes with appropriate units). ------------------------------------------------------------------- [3]

-----------------------------------------------------------------

page 6/7+1

& 8. The steady-state creep-rate ( ) of the Cu in problem #6 above follows a power-law : 5 -7 -1 2 & & =ADL , with A=5x10 ( in hr , D in cm /s and in MPa).

a. Determine the % change in the creep-rate in Cu at 400 oC at 20 MPa due to irradiation. --------- [4]

b. If the creep rupture life of the unirradiated Cu at 400 oC at 20 MPa is 45 days, estimate the rupture life of the irradiated material (should decrease). -------------------------------- [4]

9. Stainless steels (SSs) are used as cladding materials in fast reactors while Zircaloys are commonly used for LWR cladding. a. What is the main disadvantage of using SSs in LWRs ? ------------------------------------------------ [2]

page 7/7+1

b. Both Zircaloys and SSs exhibit dimensional changes due to radiation exposure even in the absence of stress - known as Radiation Growth and Swelling respectively. What are these phenomena and what is the difference between these two ? -------------------------------------------- [2]

10. Draw a fatigue curve (S-N) for a non-ferrous metal such as SS and show the effect of radiation exposure on it (clearly indicate the axes with appropriate units). -------------------------------------- [2]

11. SSs have fcc structure. a. Illustrate a slip system [a slip plane and appropriate slip direction in the slip plane] in the unit cell below. What are their Miller Indices ?--------------------------------------------------- [5]

b. What is the magnitude (in ) of the slip vector given a = 2.8 . -------------------------------------- [2]

page 8/7+1

Relevant Equations etc

=E =G

G=

E 2(1 + ) (E) =

E 3(1 2)

= K n
E n t 4E d

Uel = =

2 2E

J=K

n +1 u n +1

T=

1 (cos - 1) 2

E 2E d

dpa = el
f =

4A (1 + A) 2

& = A n e-Q/RT

& tr =

= t e-Q/RT

P = T (logtr + C)

2E s a

da = A (K)m dN KIC= 2E s

ac=

1 K Ic 2 ( ) Y

af 1 da Nf = Am/2 ()m Ym am/2 ao

K = Y a ,Y 1

= A (2N)c

& = A m
& = b v

S = f (2 N) c + f (2 N) b = 0.6 (2 N) 0.6 + 3.5 u (2 N) 0.12 f 2 E E Cv = e-Qv/RT D = D 2 Cv e-Qm/RT = cos cos T = Gb2 6 Gb f v Gb Gb R= F = G x t = (.b)xt = = Gb = D l

= Gb 3 c (or Gb3 N ) TDBTT = i y dky dy ( k dT + dT ) y

= o + s = i +

ky D

l=

l=

1
3c

fv =

D2 l2

& & & irr = * + th = B + ADn s s s

Cu : (fcc) a = 3, G = 110 GPa, Qv = 28kCal/mole, QD = 55kCal/mole, el = 3b, Ed = 24 eV, = 0.33 Fe & Steels : (bcc) a = 2.8, G = 110GPa, Qv =35kCal/mole, QD = 60kCal/mole, el = 3b, Ed = 40eV

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS R = 1.987 Cal/mole-K k = 13.8x10-24J/K = 8.31J/mole-K NA = 6.02x1023

1N = 0.224 lbf = 0.102 kgf, 1J = 0.239Cal/mole = 6.24x1018eV 1Pa = 1N/m2= 0.145x10-3psi 1psi = 6.895x103Pa = 6.895x104dy/cm2 = 7.03x10-2kgf/cm2 106J/m2 = MPa-m 1 Pa = 0.145x10-3 psi 1 eV/atom = 23.05 kCal/mole D = 1013 per sec 1 amu = 1.66x10-24 g 1 cal, gram = 4.18 J 1 ft-lb = 1.355 J