PAMBAYANG DALUBHASAAN NG MARILAO Abangan Norte, Marilao, Bulacan INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

IT 111 Introduction in Information Technology

IT 111 Introduction in Information Technology

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PAMBAYANG DALUBHASAAN NG MARILAO Abangan Norte, Marilao, Bulacan INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

II. Computer

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS Is an electronic device that processes data, converting it into information that is useful to people Controlled by programmed instructions, which give the machine a purpose and tell it what to do Comes from the root word compute, meaning to calculate A machine for manipulating data according to a sequence of instructions

History of Computers

Abacus earliest recorded computer. Consist of a frame with rods and beads, which are moved along the rods. Napiers Bone invented by John Napier. Abacus-like computing device, the calculator can perform multiplication and division calculations. It is base on Arab mathematics and lattice multiplications. Wilhelm Schickards Calculator the first known mechanical calculator that can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, but renaubced unknown for 300 years. Only two (2) models were built by Shickard, one was lost in a fire and the other after his death. Some call his invention the speeding clock or calculating clock Pascaline invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was designed to help his father in his work as a tax collector. The gear driven calculator can only perform addition and subtraction. Only fifty(50) of these expensive machines were built and were purchased mostly by the rich. Stepped Reckoner invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz in 1671. It is a mechanical calculator that can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It is made of brass and steel enclosed in an oak case. It has an eight (8) digit input portion in front accumulator at the back of the amchine that displays the result up to sixteen (16) decimal digits. Parts lack precise construction which sometime resulted in inaccurate calculations. This was due to the stringent design of the calculating machine that no one at that time could construct Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage. It is the first programmable machine. The design uses punched cards to store programs and run the machine. It was intended to reduce if not eliminate errors n computing. The machine was never completed. Limited technology in producing the parts for the machine became an obstacle for Babbage as well as the machine being large in size. The bulk of the machine would have been around 30 meters n length and 10 meters in width. Herman Holleriths Mechanical Tabulator developed in 1890 for the United States Census Bureau in 1890. The mechanical tabulator was based on punched cards to tabulate large volume of statistical data. The machine used electricity to power the machine. The machine has cards passing through needless that read the holes in the cards. This triggers a counter to record and compute the data. NOTE: In 1880 it took 8 years to compute the data for the Census Bureau. Using the mechanical tabulator in 1890 took only one year to compute all the data and without it will take ten years to complete the computations. Hollerith founder of the Tabulating Machine Company and merged with two other companies in 1911 to form Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR) and in 1924 changed the name to International Business Machine (IBM)

Turing Machine invented by Alan Turing. The machine consists of a Tape that contains cells, a Head to read and write symbols on the tape, a Table is the sequence of instructions that the machine follows and the State Register stores the position or status of the Turing Machine. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) developed by John Mauchly and John Eckert, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer in 1946. ENIAC was designed and built for use by the military. The machine was used to compute the artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army. Computation was slow as it could only perform as it could only perform hundreds of computation per minute. The ENIAC is large in size containing 17,468 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, 6,000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints. It covered 167 square meters of floor space , weighed 30 tons and consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power.

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EDSAC - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator. A stored program computer built by Sir Maurice Wilks and his team at University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1949. NOTE: John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert after creating the ENIAC left Moore School and formed their own company Electronic Control Company. The company was renamed EckertMauchly Computer Corporation in 1946. They sold their company to Remington Rand in 1950. Remington Rand merged with Sperry Corporation and became known as Sperry Rand. The company was sold in the mid-1950s to International Business Machines (IBM) UNIVAC I - Universal Automatic Computer. Created by Mauchly and Eckert under Remington Rand in 1951. Moving away from the punched tape the UNIVAC uses magnetic tape instead, for storing alphabetical and numerical data. UNIVAC was produced commercially and 48 machines were sold. Minicomputers emerged in the 1960s. This is a significant improvement from the previous computer designs by creating smaller, more powerful and cheaper machines. Although, one mat not be convinced that it deserves the mini connotation as it occupies a lot of space Apple I and Apple II Apple I was produced by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1967. But it wasnt until 1977 when they produced the Apple II computer, which eventually became a benchmark for personal Computers (PC). The Apple II is more technologically advanced that the Apple I thus making Apple II a commercial success that other manufacturers began producing their own version of the PC. More than five(5) million Apple II personal computers were produced up to the 1990s IBM 5150 In August 1981, IBM launched their version of the PC and was to compete with Apple II. This will eventually be copied or cloned by numerous manufacturers. IBM compatible computers will eventually flood the market as branded computer parts become readily available and are easy to assemble. Cray X-MP/48 model a supercomputer designed by Steve Chen under the Cray Research, Inc. Produced I 1982 and became the worlds fastest computer in 1983-1985. The computer uses multiple processors to speed up processing of data. Gavilan SC - was produced in 1983 by Manuel Fernandez. It is considered as the starting point of laptop computers. Psion Organizer - In 1984, the first personal digital assistant (PDA) also known as the pocket computer, hand hel d computer, or palm top computer. Apple Newton - 1993 saw the release of the Apple computers called Newton in the market. Newton became the first popular brand PDA. It uses light pen to enter text but has its shortcomings as it has problems recognizing poor handwriting

Generations of Computers 1. First Generation (1951-1959) UNIVAC I First commercial computer Uses vacuum tubes o an electronic tube about the size of a light bulb. o Generated a great deal of heat. o Caused many problems in temperature regulation and climate control o Frequent burnout Memory o Magnetic Core o Small, doughnut-shaped ring about the size of a pinhead, which were strung like beads on intersecting thin wires. o Punched Cards o Supplement to primary memory. o Magnetic Tapes (1957) o Faster o More compact method of storing data. Programming language o Machine Language/ Binary Number System o Programming was difficult
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Time consuming

2. Second Generation (1959-1965) Uses Transistor o A small device that transfers electronic signals across the resistor o Transistor = TRANSFER + RESISTOR o Much smaller than vacuum tube o Needed no warm-up time o Consumed less energy o Generated much less heat o Faster o More reliable Programming Languages o Assembly Languages o A.k.a Symbolic Languages o Use abbreviations for instruction E.g. L for load o Made programming less cumbersome o High-Level Languages o FORTRAN (1954) o COBOL (1959) 3. Third Generation (1965-1970) Uses Integrated Circuit (IC) o a complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicon o Replace transistors in computers in 1965 o made of silicon (semiconductor) o A crystalline substance that conducts an electric current after it has been doped with chemical impurities implanted in its lattice-like structure. o Reliable, compact, and low cost Example of computer o IBM 360 series Designed for both business and scientific user Softwares are more sophisticated Multitasking is introduced Improved efficiency of computer systems Flourishes customer service industry Reservations & credit cards. 4. Fourth Generation (1970-Present) an extension of third generation technology Uses Microprocessor computers are 100 times smaller than first generation and a single chip is more powerful than ENIAC or UNIVAC. PC was introduced o Apple o IBM o Microsoft/Intel Internet was introduced Types of Computers 1. Analog analog computers are used for measuring like electric current or voltage levels and hydraulic pressure for example. Analog computers are fast but not accurate since variables are changing and they can only give estimates of the result 2. Digital digital computers perform calculations and provide an accurate result 3. Hybrid hybrid is a mix of analog and digital computer 4. Special Purpose designed to perform a specific job or function 5. General Purpose - a digital computer that is used to solve a wide range of scientific and technical, economic, and other problems, such as the design of complex engineering structures, the computation of spacecraft flight trajectories, and the calculation of payrolls.
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Computers for Individual Users Primitive Types: Desktop Computers - designed so all of the components fit entirely on or under a desk or table

Workstations - a high-performance computer system that is basically designed for a single user and has advanced graphics capabilities, large storage capacity, and a powerful microprocessor (central processing unit). - is more capable than a personal computer (PC) but is less advanced than a midrange computer (which can manage a large network of peripheral PCs or workstations and handle immense data-processing and reporting tasks). Notebook Computers - portable, small enough to fit on your lap - also called a laptop computer - generally more expensive than a desktop computer Tablet Computers - resembles a letter-sized slate - allows you to write on the screen using a digital pen - especially useful for taking notes Handheld Computers - small enough to fit in one hand - used by mobile employees such as meter readers and delivery people Smart Phones - is an Internet-enabled telephone that usually provides PDA capabilities

Computers for Organizations

Network Servers - is a computer designed to process requests and deliver data to other (client) computers over a local network or the Internet. Examples include Web servers, proxy servers, and FTP servers. Not only should you learn about servers on the Internet, private network servers for business and personal use are also becoming more common. Mainframe Computers - very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of computers Minicomputers - is a class of multi-user computers that lies in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (mainframe computers) and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers). The class at one time formed a distinct group with its own hardware and operating systems, but the contemporary term for this class of system is midrange computer, such as the higher-end SPARC, POWER and Itanium -based systems from Sun Microsystems, IBM and HewlettPackard. Supercomputers - the fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer. Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations

Importance of Computers 1. Home Communication Business work done at home Schoolwork Entertainment Finances 2. Education 3. Small Business 4. Industry
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5.

6.

Design Shipping Process Control Government Population Taxes Military Police Health Care

III. COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM 1. Hardware - this refers to the physical aspect of the computer. There are four (4) categories of the computer hardware Input Devices - this is what the user will use to instruct the computer of activity it is to perform - used to enter data and instructions o Mouse it moves the pointer around the screen and the user can select the desired programs or commands by clicking or double-clicking an icon o Keyboard an input device primarily used for typing. Composed of the letters of the alphabet, numbers and function keys, keypad locking keys and special purpose keys. Typewriter Area. The largest area of the keyboard. It contains letters, numbers, symbols and command and special keys Arrow Keys or Cursor Keys. Contain the four direction keys: up, down, right and left Enter Key. Used to end a short line, to enter a blank line, to end a paragraph and to enter a command. Space Bar. Used to put spaces in your document Backspace. Used to erase characters to the left of the cursor Tab Key. used to move the cursor over the spaces to the right or to insert indention to the paragraph Window Key. Toggles on the Start menu button ESC Key. Used to cancel a command Function Keys. F1, F2 to F12 are the function keys. Various functions can be assigned to these keys. F1 is usually reserved as the help key. Contain keys that have special functions, depending on the software you are using. Numeric Keypad. The keypad is similar to the arrangement of digits of the calculator. This is used in entering numbers or figures as the arrangement of numbers allow faster input. Locking Keys. These are marked caps lock, num lock, and scroll lock. Caps Lock. It is used for typing capital letters. No need to press the shift key in this case. Num Lock. In the keypad under the numbers is the special purpose function of the keys. Num Lock is activated if the Num Lock light is on and the numbers can now be used. Scroll Lock. This is used for spreadsheets. This prevents the cell locator in spreadsheets from moving away the selected cell. Special Purpose Keys or Extra Keys. Included are the following keys. Insert Key. Allows you to turn the overwrite On or Off. Delete Key. Erase characters to the right of the cursor Home and End Key. Allow you to go back to the start or the end of the line PgUp and PgDown. Allow you to go up or down one screen at a time Combination Keys Left and Right Shift Key. Used to input upper-case characters or the symbols above the numbers. Ctrl and Alt Key. Together with other keys perform special commands
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o Web Camera used in communicating which gives the person at the other end a
chance to see the person he/she is communicating with o Light pen o Scanner o Joystick

Output Devices this is where the result of the processing instructions proceeds to o Monitor or Display Unit is a display unit used for viewing the activity being done. Two types of monitor: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) employs a similar concept of video display to that of a television set. Where the image is projected from the cathode. The number of pixels determines the quality of the image projected Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) liquid crystal is located between two electrode coated glass panels. Tha glass panels has grooves that align the molecules of the top portion of theliquid crystal. The bottom glass panel will rotate 90 degrees to align the bottom portion to the top portion of the liquid crystal o Printer is an output device that produces documents, photographs, certificates and many others Dot Matrix it is a type of printer where the printer head strikes a ribbon(made of cloth) immersed in ink. As the name suggests it produces small dots that makes up each character. The small dots are turned out by a small metal pin pushed forward by an electromagnet or solenoid which hits the ribbon then the paper Inkjet ink is dropped through tiny chambers located at bottom of the cartridge via electric charges on to the paper or other printing materials. The unit of measurement that determines the quality of print or resolution is the dot per inch (dpi) Laser are used for high quality printing. The printer emits a laser beam on the mirror to illustrate an image of the document on an imaging drum o LCD Projector used to project images on the projector screen o Speakers and Earphones attached to computers to listen to music, videos, communicate, etc. Processing Device - this is where instructions are processed o System unit houses the different computer components. Inside it are the following computer parts: Central Processing Unit (CPU) it is also known as microprocessor. This is the brain f the computer. It is the device that processes instructions given by the user. A variety of microprocessors are built for different computing devices such as calculators, mainframe computers, personal computers, and many others by different manufacturers such as Intel, Advance Micro Devices (AMD), Zilog, IBM, Motorola, Toshiba, Siemens, NEC, Fujitsu and Texas Instruments (TI) to name a few. New dual core and quad core also called multi core processors are basically a single chip that employs multiple processors. The cores interface with each other to improve response speed as compared to single core processors. Motherboard also known as main board or system board. The microprocessor is attached to this equipment. This is where computer components and accessories or peripherals can be attached. This component has slots or sockets for the monitor, mouse, keyboard, optical drives, speakers and other components that can be connected via Universal Serial Bus (USB). The function of some parts of the motherboard is the following: Socket Connector this is where the microprocessor is attached to RAM Memory Slots is where the random access memory is inserted Northbridge and Southbridge Chipsets provide interface between the microprocessor, random access memory and peripheral bus PCI Slots also known as expansion slots. For expansion cards such as video card, sound card and other expansion cards
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Integrated Drive Electronics Connectors these are slots for hard disk drive and optical drivers. Back Panel Connector monitor, mouse, keyboard, speakers, headsets, printers, projectors, etc. can be connected. Other peripherals can be connected at the back panel via universal serial bus (USB). There is a slot at the back panel for connection to the local area network AGP Slot this is the slot for accelerator graphics port (AGP) video cards Video Card is needed tobe able to view the screen display and imagaes clearly. This can either be integrated in the motherboard or can be installed separately. An integrated ideo card shares memory ith the random access memory as compared to a separately installed video card which has its own memory. Video cards provide 3D or 3 Dimensional Graphics. They also provide connection to television and video recorders. Powerful video cards generate a lot of heat and consume power in the process. THErefore, a cooling fan is necessary to reduce heat generated by the video card Sound Card can be integrated component of the motherboard this can also be a separate component attached to the motherboard. AN integrated sound card provides high quality sound and a separate sound card provides more options for writing music and better listening experience. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) it is the permanent storage unit of the computer. Also known as hard drive and magnetic disk. Data is recorded by magnetizing the spinning platter by the read/write head. The distance of the read/write head from the platter is minimal almost touching the surface. But when the hard disk is not moving the read/write head resets on the platter. An unscheduled shut down of the computer (i.e. power interruption) can cause the read/write head to scratch the surface of the platter as it moves to the outer portion and can result in loss of data. Random Access Memory (RAM) it is the temporary storage unit of the computer. Also known as primary memory. Once the computer is turned on the operating system is occupied to the RAM. For other files and programs that are accessed by the user they are copied into the RAM from the HDD. Isolation of the files and programs to the RAM can result in faster processing time since the commands or files are not being search from the HDD but from the RAM. Optical Disk Drives (ODD) different optical media can be read and written on via laser. When recording data, with the disc spinning at a constant speed the laser emitted heats the discs (thus the term burn) magnetic property. When programs and files are read the disc spins at a constant speed and the laser recognizing the burned property of the disc. Storage Device it is where computer programs and files are stored o Hard disk drive o Compact disk and digital video disc o Flash disk o Random access memory

Units of Memory of Storage Devices o Bit short for binary digit, it is the smallest unit of measurement o Byte One (1) byte is equivalent to 8 bits. A single byte corresponds to a
single letter, number or punctuation mark

o Kilobyte (Kb) One kilobyte is equivalent to 1,204 bytes. o Megabyte (Mb) One (1) megabyte is equivalent to 1, 048, 576 bytes or
roughly 1 million bytes

o Gigabyte (GB) One (1) gigabyte is equivalent to 1, 204 Mb.

Types of Storage Devices o Primary Storage or Main Memory Temporary memory, which the computer has direct access to like Random Access Memory (RAM). It is the

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o o

fastest to access data and information from but it is volatile. It can lose data and information in case of power interruption. Secondary Storage Permanent memory like the magnetic disk, hard drive or hard disk and flash memory. Slower access to data and information as compared to primary storage. Tertiary Storage slowest in terms of access time. Examples of tertiary storage are magnetic tape and optical storage.

Physical Storage Media o Registers are storage units that can hold data and instructions undergoing processing by the control unit and the arithmetic-logic unit. There are two (2) types of registers. General Purpose Registers a register that is used in different ways Special Purpose Registers it is used to perform a specific activity Accumulator Register stores the result of an arithmetic operation Instruction Register it is where instructions are stored while waiting to be processed Address Register the address or location of the instruction is stored o Cache it is a memory located in the radom access memory that stores data, instructions and results of the CPU. It holds information from recently accessed files. If the file is needed again the time needed to display the file is reduced as compared to a file that is to be retrieved from the hard disk drive. Without cache access to files will take longer and the CPPU will have to wait until results and instructions from the CPU are loaded back into the RAM. o Flash Memory a type of secondary memory where data can be written and can be erased. Used in embedded devices such as digital cameras, cellular phones and video camera to name a few. o Hard Disk Drive (HDD) high capacity storage unit ranging from 80GB to 320GB. Consists of platters inside a metal case with a read/write head that (it is almost touching the platter) reads and writes data. o Optical Storage Data is read from a spinning disk utilizing a laser. A compact disk (CD) holds a capacity of 640MB to 720MB. A digital video disk (DVD) holds a capacity of 4.7GB to 17GB o Magnetic Tape magnetic tapes were available since the 1950s. It is composed of the same material as that of the cassette or audio tapes. Magnetic tapes are primarily used to backup data. An advantage of using magnetic tape is it can hold large amount of data. A notable disadvantage is slow data access.

2. Software these are the computer programs installed in the computer. The software performs a
variety of functions like file maintenance, word processing, entertainment, etc. 2.1 System Software Operating System Network OS Utility Device Drivers 2.2 Application Software Word Processing Spreadsheet Database Management Systems Presentation Programs Graphics Program and Multimedia Entertainment and Education Software Web Design Tools and Web Browsers Games 3. Users / Peopleware they are the users of the computer

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Information Processing Cycle Using all its parts together, a computer converts data into information by performing various actions on the data. The information processing cycle has four parts, and each part involves one or more specific components of the computer: 1. Input 2. Processing 3. Output 4. Storage IV. NUMBER SYSTEM 1. Binary 2. Octal 3. Decimal 4. Hexadecimal 5. Conversion Binary to Decimal Decimal to Binary Octal to Binary Binary to Octal Hexadecimal to Binary Binary to Hexadecimal

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