REPORT ON COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT PANDESARA, SURAT.

GUIEDED BY: Lect. Niren Pathak

PREPARED BY: Kishan N.Vadariya Neha N. Maheshwari Priti P. Kothari Virendra S. Yadav

SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. SURAT.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It invokes in us a great sense of gratitude for each and every person who has landed us their kind co-operation without which the report would be a mission without aim. We express our gratefulness to Mr. Hardik Desai (Chemical Engineer) & Mr. Niren Pathak (Chemical Engineer) who has given such a chance to prove our efforts and whose able guidance and co-operation has led towards the fulfillment of our efforts into this report. We are deeply indebted to Mr. Paresh Mevawala (Director) ENPRO Enviro Tech and Engineers Pvt. Ltd. & Mr. Praful D. Panchal (Plant Manager) for granting us the permission for the project at COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT as well as for the necessary support and facilities extended to us at each & every step of the preparation of this project.

Kishan N. Vadariya Neha N.Maheshwari Priti P.Kothari Virendra S. Yadav

ABSTRACT

This report is for the study about COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT (CETP). CETP is one type of waste water treatment plant. This report includes classification, operation and other parameters. Mainly three sections are there in this report. 1. 2. 3. Physico-chemical treatment Biological treatment Sludge handling system

This plant uses Australian technology -Cyclic Activated Sludge Process which is one type of Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) having capacity of 100 MLD. In future the expansion is of 50 MLD, which will lead this plant to be one of the largest Waste Water Effluent Treatment Plant in India (Capacity: 150 MLD).

. CONTENTS .
Introduction of Company

Plant Description
Equalization tank Chemical Dosing Sludge Blanket Clarifier Dewatering system pH Correction tank C-Tech Tank Laboratory Analysis Sludge Handling System Final Effluent Discharge

COMPANYS PROFILE NAME: COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT PANDESARA GREEN ENVIROMENT WATER WELFARE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LTD.

ADDRESS: (PLANT) (OFFICE) EMAIL: YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT: TYPE OF COMPANY: PRODUCTS: FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT LOCATION: PLANT LAYOUT: NUMBER OF SHIFTS AND TIMINGS:

PLOT NO-46/P, VILLAGE VADOD, NEAR DUNDI GAM, SACHIN MAGDALLA HIGHWAY, SURAT. PLOT NO-195,2ND FLOOR, OPPOSITE WINTEX MILLS, GIDC, PANDESARA, SURAT-394221 pandesaragreensociety@gmail.com 28th June, 2007 SMALL SCALE Small Plant as it is under commissioning. As it is ETP plant hence no product is there but press mud is obtained as by-product & treated water is send to sea through pipe-lines.

ATTACHED Three shifts Timing: first shift 7am to 3pm Second shift 3pm to 11pm Third shift 11pm to 7am

PLANT DESCRIPTION: Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP): Collective effort mainly for a cluster of small scale industrial units. This concept is similar to the concept of Municipal Corporation treating sewage of all the individual houses. The main objective of CETP is to reduce the treatment cost for individual units while protecting the environment.

To achieve Economics of scale in waste treatment, thereby reducing the cost of pollution abatement for individual factory. To minimize the problem of lack of technical assistance and trained personnel as fewer plants require fewer people. To solve the problem of lack of space as the centralized facility can be planned in advance to ensure that adequate space is available. To reduce the problems of monitoring for the pollution control boards. To organize the disposal of treated wastes and sludge and to improve the recycling and reuse possibilities.

Basically CETP has two stage of separation whereby the initial stage is mainly to focus on removing solid waste particles by means of mechanical separation. Usually it has an equalization tank whereby all the effluent (waste water) is first diverted here in order to separate out mainly oil & grease which does not mix with water. The principle behind this separation technique is based on chemical properties whereby both oil & grease does not mix and both have different densities whereby oil is lighter and floats to the top and thus can be skimmed out by mechanical separator. This step on removing oil & grease is very important because if this were not properly carried out , the next step on chemical treatment would not work. Secondary treatment usually involves use of micro-organisms to further breakdown the organic matter to smaller nontoxic compounds. All this takes place in an aeration tank whereby oxygen is introduced vigorously into the water and at same time providing nutrient such as urea and phosphate to supplement growth of the bacteria. During this stage, there is significant reduction in the COD level. The byproduct generated from this stage which are sludge are then diverted to a drying bed or by other means of further draining out the water such as the use of a filter press. Components of incoming Effluents: As said earlier waste water has many components that are present in large quantities. A few of them can endanger human health. They are Solids Gases Organisms Organic matter Inorganic matter Oil and grease

DESIGN BASIS Plant Capacity Peak Factor Inlet Parameters Sr. No Parameters Units Inlets : : 100MLD 1.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ph BOD COD TSS OIL & GREASE TKN COLOUR TEMPERATURE

Ppm Ppm Ppm Ppm Ppm Pt. Co C

6.5 8.5 450 1100 300 15 1.85 400 30

Outlet Parameters Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Parameters pH BOD COD TSS OIL & GREASE COLOUR Units Ppm Ppm Ppm Ppm Pt. Co Inlets 5.5 9 <10 <100 <10 <10 <100

TREATMENT SCHEME Treatment Philosophy The raw effluent from 126 Textile mills (118-Dyeing & printing, 6-Chemicals, 2-Printing) shall be collected through Gravity pipe system and conveyed to the common effluent treatment facility through pumping facility and rising main. The plant is designed with a treatment capacity of 100 MLD. The treatment of raw effluents is broadly divided into physico-chemical treatment, biological treatment, and sludge treatment. The following treatment units shall be used in treatment steps: Treatment steps: 1. Physico-chemical treatment Screens Equalisation tanks/ Mixers/ Pumps Sludge Blanket clarifier Biological treatment Single stage C-Tech Basins using cyclic activated sludge process Sludge handling system Sludge sump and pumps / mixers

2. 3.

 Sizing of Units: Inlet chamber:

Filter press

Unit to be designed for avg. flow

= 100 MLD =4167 m3/hr =1.157 m3/sec. Capacity of well shall be equivalent to detention period of Qpk =30 sec. =1.157 * 30 =34.72 m3 Provided SWD =3m Provided Width = 3.5 m Provided Length = 3.5 m Provided Volume = 36.2 m3 Quantity =1

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESS: Physico-chemical treatment processes consist of following units: Screens Equalisation tank/ Mixers/ Pumps Sludge Blanket Clarifier Sizing of Units: Inlet chamber: Unit to be designed for avg. flow = 100 MLD =4167 m3/hr =1.157 m3/sec. Capacity of well shall be equivalent to detention period of Qpk =30 sec. =1.157 * 30 =34.72 m3 Provided SWD =3m Provided Width = 3.5 m Provided Length = 3.5 m Provided Volume = 36.2 m3 Quantity =1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESS: Physico-chemical treatment processes consist of following units: Screens Equalisation tank/ Mixers/ Pumps Sludge Blanket Clarifier

SCREENS Screens are the first treatment unit in the scheme. As the raw effluent is collected from various industries, it may contain floating particles, rags, leaves, plastic bags and suspended parcels. If not removed, they may clog the pumps and pipe lines causing frequent operation and maintenance problems. Hence it is necessary to remove them before pumping into next treatment units. Two mechanical screens of 6mm clearance are provided for this purpose. Screening deposited on these screens are mechanically cleaned continuously to maintain clean surface. The screening thus removed are conveyed through a conveyer belt and collected in a storage bin which will be emptied once in a shift. Two numbers of parallel screen chamber have been provided to screen the sewage. A manual standby screen is also provided. A level sensor in the mechanical screen chamber gives an alarm to the operator in case the screen is choked. Then operator can divert the flow manual screen using isolation gates and attend the repair work. Sizing: Screen Chamber: No. of units to be provided (Mechanical) No. of stand by units (Manual) Total flow into screen chamber (a) Mechanical screens: Avg. flow = 2083 m3/hr Peak flow (Q) = 2083 m3/hr Type of screen = Fine Clear spacing selected = 6mm Velocity through screen (V) = 0.9 m/sec Clear area of openings through screen = Q/V = 0.643 m2 Assume depth of flow in screen chamber = 0.8 m Clear width of opening through rack = 0.80375 m Assume width of rectangular bar = 5 mm Gross width of screen = 1.473541667 m No. of Bars = 133 Total width of bar screen = 1469mm Head loss through bar screen = 0.0728*(V2 v2) Where, V = velocity in through screen (at 50% choked condition) = 1.8 m/sec V = velocity in screen chamber = 0.4928 m/sec. Head loss through bar screen = 0.2182 m (b) Manual screens: Avg. flow Peak flow (Q) Type of screen Clear spacing selected Velocity through screen (V) Clear area of openings through screen = Q/V Assume depth of flow in screen chamber Clear width of opening through rack Assume width of rectangular bar Gross width of screen No. of Bars Total width of bar screen = 2083.3333 m3/hr = 2083.3333 m3/hr = Fine = 10 mm = 0.9 m/sec = 0.643 m2 = 0.8 m = 0.80375 m = 10 mm = 1.6075 m = 80 = 1610 mm =2 =1 = 4167 m3/hr

Head loss through bar screen = 0.0728*(V2 v2) Where, V = velocity in through screen (at 50% choked condition) = 1.8 m/sec v = velocity in screen chamber = 0.4493 m/sec. Head loss through bar screen = 0.2212 m

EQUALISATION TANK: As the raw effluent is collected from various textile units, they may vary in their characteristic based the manufacturing process and raw materials used. If thee variation are not taken care, the efficiency of subsequent units may reduce considerably. Control of dosing chemicals also becomes complicated due to these variations requiring higher dosages. Hence an equalization tank with air mixing is provided to dampen the variation. A retention time of 4 hours is considered to the size the tank. Mechanical mixes installed in the tank mixes the contents thoroughly to give homogenized effluent characteristics. Suitable pumps have been considered to pump the raw effluent from equilization to sludge blanket clarifier. A monorail along with chain pulley is provided to lift the pumps for maintenance purpose. A Level switch is provided in the sump to control proper on/off of the pumps depending upon the water level in the tank. Sizing EQT: Design flow Retention time Volume Provided SWD Dia. of tank Dia. provided Provided volume Quantity No. of submersible mixers provided HP of each mixer Quantity of working effluent transfer Pumps Effluent transfer pump capacity req. Effluent transfer pump capacity provided Quantity of effluent transfer pumps provided

= 100 MLD = 4167 m3/hr = 4.0 hrs. = 16667 m3 =6m = 59.5 m = 60 m = 16967 m3 = 1 no. =4 = 12.5 HP = 2 no. = 2083.3 m3/hr = 2100 m3 =3 (2W+1S)

CHEMICAL DOSING PREPARATION

TYPES OF COAGULANTS Water pollution may be defined as the addition of any substance (pollutant) to water resource which may change the physical and chemical characteristics in any way which may interfere with its.. Coagulant chemicals come in two main types primary coagulants and coagulant aids. Primary coagulants neutralize the electrical charges of particles in the water which causes the particles to clump together. Chemically, coagulant chemicals are either metallic salts (such as alum) or polymers. Polymers are man-made organic compounds made up of a long chain of smaller molecules. Polymers can be either cationic (positively charged), anionic (negatively charged), or nonionic (neutrally charged.) The common coagulant chemicals used are Aluminum Sulphate (ALUM) Ferrous Sulfate (copperas) Ferric Sulfate Ferric Chloride

The choice of the coagulant to be used for any particular water should preferably be based upon experiment on different coagulants. Alum One of the earliest, and still the most extensively used coagulant, is aluminum sulfate (Al/S04)3 14 HP), also known as alum. Alum is acidic with light tan to grey in colour and available in blocks, lumps and powder with a density of 1000 -1100 kg/ m3 and specific gravity of 1.25 to 1.36. Alum can be bought in liquid form or in dry form. It is readily soluble in water. When alum is added to water, it reacts with the water and results in positively charged ions. The ions can have charges as high as +4, but are typically bivalent (with a charge of +2.) The bivalent ion . resulting from alum makes this a very effective primary coagulant. Advantages and disadvantages of Alum Advantages of alum are It readily dissolves with water, and It does not cause the unsightly reddish brown staining of floors, walls and equipment like ferric sulphate,

Disadvantages of alum are It is effective only at certain pH range, and good flocculation may not be possible with alum in some waters.

Ferrous Sulphate or Copperas Ferrous sulphate, ordinarily known as copperas, is granular acid compound and green to brownish yellow colour available in granules, crystals and lumps. This is fed usually in solution form with strength of 4 to 8 %. The alkalinity and pH value of natural water are too low to react with copperas to form the desired ferric hydroxide floc, because the reaction involves oxidation by the dissolved oxygen in the water, which does not occur when pH value is less than 8.5. It is necessary, therefore, to add lime with copperas to secure coagulation. For this reason, copperas is not used in coagulation of high coloured water, which coagulates best at pH values less than 6.0. The dose of lime required is approximately 0.27 mg/L to react with 1.0 mg/L of copperas. Generally the floc formed by the reaction of copperas and lime is feathery and fragile, but has a high specific gravity. Ferric sulphate

Ferric sulphate is available as a commercial coagulant in the form of an anhydrous material that may be transported and stored in wooden barrels. The material will dissolve readily in a limited quantity of warm water so a special solution pot must be used with chemical feeders, in which 1 part ferric sulphate by volume is dissolved in 2 parts water to produce a solution of about 40% strength. Advantages of Ferrous sulphate Ferric hydroxide is formed at low ph values, so that coagulation is possible with ferric sulphate at pH values as low as 4.0. Ferric hydroxide is insoluble over a wide range of pH values than aluminium hydroxide except for the zone of 7.0 to 8.5. The floc formed with ferric coagulants is heavier than alum floc. The ferric hydroxide floc does not redissolve at high pH values. Ferric coagulants may be used in colour removal at the high pH values required for the removal of iron and manganese and in softening of water.

Reaction between alum and natural constituents of various waters are influenced by many factors, so it is impossible to determine accurately the amount of alum that will react with a given amount of alkalinity. Theoretically 1 mg/L of alum reacts with 0.45 mg/L of natural alkalinity expressed as CaCoy 0.30 mg/L of 85% quicklime as CaO, and 0.35 mg/L of 95% hydrated lime as Ca(OH)3 Alum is generally fed in solution form with 8 to 10% strength. If no alkali is added then the acidity of 1.0 mg/L alum will lower the natural alkalinity of the raw water by 0.45 mg/L. This lowering of natural alkalinity is desirable in most cases as the pH range for coagulation of turbid waters being 5.7 8.0. The alkali required for corrosion prevention, therefore, would be added to the filtered water, the required dose being influenced but not governed by the alum dose. 1 mg alum will produce approximately 0.26 mg of insoluble Al(OH)3 precipitates and will consume approximately 0.51 mg of alkalinity (expressed as Ca C03) 1 mg of ferrous sulphate will produce approximately 0.64 mg of insoluble Fe(HC03)2 precipitates and will consume 0.56 mg of alkalinity . 1 mg of ferric sulphate will produce approximately 0.54 mg of insoluble Fe(OH\ precipitates and will consume 0.75 mg of alkalinity. Because of the consumption of alkalinity, CO2 is produced during coagulation. The pH value may also be lowered after the coagulation process, depending on the amount of coagulant applied and the total alkalinity in the raw water. Coagulant Aids Coagulant aid is an inorganic material, when used along with main coagulant, improves or accelerates the process of coagulation and flocculation by producing quick forming, dense and rapid-settling flocs. Coagulant aids when added increase the density to slow-settling flocs and toughness to the flocs so that they will not break up during the mixing and settling processes. Primary coagulants are always used in the coagulation/ flocculation process. Coagulant aids, are generally used to reduce flocculation time and when the raw water turbidity is very low. The particles of coagulant aids may become negatively charged making them subject to attraction by positively charged aluminium ions. It is especially useful for clear water with very low turbidity that does not coagulate well with usual processes. Nearly all coagulant aids are very expensive, so care must be taken to use the proper amount of these chemicals. In many cases, coagulant aids are not required during the normal operation of the treatment plant, but are used during emergency treatment of water which has not been adequately treated in the flocculation and sedimentation basin.

Common coagulant aids are Bentonite

Calcium carbonate Sodium silicate Anionic polymer Non ionic polymer

Lime is a coagulant aid used to increase the alkalinity of the water. The increase in alkalinity results in an increase in ions (electrically charged particles) in the water, some of which are positively charged. These positively charged particles attract the colloidal particles in the water, forming floc. Bentonite is a type of clay used as a weighting agent in water high in color and low in turbidity and mineral content. The bentonite joins with the small floc, making the floc heavier and thus making it settle more quickly. Polyelectrolytes, which are polymers containing ionisable units have been used successfully as both as coagulant aids and coagulants but care should be taken to guard against their toxicity. Polyelectrolytes create extraordinary slippery surfaces when spilled on floor and are difficult to clean up.

FACTORS INFLUENCING COAGULATION Coagulation will be affected by changes in the waters pH, salt content, alkalinity, turbidity, and temperature. Within the plant, mixing effects and coagulant effects will influence the coagulation/ flocculation process. The levels of pH, salts, and alkalinity in water are all ways of measuring the amounts of positively charged particles (cations) and negatively charged particles (anions) in the water. As!l result, all three factors influence the amount of coagulants which must be used to remove the turbidity in the water. pH

The pH range of the water may be the single most important factor in proper coagulation. The optimum pH range varies depending on the coagulants used, but is usually between 5 and 7. These lower pH values mean that there are more positively charged particles loose in the water to react with the negatively charged colloids. Coagulation should be carried out within this optimum zone using alkalis and acids for correction of pH where necessary. For many waters, which are low in colours and well buffered and having pH in the optimum zone, no adjustment of pH is necessary when alum is used as coagulant. Failure to operate within the optimum pH zone, may be a waste of coagulants and may be reflected in the lowered quality of the plant effluent. When ferrous sulphate is used as a coagulant, the pH should be maintained above 9.5 to ensure complete precipitation of the iron. This is done by the addition of hydrated lime. The treated water should be corrected with the addition of carbondi-oxide. Salt

Salts are compounds which contain both a cation and an anion. In water, the cation and the anion come apart and can interact with other charged particles in the water. All natural waters contain some concentration of cations and anions, such as calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron, manganese, sulphate, chloride, phosphate, and others. Some of these ions may affect the efficiency of the coagulation process.

Alkalinity of water

The alkalinity of water is related to both the pH and the salts in the water. Alkalinity is the capacity of the water to neutralize acids, based on the waters content of carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide, borate, silicate, and phosphate. Water with a high alkalinity is preferred for coagulation since ittends to have more positively charged ions to interact with the negatively charged colloids. To provide artificial alkalinity to water so as to have effective coagulation quick lime or hydrated lime are added to water. Quick lime

Quicklime or calcium oxide (CaO) may be used to provide artificial alkalinity to water when necessary. Quicklime varies in quality from 75 to 99% calcium oxide (typically 85%). The slaking of quick lime should be done carefully, as the success of the treatment depends to great extend on this process. The slaking requires 15 30 minutes under optimum conditions. The slaked lime is diluted with water and stored in solution tanks. As the calcium hydroxide formed by the slaking process is only slightly soluble, the solution in reality a suspension of the chemical. It is therefore necessary to agitate the contents of the tank continuously to maintain a uniform suspension. The diluting water should be cold, because calcium hydroxide is more soluble in cold water than in warm water. Quicklime is used in water softening plants and at large treatment plants because of its lower cost. Hydrated lime

Hydrated lime, also known as calcium hydroxide, is a white powder formed when quicklime is slaked in water. It does not deteriorate when stored, does not have to be slaked, and contains fewer impurities than most quicklime. The materials can be mixed directly in solution tanks and fed in dry form. Hydrated lime varies in quality between about 80% and 99% (typical 95%). Because hydrated lime is easily handled, its use is preferable in the smaller water-purification plants where lime is required to supply additional alkalinity to the water. The alkalinity ratio of pure calcium oxide (CaO) to pure calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is 1 : 1.32.

SLUDGE BLANKET CLARIFIER

The sludge blanket clarifier is a high rate effluent/ water treating clarifier, with produces treated water of highest quality with minimum time, space and chemicals. It consists of draft tube, flocculation zone and clarification zone. The draft tube consists of outer shell and impeller. Impeller is driven by a drive, and is essentially a low-lift vertical pump. It is used to maintain internal recirculation of settled sludge. With the impeller operation in the proper speed range, recirculating sludge will be drawn into the lower draft tube around the bottom of the draft tube extension and flows up through the draft tube assembly and discharges near the top of the cone. The effluent and the treating chemicals are introduced to this re-circulating sludge stream below the impeller where they are thoroughly mixed to produce uniform results with minimum chemical consumption. The intimate contact between the effluents, chemicals and previously formed sludge causes the chemical reactions to proceed at rapid rate with a minimum of treating chemicals. Furthermore, by contacting the water with the great volumes of sludge in circulation, maximum clarification of the water can be obtained by the adsorptive properties of the sludge, or flocs formed. After leaving the upper draft tube, the effluent and re-circulated sludge flows downward through the flocculation zone where proper contact of flocs are maintained to make even bigger flocs which can settle faster. From flocculation zone, effluent passed through the outer clarification zone where all the flocks formed are settled to the bottom of the clarifier thus producing clarified effluent at the top which overflows into the outer launder. Settled sludge will be moved continuously along the floor towards centre of unit by means of a slowly rotating scraper, which covers the entire floor area. The accumulated sludge will be transferred to the central pit with pickets, which concentrates the sludge thereby reducing the total amount of blow down. The excess sludge will be removed into the sludge sump from time to time to avoid build up of it inside the clarifier. Some portion of the sludge is drawn into the draft into the draft through impeller for recirculation. The sludge Blanket Clarifier unit has an inbuilt flash mixer (draft tube) and flocculator and does not require additional units. Inside the clarifier, a high re circulation rate of settled solid is maintained. This seeds the incoming effluent and reduces the reaction time for the floc formation. Further, as the concentration of the suspended solid is very high in the inner flocculator tube, any fluctuations in the feed quality with respect to suspended solid does not deteriorate the performance of Sludge Blanket Clarifier. This high re circulation rate of settled solid provides higher floc concentration for this process to occur.

Also, sludge is thickened to a high concentration of the result of which 3 - 4% consistency sludge is withdrawn from the Sludge Blanket Clarifier under flow. This prevent the need of any further thickening unit and the sludge can be directly taken to the sludge dewatering unit. The above process also allows the Sludge Blanket Clarifier to be more compact and consume 10 15 % lower chemicals as compared to conventional clarifiers / Clari-flocculator. Sizing of Sludge blanket Clarifier: Flow Quantity Flow / Clarifier Type of application a) Draft tube: Detention time Height Dia. keep the velocity in draft tube in limits) Final dia. (For maintaining velocity) Inter re-circulation ratio Velocity through draft tube = 4167 m3/hr = 2 no. (All working) = 2083 m3/hr = effluent

=1 min =3m = 3.84 m = 5.5 m = 10 = 877 m/hr

(To

b) Detention Load: Detention time Height Dia. Final dia. c) Clarifier zone: Rise rate Surface area req. Dia. Final dia. SWD

= 30 min =3m = 21.2 m = 21.2 m

= 1.8 m/hr =1157.4 m2 = 44 m = 45 m =5

Plate & Frame Filter Press

There are two common types of filtration methodology normally used in wastewater treatment system to separate out the sludge from the wastewater which are either clarifying type or the normal cake filtration type. The clarifying types mostly involve the use of filter bags or cartridges (up to 10 micron) which are meant to get crystal clear discharge water. It is a highly preferred method when there is only a small amount of discharge wastewater expected per day (usually less than 20cubic meters) and also in industries located in critical places such forest catchments area whereby theres a strict regulation that allows only high quality of treated wastewater to be released to the environment. On the other hand for the solid cake filter, whereby it offers a rather crude method to separate out the sludge, it is more often employed in wastewater plants since it offers a higher treatment capacity with much lower cost. One of the common equipment built around the solid cake method is the Plate and Frame Filter Press whereby it is made up of a series of plate compressed together using hydraulic force and using a pump to force the wastewater through the configuration. The filter plates are usually lined with filter cloth combined with a thin layer of filter paper which acts as a filtering media and once the filter plates are choked up with solids, the formed cakes can be easily removed by opening the pressurized system. Use of the plate and frame filter press is widely preferred in todays wastewater system not only because it is easy to use and operate but it also offers a clean and effective method to produce wastewater discharge meeting standard regulatory controls. Recent development to enhance the use of plate and frame type has led to better design of low-weight filter plates (which reduces downtime incurred during cake discharging process) and advanced systems are also built to accommodate higher feed and filter cake retention capacity. Apart from that, the development on filter cloth technology is also very important because the sealing properties are one of the main considerations for the filter system to be fully functional. Further progress has seen design of synthetic cloth types to replace the conventional monofilament and poly-filament cloths.

pH correction tank:

The outlet effluents from Clarifier will be corrected for pH and will be fed to C-Tech Basins for biological treatment of effluents. A pH indicator and controller is installed inside the tank to automatically control the dosage of acid and to produce neutralized effluents. Mechanical mixer is provided in the tank for mixing the acid with effluent inside the tank. pHCT Design flow Retention time Volume Provided SWD Provided Width Provided Length Provided volume Quantity Mixer capacity provided No. of mixers provided = 100 MLD = 4167 m3/hr = 5 min. = 347 m3 =5m = 8.5 m = 8.5 m = 361.3 m3 = 1 no. = 2 HP =1

C-TECH BASIN

Design Basis Plant Capacity Peak Factor : : 100MLD 1.0

Inlet Parameters Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Parameters Ph BOD COD TSS OIL & GREASE TKN TP

Units Ppm Ppm Ppm Ppm Ppm Ppm

Inlets 78 360 715 50 10 22 10

Outlet Parameters Sr. No 1 2 3 Parameters pH BOD COD Units ppm ppm Inlets 5.5 9 <10 <100

4 5

TSS OIL & GREASE

ppm ppm

<10 <10

Treatment Philosophy: Effluent after physic-chemical treatment is taken by gravity into the C-Tech Basins. C-Tech tank is given rectangular shape and it is divided into six equal basins. These C-Tech basin works in sequence and in the influent flow is distributed using Automatic Gates provided in the Inlet chamber of C-Tech basins. The C-Tech basins are equipped with Air blower, Diffusers, Return Activated Sludge (RAS) pumps, Surplus Activated Sludge (SAS) pumps, Decanters, Auto Valves, PLC, etc. All cycles will be automatically controlled using PLC. Excess sludge at a consistency level of approx. 0.8% will be pumped intermittently from SAS pump. The sludge is taken for De-watering.

Process Chemistry and Process Description: Process Chemistry: Removal of Organics The raw effluent after initial treatment free from debris, suspended solid and colour shall be taken up for the Biological treatment for the removal of organics. The activated sludge bio system is designed using Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology which operates on extended aeration activated sludge principal for the reduction carbonaceous BOD, nitration, Denitrification as well as phosphorous removal, using energy efficient fine bubble membrane diffused aeration system, with automatic control of oxygen uptake rate, resulting in 20 30 % power savings. The practise of manipulating activated sludge reaction environment to obtain maximum nitrogen and phosphorous removal has been optimizes, using cyclic activated sludge technology, by co-current nitrification Denitrification mechanism. Process Description: C-Tech is a CYCLIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT process. It provides highest treatment efficiency possible in a single step biological process. The C-TECH System is operated in a batch reactor mode this eliminates all the inefficiencies of the continuous processes. A batch reactor is a perfect reactor, which ensures 100% treatment. Two or more modules are provided to ensure continuous treatment. The complete process takes place in a single reactor, within which all biological treatment steps take place sequentially.No additional settling unit, secondary clarifier is required! The complete biological operation is divided into cycles. Each cycle is of 3 5 hrs duration, during which all treatment steps take place.

EXPLANATION OF CYCLIC OPERATION: A basic cycle comprises: Fill-Aeration Settlement Decanting These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then repeated. A TYPICAL CYCLE During the period of a cycle, the liquid is filled in the C Tech Basin up to a set operating water level. Aeration Blowers are started for a pre-determined time to aerate the effluent along with e biomass. After the aeration cycle, the biomass settles under perfect settling conditions. Once Settled the supernatant is removed from the top using a DECANTER. Solids are wasted from the tanks during the decanting phase.These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then repeated. C-TECH BASIN OPERATING SEQUENCE TIME (hrs) 0.33 0.66 1.0 1.33 1.66 2.00 2.33 2.66 3.00 3.33 3.66 4.00

Basin-1 Basin-2 Basin-3 Basin-4 Basin-5 Basin-6

S F/A F/A F/A D D

S F/A F/A F/A D D

D S F/A F/A F/A D

D S F/A F/A F/A D

D D S F/A F/A F/A

D D S F/A F/A F/A

F/A D D S F/A F/A

F/A D D S F/A F/A

F/A F/A D D S F/A

F/A F/A D D S F/A

F/A F/A F/A D D S

F/A F/A F/A D D S

F/A S D

Fill and Aeration phase Settling phase Decanting phase

SEQUENCING STEPS: Step 1: The raw waste water is filled in the C-Tech basin up to a set operating water level. Aeration is done simultaneously for a pre-determined time to aerate the effluent along with the biomass. Step 2: After the aeration cycle, the biomass settles under perfect settling conditions. Step 3: Once settled the supernatant is removed from the top using decanter. Solids are wasted from the tank during decanting phase. These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is the repeated. C-TECH COMPONENTS Decanter in Stainless Steel Decanter Core Parts comprising Gearbox and driving motor. Oring sealings, magnetic limit switches, mercury floating switches PLC Tubular diffusers C-Tech Tanks Lateral pipes and Stainless Steel Supports.

THE C-TECH SYSTEM COMPISES THE FOLLOWING FEATURES: The incorporation of a biological SELECTOR in the front end of the C-TECH Systems distinguishes it from all other technologies. The raw effluent enters the SELECTOR zone, where ANOXIC to ANAEROBIC -MIX conditions are maintained.Part of the treated effluent along with return sludge from the aeration basin is recycled in here, using RAS pumps. As the microorganisms meet high BOD, low DO condition in the SELECTOR, natural selection of predominantly floc-forming microorganisms takes place.This process ensures excellent settling characteristics of the bio sludge. SVI of treated effluent of less than 120 is achieved in all seasons.Also due to the anoxic conditions in the SELECTOR zone, denitrification of the recycled Nitrified effluent occurs. The biological SELECTOR also assists with the selection of poly P microorganisms and favours the selection of phosphate accumulating microorganisms. Once DO level is measured in the basins, the rate of drop in DO level is calibrated to know the actual oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of the biomass. Aeration Cycle time can be altered automatically, or else a variable frequency drive automatically alters the aeration blower rpm. This methodology provides a true in-basin method for the efficient use of energy. Sludge Volume Index (SVI) is a very important indicator that determines your control or rate of desludging on how much sludge is to be returned to the aeration basin and how much to take it out from the system. It actually serves as a very important empirical measurement that can be used as a guide to maintain sufficient concentration of activated sludge in the aeration basin whereby too much or too little can be considered detrimental to the systems overall health. To put it in a lay mans term, desludging or sometimes referred to as recycling sludge process, actually plays a very important role because the whole operation is needed to somehow strike a balance between removing dead or aged bacteria out of the systems or to determine how much goes back to the aeration pond. SVI can actually be determined through use of standard laboratory test methods to come up with the results. Basically the procedure involves measuring the Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS)value and also the sludge settling rate. A simple explanation on how it is carried out can be summarized below with accompanying images for easy reference and better understanding: Obtain sample of mixed liquor from the pond discharge pipeline and fill it to a 1 liter graduated measuring cylinder until the 1.0 liter marking. 2. Allow it to settle for 30 minutes 3. After the time period, read the marking to determine the volume occupied by the settled sludge and the reading is expressed in terms of mL/L and this is figure is known as the SV value. 4. Next, for MLSS, there are actually two approaches to get the value. A conventional standard approach is by filtering the sludge, drying it and then weigh the second portion of the mixed liquid. However, this can be time consuming and a faster way is by using MLSS meter. Value of Sludge Volume Index can then be calculated from the formula given here. Whereby, 1.

SVI = Sludge Volume Index, mL/g SV = Volume of settled solids in one-liter graduated transparent measuring cylinder after 30 minutes settling period, mL/L MLSS = Mixed liquor Suspended Solids, ppm SVI is a key factor when it comes to the clarifier design so that a clear wastewater discharge can be obtained without significant carry over of sludge. Basically what the value represents is the settling characteristics that have profound effect on the return rates and also the MLSS value. Typically a healthy sludge aeration pond basin should have the value registered within 80 to 150 mL/g and theMLSS concentration between 3000 5000ppm with the wastewater temperature less than 20degC. With this value in mind, generally the clarifier or settling basin has to be designed to accept higher solid loadings so that loss or carry over of sludge due to hydraulic displacement can be minimized. Activated sludge pond is designed to allow adjustments on the amount of sludge return and also the take off rate. Regular desludging must be carried out to remove the aged sludge so that the new bacteria can regenerate and allowed to grow. As an experienced operator or engineers that operate the wastewater treatment plant, a tight control must be put in place to adjust the MLSS value to the desired concentration based on the set limit SVI to be used as a guide.

OXYGEN UPTAKE RATE (OUR) CONTROL: The C-Tech process measures dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the basin to control the activity level in the aeration basin. The DO concentration profile is automatically ramped to operate at slightly higher DO concentrations at the end of the cycle. This feature prevents low dissolved oxygen type filaments from growing in the basin. A minimum of 50% energy saving is released through the OUR operation over conventional technologies. NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION: C-Tech process allows co-current Nitrification and Denitrifaction (N/DN) to occur in the same basin simultaneously. In the C-Tech basin, excess oxygen is provided to oxidise ammonical nitrogen into nitrates. This is an aerobic process. The biological process is regulated in such a way that the biofloc profile allows for nitrification at the peripheral sections and denitrification at the inner parts of the flocs. Ammonical nitrogen (NH4-N) is converted into nitrates (NO3-N) during the aeration process. The nitrification of ammonia can be represented ass given below: 2NH4+ + 3O2 NITROSOMONAS2NO2- + 2H2O + 4H+ + New cells 2NO2- + O2 NITROBACTOR 2NO3- + new cells The process of denitrification of nitrates is represented as: NO3- + BOD -> N2 + CO2 + H2O + OH- + cells Blowers in wastewater treatment plants function as a good air diffuser system. There are basically two different types of blowers used in todays treatment plant like the Centrifugal Blower and another type is the Positive Displacement Blower. Centrifugal units are mostly employed in plants whereby the demand exceeds at least 80 cubic meters of free air per minute and this type is often known to emit high-pitched noise unless a silencer is installed. Blowers must be designed to meet wide range of airflow demands and as such, it is important that regulators must be installed to control the flow. This can be achieved either by using valves at the inlet point, creating a bypass loop line, or by using adjustable diffusers. The workaround of a blower is often compared to that of a centrifugal pump especially on the operating point aspect, which is an intersection between the system curve and head-capacity curve. Performance of a centrifugal blower is often determined by air density whereby at lower temperature, density will increase and thus this leads to higher operating pressure. Compared to centrifugal types, a positive displacement blower are only used if the need of the system does not surpass the 80 cubic meters of free air per minute limit and for those application that require higher discharge pressure. This type of unit is often selected based on the criteria that wide variation of water level is expected. However, unlike centrifugal blower, control can only be achieved using variable speed drive or another way is to use combined units of positive displacement blowers working in tandem. Related wastewater management topic:

The following reactions best describe the organic utilization by the aerobic bacteria: 1. Oxidation

COHNS + O2 +Bacteria -> CO2 + NH3 + other end products + Energy 2. 3. Synthesis COHNS + O2 +Bacteria -> C5H7O2N (New bacterial cell) Endogenous Respiration C5H7O2N + 5O2 -> 5CO2 + NH3 +2H2O + Energy

Nutrients available in the waste water or from external source of supplements cater to the nutrient requirements of the aerobic microorganisms and to enhance the activity of aerobic microbes. In addition to the nutrients requirements, the aerobic microbes require oxygen to sustain their microbial activity. Oxygen also functions as a terminal electron acceptor in the energy metabolism of the aerobic heterotrophic organisms indigenous to the activated sludge process. In other words a portion of the organic material removed is oxidized to provide energy for the maintenance function and the synthesis function. Aeration is then stopped to allow for settling of the biomass. During this time, anoxic conditions set which allow for denitrifnication of the nitrates (NO3N) into nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. Also at the start of each cycle, part of the settled biomass is recycled into the selector zone using the RAS pumps, where in raw effluent is also fed. The raw effluent acts as a substrate for the denitrification bacteria and under the influence of, anoxic conditions denitrification occurs. Elemental oxygen is released during this phase. This process of co Nitrification and Denitrifictaion result in complete removal of Nitrogen from the effluent.The key to Phosphorous removal is exposure of microorganisms to alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The alternating condition stresses the microorganism to uptake higher concentration of dissolved phosphorous, from the effluent thereby reducing the Phosphorous level in the effluent. Phosphorous is used by the microorganism for cell maintenance, synthesis, energy transport and is also stored for future requirements. DECANTER ASSEMBLY: The clean supernatant is removed from the basin using a Decanter assembly complete in stainless steel construction. During decanting there is no inflow to the basin. The moving weir DECANTER is motor driven and travels slowly from its park position to a designated bottom water level. Once the Decanting phase sets in, the decanter automatically lowers to the required bottom level. Variable frequency drives are provided to control the rate of movement of the Decanters. After the required level of supernatant is removed the Decanter is returned to its park position through reversal of the drive. The basin is now ready for the next cycle to begin. Fig.: DECANTER of the C-TECH Process The complete CTech plant operation is controlled automatically through a PLC system, which is a major factor in reducing operating costs. This also prevents mal operation of the various set process parameters within the plant. How Activated Sludge Works The Activated Sludge (AS) process was developed as an alternative to biological filters, and is particularly useful for large populations where land is at a premium. More recent research however, has shown that the process can be operated in many different modes, making it a more flexible process than biological filtration. The Activated Sludge process is an accelerated natural biological treatment process. It is a complex mix of microbiology and biochemistry involving many different sorts of bugs. In the Activated Sludge Plant (ASP) bacteria secrete sticky substances that coat the minute particles carried in sewage. The particles stick together to form flocs of gel-like material, creating a support on, and in which, the bugs exist. This is the chocolate-brown coloured activated sludge. The activated sludge is aerated to dissolve oxygen which allows the organic matter (BOD) to be utilised by the bugs. The organic matter, or food, sticks to the activated sludge. The oxygen dissolved in the water allows the bugs to use the food (BOD) and also to change the ammonia to nitrate. The tank should be big enough to allow sufficient contact time (retention time) between the sewage and the activated sludge for all the chemical changes to take place. Return Activated Sludge (RAS) When the Activated Sludge reaches the end of the process it is still a highly active biomass but is now mixed with purified effluent. It is transferred to Final Settlement Tanks (FSTs) to allow separation from the purified effluent which may be discharged to the river or to some form of tertiary treatment. The settled biomass, called Return Activated Sludge (RAS), is then returned to the beginning of the aeration process where it will absorb fresh sewage to start the process again. This enables the process to operate as a continuous cycle.

Surplus Activated Sludge (SAS) As the RAS mixing with the fresh sewage will produce a gradual growth in the activated sludge present it is necessary to waste a certain quantity each day. This Surplus Activated Sludge (SAS) is wasted by continuously withdrawing some of the RAS for sludge disposal. Belt Filter Press is often applied in wastewater treatment plant sludge dewatering process and it is one of the most cost effective options regardless of the type of sludge feed into the systems. There are several combined processes added into one unit and it involves different applications such as chemical conditioning, gravity drainage and mechanical shearing and compression effect to remove water and dry up the sludge. Today, belt filter presses are widely used and it has become a standard for general wastewater sludge application and thus, learning how to optimize and use it to your advantage is very important. Chemical conditioning process is the first step that is used to treat the sludge by adding polymer so that it is wellprepared for the later stage. Usually the chemical agent will bind and coagulate the sludge into thicker and easier to handle larger cake size. The conditioned sludge which are now added with chemicals will then be fed into the gravity drainage section whereby this is the most important step that allows the sludge to thicken further. Most of the water is removed during this step and in certain models designed by different manufacturers, some of it will come complete with vacuum utility that allows more water to be drained off compared to conventional unit and during this process it also helps to remove odor as well.

After the draining stage, sludge will then be transferred and pass through conveyor belt driven by sets of rollers that apply shearing effect combined with low and then high pressure sections to squeeze out the final drops of water to make the sludge becomes drier. The final sludge cake will then removed from the belts using mechanical scrapper blades and then exit from the system. To get a better idea on how the whole operation works starting from the feed until the end, lets look at the diagram above. As you can see, sludge will travel through a series of water removal stages and the drained out filtrate will collect at the bottom while the sludge cake will be sent to the collection bin for disposal. System and operation wise, efficiency of a belt filter press can be further enhanced by adding supporting utilities such as accurate polymer dosing pumps, high capacity sludge feed pumps and high performance conveyor belt system that can last through the shearing effect and stress thus reducing replacement costs. Certain types and models however, did not require installation of conditioning tank and thus chemical dosing pumps just like in a DAF system will play an important role over here. There are different variables that can affect the performance of the whole system. Depending on the incoming sludge characteristics, generally the thicker and more concentrated the feed; this will result in improved cake dryness. Apart from that, the belt size, porosity and width should not be neglected as all these will also play an important role towards enhanced operation. So far, calculating and determining capacity load on how much sludge a belt filter press can handle is very important and selection of the right unit to match your incoming feed will help to synchronize all processes together. For example, a wastewater treatment plant that produces a certain fixed volume measured in gallons per day with certain percentage of concentrated solids will require determining the number and size of belts (from 0.5 up to 3.0 meter) to generate the expected solid captures.

C-TECH ADVANTAGE C-Tech is the most advanced waste water treatment technology in the world. The technology is based on activated sludge process and is a next generation sequential batch reactor technology. C-Tech uses 50% less power to get 6 times better outlet characteristics. C-Tech uses 50% less land area compared to other conventional technologies, saving high purchase cost of land. C-Tech is fully automatic, computer controlled. It does not require constant operator attention. The plant can be operated from anywhere in the world through Internet. C-Tech uses all underwater metal parts in Stainless Steel. This results in much higher plant life and low maintenance costs. It has inbuilt Equalization Capacity to handle peak load. Treated sewage / effluent can be used for horticulture, green belt development, industrial applications like cooling tower make up etc. C-Tech requires the lowest investment and operating costs as compared to any other technology, when compared on a like to like basis, with respect to outlet parameters, material of construction, land required and power consumed. C-tech Process design & unit size calculations: 1) Design basis A) Inlet flow B) Peak factor C) Inlet BOD D) Outlet BOD E) Inlet COD F) Outlet COD G) Inlet total Kjeldhal Nitrogen H) Inlet Ammoniacal Nitrogen I) Outlet Nitrate Nitrogen J) Outlet Ammoniacal Nitrogen K) Inlet Phosphorous L) Outlet Phosphorous M) Inlet Suspended solid N) Outlet Suspended solid

100,000 m3/d 1.0 360 ppm <10 ppm 715 ppm <100 ppm 22 ppm - ppm <10 ppm <2 ppm 10 ppm <10 ppm 50 ppm <10 ppm

1) Treatment sequence A) Volume of sewage treated in a day B) Filling & Aeration phase C) Settling phase D) Decanting phase E) Total Cycle time = b + c + d F) Number of Cycles per day/basin=24/e G) Hours of Aeration time/day/basin=b*f H) No of basins receiving flow simultaneously I) No of basins aerating simultaneously J) No of basins decanting simultaneously K) Flow rate=a/24 L) Flow rate to each basin = k/h

100,000 m3/d 2 hours 0.67 hours 1.33 hours 4 hours 6 nos. 12 hours 3 nos. 3 nos. 2 nos. 4166.6 m3/hr 1388.9m3/hr

BASIN SIZING: Treatment sequence:

A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) I) J) K) L)

Volume of sewage treated in a day Filling & Aeration phase Settling phase Decanting phase Total Cycle time = b + c + d Number of Cycles per day/basin=24/e Hours of Aeration time/day/basin=b*f No of basins receiving flow simultaneously No of basins aerating simultaneously No of basins decanting simultaneously Flow rate=a/24 Flow rate to each basin = k/h

=100,000 m3/d =2 hours =0.67 hours =1.33 hours =4 hours =6 nos. =12 hours =3 nos. =3 nos. =2 nos. =4166.6 m3/hr =1388.9m3/hr

Basin sizing

A) B) C) D) E) F) G)

Volume of sewage treated in a day BOD removed (inlet outlet) MLSS MLVSS F/M Total volume of aeration basin =(A*B)/(D*E) Side water depth(SWD) of C-tech basin

=100000 m3/d =360 ppm =5500 ppm =4400 ppm =0.15 =54545 m3 =6 m

H) I) No of basins provided J) Volume per basin=F/I K) area of basin L) length of basin M) width of basin N) Freeboard provided in C-tech basin O) Total depth of C-Tech basin = I+N P) Providing re-circulation ratio Q) Feed flow of each basin R) Providing re-circulation flow S) Recirculation pump capacity provided

=6 nos. =9091 m3 =1515 m2 =35 m =43.5 m =0.5 m =6.5 m =95% of feed flow per basin =1388.9 m3/hr =1319.4 m3/hr =1320 m3/hr

Selector (Anoxic) zone

A) Flow rate through each basin

=2708.9 m3/hr

B) C) D) E) F) G) H) I)

Retention time in selector zone Volume required=(A*B)/60 No of selector compartments/basin SWD of selector compartment Overall width of selector compartments Length of selector compartment Length of selector compartment provided Volume offered in selector zone = E*F*H

=43 min. =1941 m3 =5 no =6 m =43.5 m =7.43 m =7.45 m =1948 m3

Oxygen calculation at peak flow conditions:

A) Volume of sewage treated B) Kg oxygen required per kg BOD as per sewage manual C) Safety factor on theoretical kg oxygen required per kg BOD D) kg oxygen req. per kg BOD assuming safety factor =B*(1+C) E) inlet BOD F) outlet BOD G) BOD removed H) Kg of BOD removed in a day=(A*G) I) Kg oxygen req. for BOD load D*H J) Inlet total Kjeldhal Nitrogen K) Outlet Ammoniacal Nitrogen L) Outlet Nitrate Nitrogen M) Ammonia nitrate removed in a day=J-K N) Kg O2 required per kg of ammonia-nitrate O) Kg of ammonia-nitrate removed in a day =A*M P) Kg O2 req. for ammonia-nitrate removal = O*N Q) Kg O2 released per kg of nitrate nitrogen during denitrification R) Kg of nitrate nitrogen generated = A*J*75% S) Kg of nitrate nitrogen in the treated sewage = A*L T) Quantity of nitrate nitrogen that is denitrified = R-S U) Kg of O2 released during denitrification = T*Q V) Total kg of O2 req. / d = I+P-U W) Consider safety factor for aeration capacity X) Total kg O2 req. per day considering safety factor = V*(1+W)

=100000 m3/d = 1.2 = 10% = 1.32 = 360 ppm = 10 ppm = 350 ppm = 35000 kg/d = 46200 kg/d = 50 ppm = 2 ppm = 10 ppm = 48 = 4.6 = 4800 kg/d =22080 kg/d = 2.86 = 3750 kg/d = 1000 kg/d =2750 kg/d = 7865 kg/d = 60415 kg/d = 10% = 66457 kg/d

Air requirement at peak flow conditions:

A) B) C) D) E) F)

Total theoretical kg o2 req. per day Alpha Beta Std. o2 req. at field conditions =A / (B*C) No of basins Std. o2 required at feed condition per basins=D/E

=66457 kg/d =0.65 =0.9 =113601 kg/d = 6 nos. =18933 kg/d/basin

G) Std. o2 transfer efficiency (SOTE) of diffuser

per m depth of submergence H) Liquid level in C-tech basin during peak flow I) Height at which diffusers are kept J) Effective aeration depth=H-I K) SOTE for above Effective aeration depth = G*J L) Fraction of O2 in air M) Specific gravity of air N) Air req. at field condition per basin= F/(K*L*N) O) Hours of aeration time per basin per day P) Air req. per hr per basin=N/O Q) No. of operating blowers per basins R) Capacity of blowers req.=P/Q S) Capacity of blowers offered T) No. basins aerating at any given time U) No. of operating blowers= Q*T V) No. of stand by blowers per set of operating blowers W) No. of stand by blower = V*T Sludge wasting: =5.6 %/m =6 m =0.4 m =5.6 m =31.36% =23.2 % = 1.204 =216,142 Nm3/d/basin = 12 hr/ d/ basin =18012 Nm3/h/basin = 4 nos. =4503 Nm3/h =4600 Nm3/h =3 nos. =12 nos. =1 no per set =3 nos.

A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) I)

Excess sludge generated per kg of BOD Kg of BOD removed in a day Excess sludge generated per day= A*B No. of basins Sludge wasted per basins= C/D No. of cycles per day per basin Sludge wasted per cycle per basin= E/F Sludge solids consistency Volume of sludge wasted per cycle per basin =G / (H*100) J) Pump running time per cycle K) Pump capacity req. =(I*60)/J L) Pump capacity provided

=0.3 kg / kg BOD = 36000 kg / d =10800 kg / d = 6 nos. =1800 kg / d/basin = 6 cycle / d/ basin = 300 kg / d = 0.65 % =46 m3 / cycle = 30 min. =92 m3/h = 95 m3 / h

Instrument & Control philosophy: The Biological system based on C-Tech technology will be fully controlled & automatic. Various operations in the basins will be controlled by PLC as follows: i) Auto valve operation: a) C-Tech basin Inlet Gates: Will ON/ OFF automatically based on input from PLC to the Gate to Inflow of Waste water in the selected basin. Based on the pre-decided cycle time, PLC will command one of the inlet gates to open & receive the influent for a specified time.

b) Main Air Header valves: Will ON/ OFF automatically based on input from PLC to the Gate to
Inflow of air in the Aerating Basin. Based on the pre-decided cycle time, PLC will command one of the inlet gates to open & supply air to the basin for a specified time. This valve will remain open throughout the entire Filling & Aeration phase of the basin and will remain closed during other phases of the basin.

c)

Selector Air Header valves: Will ON/ OFF automatically based on input from PLC to the Valve to allow Inflow of air in the selector area of the basins. Based on the pre-decided cycle time, PLC will command one of the valves to open & supply air to the basins selector for a specified time. The valve will be under open condition only when main air header valve is open and will be open for the same basin only.

i)

Instruments: a) Level Transmitter: Provides input to PLC about the fill & decanted volume. Also regulates the speed of decanter based on the depth of the water to be decanted by controlling the VFD connected to decanter. b) DO Analyzer: analysis the DO level in the tank on continuous basis based on which Air Blower rpm is automatically adjusted through connected VFD with help of PLC to maintain set-point DO value in the basin. c) Decanter Level Positioner: Limits the upper/ downward movement of decanter while basin is under decantation.

d) Decanter Level Sensor: Monitors and control the downward movement of decanter while basin is under decantation. i) Equipments: a) Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Pump: ON /OFF of the pump is regulated by PLC. The pump starts for the basin, which is receiving the influent in the basin and stops only when Aeration cycle for the basin is completed. The pump does not operate during settling and decanting phase of the cycle. b) Surplus Activated Sludge (SAS) pump: ON /OFF of the pump is regulated by PLC for a specified duration in a treatment cycle, during the decanting phase of the cycle. SLUDGE HANDLING: Sludge generated from both physic chemical process and biological process is collected in a sludge sump. Chemical sludge and biological sludge are collected separately. The biological sludge is non hazardous and can be utilized as fertilizer where as chemical sludge need to be disposed in hazardous sludge landfill sites. Air blowers are provided to mix the contents of sludge sump and keep them in suspension. Screw pumps are used to pump the sludge into the mechanical dewatering equipment. Filter press for chemical sludge and belt press for biological sludge are proposed suitable system is considered to keep the sludge line clean and to avoid chocking. Belt press/ filter press will be located in the first floor of the building so that sludge can be collected directly into truck. Also a conveyor belt system is considered to collect the sludge from each belt press and store it in the sludge storage area.

Sludge storage area is used to store sludge before sending the same for disposal. Dewatering polymer is added before the belt press so as to increase the dewatering characteristics of the sludge. Sludge generated: a) Primary sludge Inlet solids Outlet solids Solids removed Design flow Solids removed = 300 ppm = 50 ppm = 250 ppm = 4166.7 m3 / hr = 1041.7 kg / hr = 25000 kg / d

Chemical dose provided Lime FeSO4 Polymer Total chemical dosed CHEMICAL REACTION FOR FeSO4 with LIME

= 500 ppm = 188 ppm = 1 ppm = 689 ppm

FeSO4 + Ca(OH)2----CaSO4+Fe(OH)2
152 74 136 90

Based on above reaction sludge generated from chemicals Sludge from Chemicals Sludge from balance Lime impurities Total sludge from chemicals Total primary sludge Consistency Total primary sludge = 467.2 kg / hr = 625.0 kg / hr = 1002.2 kg / hr = 26213.1 kg / d = 51213.1 kg / d = 3.0 % = 1707.1 m3 / d = 71.1 m3 / hr

b) Biological Sludge Biological sludge Consistency Biological sludge flow Total Sludge Generated Total Sludge Produced (Primary and Secondary)

= 10000 kg / d = 0.65% = 1661.5 m3 / d (69.2 m3 /hr) = 62013 kg / d = 2583.9 kg / hr =3368.6 m3 / d = 140.4 m3/ hr = 1.8 %

Consistency

c)

Primary Sludge Sump

Primary sludge generated RT Volume Provided SWD Provided width Provided Length Provided Volume Duration of dewatering operation No of filter press units provided Pumping capacity required Pumping capacity provided No of mixers provided in sludge sump Mixer capacity provided in sump

= 71.1 m3/hr =4hr =285 m3 = 2.5 m =6m = 19 m = 285 m3 = 20 hrs =5 =17.1 m3/hr = 18 m3/hr =1 = 2 HP

d) Bio Sludge Sump Primary sludge generated RT Volume Provided SWD Provided width Provided Length Provided Volume Duration of dewatering operation No of filter press units provided Pumping capacity required Pumping capacity provided No of mixers provided in sludge sump Mixer capacity provided in sump = 70.0 m3/hr =4hr =280 m3 = 2.5 m =6m = 19 m = 286 m3 = 20 hrs =2 =42.0 m3/hr = 42 m3/hr =1 = 2 HP

e)

Mechanical Sludge Dewatering Chemical Sludge Filter Press Inlet feed Hrs of operation Capacity Quantity provided Capacity of each filter press req. Capacity provided Consistency Dewatered sludge quantity

= 1707.1 m3/d = 20 = 85.4 =5 = 17.1 m3/hr = 18 m3/hr = 40% = 128 m3/d

f)

Biological Filter Press Inlet feed

= 1661.5 m3/d

Hrs of operation Capacity Quantity provided Capacity of each filters press req. Capacity provided Consistency Dewatered sludge quantity

= 20 = 83.1 =2 = 41.5 m3/hr = 42 m3/hr = 35.0% = 30.9 m3/d

CHEMICAL DOSING SYSTEM: Chemical Dosing systems for various chemicals are provided with the following philosophy: PROCESS CHEMICAL FORM PURITY(%) QUANTITY FOR 150 MLD(MT/DAY) STORAGE (DAYS) TOTAL STORAGE CAPACITY FOR 150 MLD (MT) TYPE OF STORAGE

PHASE I Primary treatment Lime FeSO4 poly electrolyte Biological treatment Hcl Urea DAP Chlorine Sludge treatment chem. Sludge PE Bio. Sludge PE Sludge handling Chem. Sludge Powder Granular Powder Liquid Granular Granular Gas Powder Powder 40% conc. 35% conc. 70.00% 80.00% 100.00% 15.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 50.00 19.00 0.10 12.00 3.50 1.75 0.15 0.08 0.02 128.00 30.90

PHASE II 25.00 9.00 0.05 6.00 1.75 0.88 0.08 0.04 0.01 64.00 15.40 7.00 7.00 15.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 10.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 525.00 196.88 2.25 126.00 36.75 18.38 2.25 1.73 0.49 2881.00 694.00 Silo(Loose) Bags Bags/Drums Lined Tank Bags Bags Cylinders Bags/Drums Bags/Drums Open Shed Open Shed

From the above table it can be observed that the chemical storage area is designed for 150 MLD. The dosing facility for each chemical consists of solution preparation tanks, dosing tanks and storage area. A monorail or EOT crane is also provided for facilitating handling of chemicals. As each chemical system is located separately, it is expected to ease the material handling and also to avoid any human errors in loading wrong chemicals into the dosing system. All dosing systems are provided with standby dosing tank and dosing pump. FeSO4 / Polyelectrolyte / Urea/ DAP are located in one chemical building. Acid storage is provided in a bulk storage tank along with acid transfer pumps outside the chemical building. A separate day tank with dosing pump for acid dosing is provided adjacent to the bulk storage tank. Silos are considered for lime storage. A pneumatic transfer system from bulk lime carriers to silos is considered. Also, a milk of lime plant for continuous preparation of lime solution of 10% concentration is considered. The total system shall be a closed system to avoid any spread of lime powder in the plant. The milk of lime plant shall consist of lime powder feeder, drum slaker, classifier for grit removal and milk of lime tanks with dosing pumps. Proper flushing devices shall be provided to avoid any choking of pipelines and or pumps. SIZING OF CHEMICAL DOSING SYSTEMS: Lime dosing system Dosage Purity Actual dosage Design Flow-average Lime req. Bulk Lime Handling System capacity provided Solution strength Lime dosing rate Tank Volume Provided SWD Dia. Provided dia.

= 350 ppm = 70% = 500 ppm = 4167 m3 / hr = 2083 kg / hr (50 ton / d) = 50 ton / d = 10% = 20.83 m3 / hr = 1.5 hr = 31.3 m3 =3m = 3.64 m = 4.0 m

Quantity = 2 (1W + 1S) Pump capacity req. Pump capacity provided Qty. = 4 (2W + 2S) Agitator Qty. = 2.0 (1W + 1S) FeSO4 Dosing System Dosage Purity Actual dosage Design Flow-average FeSO4 req. FeSO4 Handling System capacity provided Solution strength FeSO4 dosing rate Tank Volume Provided SWD Size Provided size. Quantity Pump capacity req. Pump capacity provided Qty. Agitator Qty. Polymer Dosing System Dosage Design Flow-average Polymer req. Solution strength Polymer dosing rate Tank Volume Provided SWD Size Provided size. Quantity Pump capacity req. Pump capacity provided Qty. Agitator Acid Dosing System Dosage Design Flow-average Acid req. Solution strength Acid quantity req.

= 10.4 m3 / hr = 11.0 m3 / hr = 3.0 HP

= 3150 ppm = 80% = 188 ppm = 4167 m3 / hr = 781 kg / hr (19 ton / d) = 20 ton / d = 10% = 8.3 m3 / hr = 4 hr = 33.3 m3 =3m = 3.33 m = 3.4 * 3.4 m =2 = 4.2 m3 / hr = 4.5 m3 / hr = 3 (2W + 2S) = 3.0 HP = 3.0 (1W + 2S)

= 1 ppm = 4167 m3 / hr = 4.17 kg / hr = 100.00% = 4.17 m3 / hr = 8 hr = 33.3 m3 =3m = 3.33 m = 3.4 * 3.4 m = 2 (1W + 1S) = 2.08 m3 / hr = 2.10 m3 / hr = 3 (2W + 1S) = 3.0 HP = 18 ppm = 4167 m3 / hr = 75 kg / hr (1800 kg / d) = 15.00% = 12000 kg / d

Acid dosing rate Tank Volume Provided Volume HOS Dia. Quantity Pump Qty. DWPE Dosing System for chemical sludge Total Sludge Generated DWPE dosing rate DWPE req. Dewatering operation Duration Solution strength DWPE dosing rate Tank Volume Provided SWD Size Provide size. Quantity Pump capacity req. Pump capacity provided Qty. Agitator Qty.

= 435 lph = 12 hr = 5217 liters. = 5300 liters = 1800 ppm = 2200mm =1 = 450 lph = 2.0 (1W + 1S)

= 51.2 ton/d of dry solids = 1.5 ton/d of dry solids = 77 kg/d = 20 hours (3.8 kg / hr) = 0.1% = 3.84 m3 / hr = 10 hr = 38.4 m3 =3m = 3.58 m = 3.6 * 3.6 m = 2 (1W + 1S) = 1.92 m3 / hr = 2.0 m3 / hr = 3 (2W + 1S) = 3.0 HP = 2.0 (1W + 1S)

DWPE Dosing System for Biological sludge Total Sludge Generated DWPE dosing rate DWPE req. Dewatering operation Duration Solution strength DWPE dosing rate Tank Volume Provided SWD Size Size provided Quantity Pump capacity req. Pump capacity provided Qty. Agitator Qty. Urea Dosing System

= 10.8 ton/d of dry solids = 2 ton/d of dry solids = 22 kg/d = 20 hours (1.08 kg / hr) = 0.1% = 1.08 m3 / hr = 10 hr = 10.8 m3 =2m = 2.32 m = 2.4 * 2.4 m = 2 (1W + 1S) = 0.54 m3 / hr = 0.60 m3 / hr = 3 (2W + 1S) = 2.0 HP = 2.0 (1W + 1S)

Dosage Design Flow-average Urea Solution strength Urea dosing rate Tank Volume Provided SWD Size Size provided Quantity Pump Qty. Agitator Qty. DAP Dosing System Dosage Design Flow-average DAP Solution strength DAP dosing rate Tank Volume Provided SWD Size Size provided Quantity Pump Qty. Agitator Qty.

= 35 ppm = 4167 m3 / hr = 146 kg / hr (3500 kg / d) = 10% = 1.46 m3 / hr = 8 hr = 11.667 m3 =2m = 2.4 m = 2.4 * 2.4 m = 2 (1W + 1S) = 1.5 m3 / hr = 2.0 (1W + 1S) = 2 HP = 2 (1W +1S)

= 17.5 ppm = 4167 m3 /hr = 73 kg / hr (1750 kg / d) = 10% = 0.73 m3 / hr = 8 hr = 5.3 m3 =2m = 1.7 m = 1.8 * 1.8 m = 2 (1W + 1S) = 1000.0 lph = 2.0 (1W + 1S) = 1 HP = 2 (1W +1S)

Sr no

Equipment

M3/h

Hea d

Hp Req.

HP installed

Kw installed

Total kw Installed

Sb

Bkw

Hr PER DAY

Kwh/d

Mechanical Bar screen scraper drive EQT transfer pumps 1050 13

0.5 77.8 15 15

0.5 100 15 15

0.4 74.6 11.2 11.2

0.7 298.4 44.8 22.4

2 4 4 2

0 1 0 0

0.37 58.0 11.2 11.2

24 24 24 24

17.9 5572.5 1074.2 537.1

3 4

EQT mixer Sludge blanket clarifierrecirculator Sludge blanket clarifier-Scraper pH correctiom tank mixer SAS pump RAS pump C-Tech air blower Decanter drier Chlorinater boodter pump Service water pump Sludge sump mixer Filter press feed pump-Chemical sludge Belt press feed pump-bio sludge Filter press Belt press Lime-pneumatic feeder to silo Lime-pneumatic feeder to MOL plant Drum slaker Classifiers 18 60 15 30 40 35 95 1320 4600 7 5 7

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

3 3 3.8 37.6 174 1 3.4 6 3 16.2

3 3 5 40 215 1 5 7.5 3 20

2.2 2.2 3.7 29.8 160.4 0.7 3.7 5.6 2.2 14.9

4.5 2.2 22.4 179.0 1924.7 4.5 3.7 5.6 4.5 74.6

2 1 6 6 1 2 6 1 1 2 5

0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 0

2.2 2.2 2.8 28.1 0.75 2.6 4.5 2.2 12.1

24 24 3 12 6 24 24 24 20

107.4 53.7 50.9 2020.8 25015. 0 26.9 61.2 107.2 107.4 1207.2

15 16 17 18 19

42

20

12.6 5 10 15 10

15 5 10 15 10

11.2 3.7 7.5 11.2 7.5

22.4 26.1 52.2 11.2 7.5

2 7 7 1 1

0 0 0 0 1

9.4 3.73 7.46 11.1 9 7.46

20 20 20 5 24

375.6 522.2 1044.4 56 179

20 21

5 3

5 3

3.7 2.2

3.7 2.2

1 1

1 1

3.73 2.24

24 24

89.5 53.7

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

MOL tank agitators Lime dosing pumps Feso4 tank agitator Feso4 dosing pump Polimer dosing tank agitator Polimer dosing pump HCl unloading pump HCL dosing pump Urea dosing tank Urea dosing pump DAP dosing tank agitator Dap dosing pump DWPE for chemical sludge agitator DWPE for chemical sludge dosing pump DWPE for biosludge agitator DWPE for biosludge dosing pump EQT crane for feso4 dosing area/ blower room EQT crane for belt press building Motorized chain pulley for urea/ dosing Motorized valve / gates Plant lighting 0.6 15 2 15 1 15 1.5 15 2.1 5 15 10 4.5 20 11 15

3 4.3 3 2.4 3 1.1 1.0 0.25 2 0.8 2 0.5 3 1 3 0.3 1

3 5 3 3 3 1.5 1.5 0.25 2 1 2 0.5 3 1 3 0.5 1

2.2 3.7 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 0.2 1.5 0.7 1.5 0.4 2.2 0.7 2.2 0.4 0.7

2.2 7.5 2.2 4.5 2.2 2.2 1.1 0.2 1.5 0.7 1.5 0.4 2.2 1.5 2.2 0.7 1.5

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2

1 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

2.24 3.2 2.24 1.8 2.24 0.8 0.8 0.19 1.49 0.6 1.49 0.4 2.24 0.8 2.24 0.2 0.75

24 24 24 24 24 24 3 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 12

53.7 154.9 53.7 84.5 53.7 39.4 2.3 4.5 35.8 14.1 35.8 9.4 53.7 37.6 53.7 11.3 17.9

39 40

1 0.25

1 0.5

0.7 0.4

0.7 1.9

1 5

0 0

0.75 0.19

12 12

9.0 11.2

41 42

0.5

0.5

0.4

2 4 1

0 0

0.37 74.0

1 8

9.0 596.8

METHODS OF LABORATORY TEST: pH AIM: to determine pH value of water/wastewater sample. Requirements: 1. pH meter 2. Glass beakers(100ml capacity) 3. Buffer solutions(for pH-7.0,4.0,9.2) Preparation method of buffer solution: Used boil & cooled distilled water for preparation of buffer solution, for pH standards (7.0, 4.0, 9.2) one capsule is dissolved in 100ml of water. Procedure: Calibration of pH meter: First step is to calibrate pH meter with the help of buffer solution using slope and cal knob. Determination of pH of sample: Take 100ml of sample in a beaker. Put the electrode in a beaker containing sample water. Now wait for a minute or two for constant reading on pH meter. Note down pH value. Wash the electrode with distilled water. And replace a beaker containing distilled water.

TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID

Total suspended solid: It is define as solid those are visible in wastewater or effluent. They are hazardous and affect the sea water or river water. Apparatus required: 1. Beaker (Dry before experiment) 2. Filter paper 3. Oven

4. Desiccators Weight measuring apparatus Chemical and material required: Effluent or sample to find out TSS required Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Take the known volume of sample and filter it through the filter paper. Before the filter paper is dried in oven and allowed to cool in desiccators. After filtration, filter paper is again put in to the oven and allowed to cool in desiccators. It is weighted and notes the reading. Calculate the TSS (total suspended solid) from following equation.

(B-A) x 100 x 1000 TSS = -----------------------------------------Sample taken Where,

= __________ mg/lit.

B= Final weight of filter paper. A=Initial weight of filter paper. TSS EQT a)Weight of filter paper b)Weight of filter paper + residue Therefore (b - a) TSS = 0.0182 * 10^6 / 10 ml sample = 1820 mg / lit. = 0.9326 gm = 0.9508 gm = 0.0182 gm

FINAL a)Weight of filter paper b)Weight of filter paper + residue Therefore (b - a) TSS = 0.0083 * 10^6 / 10 ml sample = 830 mg / lit.

= 0.9324 gm = 0.9407 gm = 0.0083 gm

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID Total dissolved solid: It is defined as the solid are dissolved in wastewater or effluent. The total dissolved solid are obtained by evaporating known volume of sample. Apparatus required: 1. Beaker or evaporating disk capacity upto 150-200 ml.

2.

Measuring cylinder

Chemical required: 1. Sample to find the TDS Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Calculation: (B-A) x 1000 x 1000 TDS= -------------------------------- = ________ mg/l Sample taken Where, A= initial weight of beaker. B=final weight of beaker. TDS EQT a)Weight of empty Evaporating Disc b) Weight of Evaporating Disc + residue Therefore (b - a) TDS = 0.0977 * 10^6 / 10 ml sample = 9770 mg / lit. Take and beaker and rains it. Dry it in oven, allowed cooling at room temperature in desiccators and weighing it. The remaining sample after TSS test, after filtration is taken in the beaker and put this beaker on the hot plate and evaporate the water. After evaporating all the water, it is allowed to cool as room temperature in desiccators and weight. Note the reading. Calculate the TDS from the following equation.

= 38.4461 gm = 38.5438 gm = 0.0977

FINAL a)Weight of empty Evaporating Disc b) Weight of Evaporating Disc + residue Therefore (b - a) TDS = 0.1018 * 10^6 / 10 ml sample = 10180 mg / lit.

= 42.3460 gm = 42.4478 gm = 0.1018 gm

Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids Introduction Mixed liquor is a combination of sludge and water removed from the clarifier in the wastewater treatment process and reintroduced into an earlier phase of the treatment process. The mixed liquor contains microorganisms which digest the wastes in the raw water.

Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) is a test for the total suspended solids in a sample of mixed liquor. This test is essentially the same as the test you performed for TSS in the last lab, except for the use of mixed liquor as the water sample. In addition, the concentration of suspended solids found in the mixed liquor is typically much greater than that found in the raw or treated water. MLSS concentrations are often greater than 1,000 mg/L, but should not exceed 4,000 mg/L. MLVSS, or Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids, is a test for the amount of volatile suspended solids found in a sample of mixed liquor. Volatile solids are those solids which are burnt up when a sample is heated to 550C. Most of the volatile solids in a sample of mixed liquor will consist of microorganisms and organic matter. As a result, the volatile solids concentration of mixed liquor is approximately equal to the amount of microorganisms in the water and can be used to determine whether there are enough microorganisms present to digest the sludge. In a wastewater treatment plant, operators should test for MLSS three times per week and for MLVSS once per week. Both tests should use grab samples taken from the same location in the treatment plant. Equipment Dessicator Drying oven, for operation at 103 to 105C Analytical balance, capable of weighing to 0.1 mg Magnetic stirrer with TFE stirring bar Wide-bore pipets Graduated cylinder Low-form beaker Glass-fiber filter disks with organic binder Filtration apparatus, which can be any one of the following: Membrane filter funnel Gooch crucible, 25 mL to 40 mL capacity, with Gooch crucible adapter Filtration apparatus with reservoir and coarse fritted disk (40 to 60 um) as filter support Filter flasks, of sufficient capacity for sample size selected Vacuum pump Tubing Stop watch Aluminum weighing dishes Muffle furnace Reagents Reagent-grade water Laboratory Procedure 1. Collect a grab sample of mixed liquor. 2. Measure the total suspended solids in your sample using the procedure outlined in Lab 11. You will probably need to use a smaller sample volume, such as 5 mL. Record the sample volume and the combined sample and filter weight in the Data section. At least 10% of all samples should be analyzed in duplicate. 3. Ignite the filter and the total suspended solids residue from step 1 in a muffle furnace at 550C. An ignition time of 15 to 20 minutes is usually sufficient for 200 mg residue. However, when igniting more than one sample or when igniting heavier samples, the ignition time may need to be increased. 4. Let the filter cool partially in the air until most of the heat has dissipated. Then transfer the filter to a dessicator to cool the rest of the way to air temperature. 5. Weigh the filter and record the weight in the Data section.

6. Repeat the cycle of igniting, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight is obtained or until the weight change is less than 4% or 0.5 mg, whichever is less. 7. Calculate the volatile solids in the sample, as follows: Volatile solids, mg / lit = (A -B)*1,000 / (Sample volume, ml) Where: A = Sample and filter weight from TSS test, mg B = Sample and filter weight after ignition in muffle furnace, mg If you have tested two samples, you can calculate the average volatile solids as follows: Average Volatile Solids, mg/lit = (C + D) / 2 Where: C = Volatile solids of sample 1, mg/L D = Volatile solids of sample 2, mg/L MLSS C-TECH BASIN (5) a)Weight of filter paper b)Weight of filter paper + residue Therefore (b - a) TSS = 0.1224 * 10^6 / 10 ml sample = 12240 mg / lit.

= 0.9208 gm = 1.0432 gm = 0.1224 gm

C-TECH BASIN (6) a)Weight of filter paper b)Weight of filter paper + residue Therefore (b - a) TSS = 0.1078 * 10^6 / 10 ml sample = 10780 mg / lit. MLVSS C-TECH BASIN (5) a)Weight of empty crucible b)Weight of crucible + residue Therefore (b - a) MLVSS = 0.0583 * 10^6 / 10 ml sample = 5830 mg / lit.

= 0.9384 gm = 1.0462 gm = 0.1078 gm

= 31.0311 gm = 31.0894 gm = 0.0583 gm

C-TECH BASIN (6) a)Weight of empty crucible b)Weight of crucible + residue Therefore (b - a)

= 33.7136 gm = 33.7665 gm = 0.0529 gm

MLVSS = 0.0529 * 10^6 / 10 ml sample = 5290 mg / lit. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND Chemical oxygen demand: Chemical oxygen demand is the property or parameter of wastewater. It is defined as the oxygen required by chemical dissolved in wastewater or effluent. When we flush water in to the river or in sea at that time chemical dissolved are trying to decompose and they required oxygen for that process so main source at that time oxygen dissolved in river or sea. If flush water is in large amount or big in quantity so need of oxygen is also higher and due to the demand of oxygen in river or sea the suffocation is take place. So the sea life will be in trouble therefore the analysis of Chemical Oxygen Demand in water is must required. Apparatus required: 1. Flask 2. Reflux column for condensation 3. Heating media (hot plate, etc.) 4. Burette 5. Pipette 6. Beaker Chemical and material required: 1. 0.25 N Potassium Dichromate Solution (K2Cr2O7) 2. 0.25 N Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate Solution 3. Ferron Indicator 4. Silver sulfate for H2SO4 Solution 5. Mercuric sulfate 6. Distilled water

Preparation of solution: 1. 0.25 N Potassium Dichromate Solution: Dissolved 12.259 gm K2Cr2O7 (previously dried at 150 C for 2 hrs) in distillle water and dilute to 1 lit. 1. 0.25 N Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate Solution: Dissolved 98 gm FAS in distilled water and add 20ml conc. H2SO4 solution, cool and dilute to 1 lit with H2O. Ferron Indicator Dissolve 1.485gm 1, 10- phenanthroline monohydrate & 0.695gm FeSO4.7H2O in distilled water and dilute to 100 ml.

1.

Procedure: Make the volume of total sample upto 60 ml not more than that.

 This 60ml contain 30ml H2SO4, 10 ml K2Cr2O7 and remaining 20 ml contain (sample + distilled
water) in ratio i.e 10 ml sample + 10 ml distilled wateror 5 ml sample + 15 ml distilled water.

Add silver sulfate as a catalyst in conc. H2SO4, mercuric sulfate (HgSO4) to prevent the interference
of chlorinated compound in process. Reflux the whole sample at 100 C temperature for 2 hrs. Resulting sample is titrated against FAS (ferrous ammonium sulfate) n the presents of ferron indicator.

Calculation for chemical oxygen demand: Then find the COD by the use of following equation, (A-B) x N x 8000 COD as mg O2/L = -----------------------------------Ml off sample taken Where, A= ml of FAS use for blank B= ml of FAS use for sample N= Normality of FAS 8000= milliequivallent wt of Oxygen x 1000 ml/l COD COD = (Blank - Burette) * N.F * 8000 / (ml of sample taken) Normality Factor (N.F) = 0.1096 N Sample pH Burette (ml) SBLANK EQT SBC-1 SBC-2 Phct FINAL 7.00 6.63 7.01 6.98 6.96 7.08 25.4 15.3 15.2 13.8 13.8 16.6

COD (mg / lit.) 1595 1262 1245 1227 719

Biological oxygen demand Biological oxygen demand: Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is the most important parameter to determine the degree of pollution in lakes and streams at any time and their self purification capacities assess the biodegradable organic load of the same. As per definition of BOD of a sample is defined as the amount of oxygen required by the Microorganism to oxydize the organic matter by aerobic microbial decomposition to stable inorganic forms at some std. time and temperature. As per recommendations of the royal commission of great Britain standard condition are laid down as 2 C and days. The temperature of great Britain and 5 days Incubation period with an assumption that most of the carbonaceous organic demand is satisfied this period the BOD test is being carried out with these standard condition for nearly three decades throughout the world and our country exception.

Principle: The biological oxygen demand (BOD) test is based on mainly bio-assay produced which measures the dissolved oxygen consumed by micro-organisms while assimilating and oxidizing the organic matter under aerobic conditions. Apparatus: 1. Incubation bottle 2. Air incubator 3. Etc Reagent with Preparation: 1. Phosphate buffer solution: Dissolve 8.5gm potassium Dehydrogenate phosphate (KH2PO4), 21.75gm Potassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), 33.4gm Disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4.7H2O) and 1.7gm ammonium chloride in about 500ml distilled water and dilute to 1lit. pH of the solution should be around 7.2 without any further adjustment. 2. Magnesium sulphate solution: Dissolve 22.5gm magnesium sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O) in distilled water and dilute to 1lit. 3. Calcium Chloride Solution: Dissolve 27.5gm calcium chloride in distilled water and dilute to 1lit. 4. Ferric Chloride Solution: Dissolve 0.25gm hydrated ferric chloride (FeCl3.6H2O) in distilled water and dilute to 1lit.

Other Reagent for Dissolve Oxygen (DO) Measurement: 1. Magnus Sulphate solution: Dissolve manganese sulphate (480gm of MnSO4.4H2O or 400gm of MnSO4.2H2O) in freshly boiled and cooled water, filter and make up to 1000ml. The solution should not give blue color by addition of acidified potassium iodide and starch. 2. Alkaline Iodide solution: Dissolve 500gm sodium hydroxide (or 700gm KOH) and 135gm of sodium iodide (or 150gm of KOH) in freshly boiled and cooled water and dilute to 1lit. Concentrated Sulphate Acid: Starch Indicator: Dissolve approximately 25gm of sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) in boiled distilled water and make up to 1000ml.add 1gm of sodium Hydroxide to preserve it.

3. 4.

Procedure: Preparation of dilution water: Aerate the required volume of distilled water in a container by bubbling Compressed air for 8-12hrs to attained dissolved oxygen saturation. Let it stabilized for 4hrs at room temperature around 27C. At the time of use, add 1ml each of phosphate buffer, Magnesium sulphate, Calcium Chloride and ferric chloride for each liter of dilution water. Add 2-5ml of treated sewage per liter of dilution water for seeding purpose. Dilution of Sample and Incubation: Neutralization: Neutralize sample to pH around 7.0 using alkali or acid of such strength that the quantity of reagent doesnt dilute the sample by more than 0.5%.

Sample Volume and Dilution techniques: On the basis of chemical oxygen demand (COD), determine expected Biochemical oxygen demand. Use the following formula for the calculating sample. Sample volume in ml per liter dilution = (X *1000)/Expected BOD For keeping two dilutions take X=2.5 and 4.0 For simple dilution take X= 3.0 or 3.5 Expected BOD = (70% of cod for sewage, 30% of cod for final sewage) In case of High BOD sample prepare primary dilutions with distilled water and then make a final dilution. Take requisite quantity of sample in 1lit volumetric flask. Dilute to the mark with dilution water by siphoning from the dilution water container prepared in above described manner. Mixed well. Rinse three BOD bottle with diluted sample. Stopper the bottle immediately after removing the air bubbles. Samples of Natural Surface Water bodies like river, lake and marine, generally dont required seeding and dilution due to naturally available Microbiological population and low BOD values. For such sample which are likely to have BOD less than 5g/lit, BOD determined may be carried out as such (100%) without any dilution. Determination of Initial Dissolved Oxygen: Determine Initial Dissolved oxygen for one bottle and keep two bottles for Incubation at 27C 1C for three days. Prepare 6 bottles siphoning Out Dilution water directly in to the bottle. Determine initial DO in two Bottles and Incubate remaining 4 bottles at 27C 1C for three days. Note the initial dissolve Oxygen. Determination of Final Dissolve Oxygen: After 3 days incubation at 27C 1C, Determine final DO in incubated bottles. Note Final Dissolved oxygen. Calculation: 1. When Sample is Undiluted BOD, mg/lit = DO before incubation DO after incubation. 2. When dilution water is seeded BOD, mg/lit = ((D1-D2)*1000)/P When dilution water is seeded BOD, mg/lit = ((D1-D2)-((B1-B2)f)*1000)/P Where, D1=Initial DO of the sample in mg/lit. D2=Final DO of the sample in mg/lit. B1=Initial DO with Seeding of the sample in mg/lit. B2=Final DO with Seeding of the sample in mg/lit. f= Ratio of seed in diluted sample to seed in control; (Percent seeding diluted sample) : ( percentage seed in seed control) P= Percentage dilution of sample (sample volume in ml/10).

3.

OIL & GREASE Apparatus: Separating funnel, Glass funnel, Beaker or Porcelain bowl. Reagent: 1. 2. 3. Diethyl ether Sodium sulphate anhydrous crystal HCl or sulphuric acid (1:1):mix equal volumes of acid & distilled water.

Procedure:

When sample is brought into the laboratory & if the sample has not been acidified previously , then acidified
with 1:1 HCl or 1:1 H2SO4 to pH 2 or lower.(Generally 5ml acid reagent is sufficient for 1lit sample) Dry empty & cleaned beaker in an oven at 105C for 1hr. Cool in a desicator & weigh (B gm) By using glass funnel transfer aliquot (250ml) acidified sample to a separating funnel & add 50ml of solvent (diethyl ether) in it. Shake well for 2 min and allow the layers to separate. Discard the lower layer & drain upper layer (solvent layer) through a funnel containing a filter paper & 10gm of sodium sulphate, both of which have been solvent rinsed & collect it in previously weighed beaker. Kept the beaker on a water bath till diethyl ether is evaporated completely and residue remains. Cool the beaker in a desicator & weighed (A gm). Calculation: Oil & Grease mg/lit = (wt. of residue * 106)/(sample taken in ml) Where, initial wt. of beaker=B gm Final wt. of beaker=A gm Wt of residue= (A-B) gm

OIL & GREASE EQT a)Weight of beaker b)Weight of beaker + residue Therefore (b - a)

= 54.9180 gm = 54.9327 gm = 0.0147 gm

OIL & GREASE = 0.0147 * 10^6 / 100 ml sample = 147 mg / lit.

FINAL a)Weight of beaker

= 51.2692 gm

b)Weight of beaker + residue = 51.2612 gm Therefore (b - a) = 0.0080 gm OIL & GREASE = 0.0080 * 10^6 / 100 ml sample = 80 mg / lit. COLOUR ANALYSIS (PLATINUM COBALT-VISUAL COMPARISON METHOD) Principle: Color is determined by visual comparison of the sample with known concentration of colored solutions. The Pt-Co method of measuring color is the standard method, the unit of color being that produced by I mg Pt/L in the form of the chloroplatinate ion. The ratio of cobalt to platinum may be varied to match the hue in special cases; the proportion given below is usually satisfactory to match the color of natural water. Standard Chloroplatinate solution: Dissolved 1.246gm potassium chloroplatinate & 1.00gm crystallized cobaltous chloride in distilled water with 100ml conc. HCl & dilute to 1000ml with water. This stock standard has a color of 500 units. Procedure: 1. Prepare standards having colors of 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,&70 by diluting 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0,6.0 & 7.0ml stock color standard with distilled water to 50mlin nessler tubes. Protect these standards against evaporation & contamination when not in use. Observe sample color by filling a matched nessler tube to the 50ml mark with sample & comparing it with standards. Look vertically downward through tubes toward a white surface placed at such an angle that light is reflected upward through the columns of liquid. If turbidity is present & has not been removed, as apparent color. If the color exceeds 70 units, dilute sample with distilled water in known proportion until is within the range of the standards.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Calculations: Calculate color units = (A*50)/B Where, A= estimated color of a diluted sample. B= ml sample taken for dilution.