A new Geodynamic Model for tite Betie Cordilleras based oit P-T-tpaths and Structural data from the

Eastern Bede
Nuevo modelo geodinmico para las Cordilleras Bticas basado en curvas P-T-t y datos estructurales de las Bticas Orientales
KOEN DE JONO Structural Geology aud Tectonics Department. Institute of Earth Sciences, Vrije IJniversiteit De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 Hv Amsterdam. The Netherlands*

AB STRA CT This study presents a new geodynamie model for the teetonie evolution of the Betie Cordilleras from the Cretaceous to the Miocene based on an integrated (micro) structural, petrological aud geochronological study of the eastern l3etic Zone. Early Cretaceous subduction in the Betic Zone was initiated in thc Jurassie transtensional Africa-Eurasiaplate boundary, whichwas strongly weakened by extensional tectonics and strike-slip fautting, whieh persisted until the onset of subduction. Compression in the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary and initation of subduetion in the Betic Zone resulted from ESE-ward motion of Iberia due to oceanie spreading in the AtianticOcean and the Bay of Biscay to theW and NWof Iberia during the 119-80 Ma period. Following subduetion the high pressure metamorphie Bede nappes were partially exhumed during extension and extreme duetile thinning, whieh also affected the Malaguide Complex in the upper pinte. Early to Middle Eocene northward thrusting of the entire and partially struetured Betie Zone over the southernmost part of the External Zone, the former rifted Betie margin, resulted in HP/LT metamorphism in the overthrust and buried part and flexural bulgingin the part ofthe External Zone which was not overthrust andwheresedimentation continued. During the Late Oligocene and younger tectonie evolution extension and crustal shortening followed eaeh olber rapidly during continuing Africa-Eurasia convergence,
*

Presentaddress:InstitiitdeGodynamiqiie,

Universit de Nice, URA. CNRS 1279, Parc

Valrosee, 06034 Mce Cdex. France.

Fsica de la Tierra, nY 4, 77-107, Editorial Complutense, Madrid, 1992

78

Koen dciong

pointing to roll-back, steepening and detachment of the subduction slab. Early Miocene inversion ofthe extended area and concentration of overthrusting iii the most thinned arca resulted from slab detachment enabling transmission of comprcssion lix the shallow
remainder of thc slab. SIab steepening and detachmcnt can further explain concentration of Miocene and youngermagmatism hito a narrow zone and lis deep source, wbich cannot be due to steady state subduction as Africa-Eurasia convergence fals short during this period.

1. INTRODUCTION In most geodynamie modeis for tbe Betie Cordilleras the metamorphic part of the orogen, the Internal or Hetie Zone, is considered as an allochtonous tectonie element or miGro plate (Alboran Domain or Alboran Micro Plate, Andrieux et aL, 1971; Dereourt et aL, 1986; Comas ct al., 1990). Ibis element is generally envisaged to have been juxtaposed to the External Zone, the former Mesozoic and Early Tertiary rifted margin of SE Iberia, along ENE-WSW trending wrench faults during the Tertiary (Hermes, 1978; De Smet, 1984). Recently, deformation in the Betic Zone has been discussed witbin this coneept (Frizon Delamotte et al., 1989; Vauchez and Nicolas, 1991). However, the occurrence of flie HP/LI metamorphic Almagride Complex, consisting of Middle ami Late Iriassic rocks, which resemble parts of the southcrn External Zone (Simon, 1987), as the structurally deepest unit in the Betie Zone demonstrates that such modeis cannot explain the tectonie evolution of the Betic Cordilleras. The outcrop ofthis complex in windows 50km south of the present day ExternalInternal boundary (fig. 1) implies that the External Zone is overthrust by the Bctic Zone (De Jong, 1990), rather than that te two are juxtaposed by wrcnching. Ibis interpretation agrees with results of investigations in the boundary zone between the External-Internal zones pointing to presence of only minor strike-slip movements during the Langhian-Serravallian, taking place during and after major overtbrusting (De Ruig et aL, 987: Martn-Algarra et aL, 1988; Van der Straaten, 1990; Lonergan, 1991). In addition, radiometric dating implied that the early-tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Betic Zone occurred during dxc Cretaceous (De Jong, 1991a). Ihe model presented here is based on a detailed integrated (m icro) structural, petrological and geochronologieal study of the eastern Betie Zone, which consists of four staked nappe complexes, from top to bottom: 4) te Malaguide Complex, 3) the Alpujarride Complex, 2) the Muihacen Complex, 1) the Veleta Complex (Egeler and Simon, 1969; Puga and Daz de Federico, 1978; De Jong, 1990, 1991a, fig. 1). Ihe objective is to construct Pressure-Temperature-Tecto-

4.

A new Gecdynwnic Modelfor he Betie Cordilleras...

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nc-timepathsfor tbcAlpujarride and Mulbacen complexes, by tying deformation structures to mineral reaetions, outlined in the first part of this article. lo the seeond para new geodynamic model br dxc Betie Cordilleras wilI be elaboraled using Ibis approacb.

2.

TECTONO-METAMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE ALPUJARRIDE AND MULBACEN COMPLEXES

Ihe relation of mineral growth witb respect ro deformation phases showed that the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Alpujarride and Mulbacen complexes are raiher similar lo eaeh olber (Bakker tal., 1989; De long, 1991 a). Both nappe complexes experienced HP conditions during early Alpine tectonies when deformation structures with similar kinematic significance were formed. HP metamorphism gaye way to LP conditions concomitant with cooling, at its turn followed by important reheating during youriger Alpine movements. Ihe late Alpine structural evolution in both nappe complexes, however, shows important differences. The deformation scheme used in this article is modified with respect to the original scheme of Bakker u aL (1989) according to Dc Jong (1991a, b). 2.1. Early Alpine evolution

D, econo-metamorphi phase Early Alpine pressnres in the Muihacen Complex fal in the range of 1.0-1.2 OPa (velilla and Fenoil Hach-AII, 1986; Bakker el aL, 1989; Gmez-Pugnaire eta!. D1muh struetures were formed at the end of the isobaric heating trajectory (fig. 2) aud are mainly left untouched subsequent deformation in gneisses ami glaucophane schists. D1 mulil structures demonstrate important E-W to ESE-WNW stretehing during top-to-the-west shear. Early Alpine pressures in the Alpujarride Complex of the eastern Betie Zone were lower than in the Muihacen Complex: pressures aroung 0.6-0.7 GPa at temperatures between about 300o~4Oflc C are characteristic for a number of tectonie units (Baker iaL, 1989; Goff taL, 1989, De Jong, 1 991a). Recently, indications for minimun pressures around 1.0 GPa have been reported in dxc central Betie Zone (Azan and Goff, 1991). Due to lack of resistant rock no D alpu struetures olber Iban inelusions in porphyroblasts aud microlithons have been left.

4. A new Geodynamic Model for he Betie Cordilleras~..

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Temperatu,e <C) Figure 2.P-T-tpath of the Muihacen Cornplex (Iightshading) and theAlpujarride Complex (dark shading) based 00 F-T-t determinations and thermo-geochronologic data from Baklcer eta)?, 1989; De Jong, 1990; De Jong et al., 1992, from the Sierra de los Filabres, Sierra Alhamilla aud Sierra de las Estancias. Glacicophane-in (Maresch, 1977); AI-silicate triple point (Holdaway, 1971).

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D2 etono-rnetamorphc pirase

Tlie 02 teetono-nxetamorphie pliase in tbe Alpujarride and Mulliacen complexes oceurred uf he culmination of dxc heating sage and coincides with
slrong deeompression lo 02-0.6 OPa coneomitan with eooling lo about 550~~ 5000<2 in 11w Mulhacen Complex and lo 0.5 CPu ami 400~-500~ C (1%. 2) in the Alpujarride Complex. In boh nappe coniplexes U, rsulted in dxc most peuctrative deformation at att seales. Recumbeul 0. folds are tight fo isoelinal, resxiting it eflective transposition of carlier fabrics parallel fo dxc mala foliation S2, la tite

Muihacen Complex resulting in a 02 transposition slratigraphy conhinunus ayer al least 25 km along strike (De Jong and Bakker, 1991, aL, enc. 1). Strain deerminations sbow an average elongation parallel fo 11w ESE-WNW trendng D2 streehing lineation of about 380 % and layer normal shortening vatttes have art average of around 75 % in both complexes (De Jong, 1990, 1991a). Kinematic indicators ja the Muihacen Complex, like asymmetric K-feldspar pbewoclasts, fish-shapped pliengite erystals, quarz filled pressure shadows ami rotated garnets poin to top-to-tbe-west shear. Symmetrie lattiee preferred orientations of quarz e-axes, however, demonstrate predominant coaxial deformation in isotropic quartz-rich llhologies. This pointis Lo partitioning of 0niuh strain into dominan rotational deformation la layered lilbologies. like gneisses and mica sehiss, aud a more non-rotational deformation it quartzites. Weakly developed syrnmerical, quana laltice preferred orientations in tite
Alpujarride Comp]ex also poin lo coaxial deformation. l3ue lo dxc lack of kinematic indicators, however. dcformaton partitioning ami tite dominant sitear sense during D2~ conid mt be esiablished. In tite Mulbacen Complex tite inensity of Dt~Ih mercases upwards as

documened by paracrystalline rotated garneis and Md structures. u tite Iower par of tite complex rotalion angles of garneis vary between 65~ aud 1700,
whereas in tite upper par rotation angks measures are betwecn 1200 ami 2700, A similar tren is indicated it> progressivc evolution of folds: in deeper leveis of tite comptex fl,mU>h folds are less tight titan in higiter paris and, itt addition, 8. refractis on folded bedding. p~mUa folds at this sructural level are carvi-linear; Ibid axes commoniy make a high angle lo tite sretehing lineation, whieh has a constant ESE-WNW trend. Ir tite uppermost 1-1.5 km of tite eomplex, ca tite otiher baud, axes of isoclinal D<~~<~ folds are parellel lo tite ESE-WNW trending stretching lineation. This points to rotatien of fold axes lino parallelism with tite shear direction during upwards increasing 02o,,a srain. Because it sitear zones sirain is refated t displacement (cg. Ramsay, 1980), tite 02WU1h .strain gradieni demonstrates un upwards increasing displacenwnt in tite Mulbacen Gomplex.

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A new Geodynamic Model for he Betie Cordillerasi..

83

Cooling during and especially after D2 in both complexes is manifest by widespread retrogression shown by replaeement of chloritoid and kyanite, and in the Muihacen Complex also staurolite, by phengite (paragonite) often accompanied by chiorite. 2.2. Late Alpine evolution

Mineralogical changes show that the Late Alpine tectonic evolution both complexes following the 02 eooling occurred during reheating, again followed by eooling. In 4w Mulhacen Complex increase in temperature is locally weIl

established by growth of tiny crystals of staurolite in phengite-chlorite

decomposition manties around D2muIh staurolite, chloritoid and (partly syn~D3muIh) kyanite. Growtb of oxy-chlorite and locally biotite al Ihe expense of chiorile and

furhermore formation of oligoclase-andesine rims around albite probably also

reflect temperalure increase. In the Alpujarride Complex temperalure increase is

shown by growth of slaurolileand sillimanile in the graphite-rich basal series and

by andalusile growth locally accompained by cordierite blasteis in lite Triassic series of a number of teclonie unjs. Structural response of both complexes during reheating was enlirely differenl. In he Mulbacen Complex Ihe 02mIh shear plane was influenced by importan Svergent folding and associated lhrusling during D3mIh. Ibis even took place towards tite end of tite retrograde lrajectory of tite P-T-t palh (fig. 2). Anotiter phase, 04muIh ocdurring during tite second titermal peak in this complex (fig. 2), produced km-seae folds and only locally penetrative small seale structures, which are generally N-vergenl. In contrast, in tite Alpujarride Complex the first

imporlant deformalion pitase subsequent to tite D2aPU main pitase tookplace during
tite waningstages oftite second Ihermal peak(fig. 2), when D3aIPu fodswere formed. Folds of titis generation form1P~ increasessoutitwards struetures in lite Alpujarride the mos importan fold and struclurally downwards Complex. Ihe intensily OfD3~ mass. Going downwards, tight N-vergent E-W in tite Alpujarride overbrus irending folds witit overturned limbs citange mo tight to isoclinal recumbent similar folds direclly aboye lite Mulitacen Complex, witicit may be slrongly curvi-linear. D 1~ structures were coeval with 3 05muh in tite overlying Mulitacen Complexas shown by a number of observations. Firstly, tite intensily of duclile 05muIb deformation inereases from north lo south in lite contact zone, similarly as D3P~ struclures. Secondly, Ihe inlensity of 05muIb increases upwards lowards tite overlying Alpujarride Complex. Titirdly, commonly NNE-SSW trending axes of flapu folds in tite deeper struetura level approacit the orientation of 05muIh stretciting linealions in the mylonite zone in lite top of tite Muihacen Complex in

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Koen de Jong

tite southern pan of the contad between botit nappe complexes. In titis part of [he nappe contact dm-spaced D5muh extensional erenulation cleavages a few hundred metros beJow he tbmsteontactgrade mo mylonites directly below Ihe Alpujarride basal titrust. Concurren witit titis upwards increasing 05u,ulh sirain E-W trending 0muh Iineaions pregressively rotate o the NNW-SSE trend of D5mulh stretching lineations in Ihe mylonites. Movement in Ihe sitear zone was top-to-the-north indicated by tite asymmetry of a number offabnie elements like pressure shadows and recrystallization taus of porpityroelasts and micro fauls itt them, and furlitermore by Ihe asymmetry of secondary grain shape frabrics and Iattice preferred onientations in quarz mylonites. 05n,h and DQLPU occurred duning falling temperatures shown by widespread chlonite growtit, partly atthe expense ofstaurolite. Post~D3aflu growth of andalusite implies thaI temperatures did nol drop below about 400v C in 11w Alpujarride Complex. During lJnuI and D4~ P-T conditions reached tite field of britile deformation, giving nise to ehevron folds and associated younger extensional briuk-dueile shears and cataclasites were formed. Large scale 06,,uLh folds deforrn 0~muLl1 mylonites aud the contad with Ihe Alpujarnide Complex.

3.

CONTACT OF THE MULHACEN COMPLEX WITII THE VELETA COMPLEX

In contras lo tite basal titrust of tite Alpujarride Complex, witich cuis D<~~ and 04muh folds, tite contad with tibe underlying Veleta Complex is folded during D3mh (De Jong, 1991 a, e). Tite contact is parallel o S2 in both complexes; tite uppermost 400 m of tite Veleta Complex demonstrates an increasing 0< strain towards Ihe Muihacen Conplex. Quarz myionites in tite top of he VeJeta Complex display lattice preferred onientations indicative of top-to-the-west sitear, implying a westward titrusting of tite overlying Muihacen Complex during D,muh and 04. Tite major eonroversy on tite sense of shear in tite mylonite zone, which is interpreted as either top-to-the-east (Orozco, 1986) or top-to-the-west (Garca Dueas et aL, 1987), is due to overturning of mylonites hy 03 lii fols ami overprinting of crystallograpitic fabries due lo renewed 04ouh sitear, witich have strongly modified tite original eitaraeteristics oftite 02 nappe contad, as will be discussed elsewitere (De iong, 1991c). 4. AGE CONSTRINTS ON THE EARLY ALPINE

TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE MULLL4CEN COMPLEX Metamorpitie temperatures during D&uih were in tite range of 525-575~ C (fig. 2), thai is in excess of tite phengite closure temperatures for tite K-Ar and

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A new Geoynamc Modelfor he lice Cordilleras...

85

Rb-Sr systems (Purdyand Jger, 1976; Jger, 1973, respeetively). Consequently, radiometrie ages oflite MulbacenComplex sitouldbe considered as cooing ages, witicit date tite passing titrought tite closure temperature during cooling after tite peak of meamorpitism during D{ulb. However, tite P-T evolution clearly demonstrales lite imporlance of late sage rehealirxg locally elevatingmetamorphic lemperatures close loor aboye lite mica closure temperatures for difussion of Sr ami Ar, respectively. As during reheating tite temperature domain for diffusion of radiogenic isotopes was re-entered, significan resetting of melamorphic ages can be expected. Tite very young K-Ar and Rb-Sr mica ages of 10-15.5 Ma (Andriessen u aL, 1991) and 40Ar/39 Ar mica ages between 14.3 and 25.9 Ma (Moni ce aL, 1991; De Jong, 1991a, De Jong, e aL, 1992) can be explained accordingly. Despite titermal resetting indications for local preservalion of an older isotopie systenx are presen. Motil e al. (1991) obtained a 40ArP9Ar age ofabou 48.42.2 from a baroisilic ampitibole, witicit eharacteristically grows altite Ma expense of glaucopitane during D 940Ar/39Ar dating 2T~lUlh of tourmaline, oblained from gneisses (De Jong, 1991a). ~ArP wilh a D 2muh fabrie and whicit yielded KAr ages between 115 and 80 Ma (Andriessen e aL, 1991), resulted in reference lines with ages between 89.10.9 521 (De long, 1 991a; De Jong e aL, and Ma 1991). In addiion, D2nuLh pitengites yielded Rb-Sr ages of: 65.710.1Ma and 41.14.6Ma (De long, 1991a). Titese ages, being obained from syn~D2muLh 40Ar/39Ar and minerais, are ages, witicitlo reflect cooling afler D,mub. Tite spread in interpreted may be as young as 14 Ma, probably resulted from Rb-Sr mica (partial) rejuvenalion due to late stage rehaling, as wil be discussed below. 5. DYNAMICS OF METAMORPHLSM AND TECTONLCS: GEODYNAMICS OF THE BETIC CORDILLERAS

In titis section tite leetonie and metamorpitie dala wil be combined lo establisit tite P-T-t paths of lite Alpujarride and Mulitacen complexes. Such P-Tpalits reflec firs order teclonie movemens al Ihe scale of Ihe crust and, hence, elucidate dxc stacking history itt tite Betie Zone and tite subsequent exhumation of tite higit pressure metamorpitic rocks. Titey are furtitermore used lo eslablisit a geodynamic model for tite teclonic evolulion of tite Betic Cordilleras. 5.1. Subducton

Early AJpine metamorpitic pressures in tite Alpujarride and Mulitacen complexes poin t burial deptit in tite order of 27 and 37 km, respectively,

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Koen deiong

implying subduetion below a crustal segment witit a Iower crustal basemen. Subduction took place below a eruslal segment that contained Ihe Malaguide Complex (fig. 3a), witicit has an essentially continuous sedimentary record from lite Early Paleozoje to tite middle Tertiary (Aquitanian), (Egeler and Simon, 1969; Geel, 1973). Altitougit lite Malaguide Complex in tite Betie Zone is actually extremely titin, clastie influx of granites, gneisses an medium grade metamorpitie rocks in tite Late Paleozoje (Geel, 1973; Herbig and Stattegger, 1989) points t tite presence of a crystalline basemcnt at thai time. Influx of fresit
detrital muscovite, biotite and K-feldspar in Jurassic carbonates (Geel, 1973) poins lo erosion of crystalline roeks, showing titat tite Malaguide Complex itad a nonnai crustal thiekness before subduction was initiated. Simijarities in

Mesozole stratigrapity of the Malaguide Complex, tite Subbetic and tite Flyscit Unils between lite two domains (MacGuillavry, 1964; Martn-Algarra and Vera, 1982, Pineda Velasco, 1985) imply titat Ihe Malaguide Complex formed part of
tite same piale as tite Exernal Zope.

Tite nappe complexes of tite Betie Zope consist of metasedimentary rocks of Triassic and/or Paleozoic age; individual nappes ave thicknesses of several kilometres, lite different early Alpine metamorphc pressure sitows that the burial dc pth of tite Alpujarride Complex in tite eastern Betic Zone was aboel 10 km less titan tite Muihacen Complex. Ibis can be explained by underthrusting of tite Mulbacen Compex below lite crustal segmen witit tite Alpujarride Complex (fig. 3b). Minimum sitortening values in the order of 70-75 % perpendicuar to Ihe transposed bedding show titat pre-collisional titicknesses of he Paleozole and Iriassic sedimentary sequences of tite Alpujarride and Mulitacen complexes were probab> about 4 times tite present thickness. Titese strain values in combination witit tite presence of metasedimentary rocks imply titat early Alpine nappe stacking in tite Betic Zone was probably tite result ofsequential dctacitment of upper segments with titicknesses itt exeess of lO km. Detached segmens are added t tite overriding plate, while tite deepper part of tite lititospitere continues t subduct (figure 3).

Figure 3.Nappe stacking la the Betie Zone by seqaenhial detachment of upper crustal rock seqixences, which are added to the hanging walI of the subduchion system formed by the Malguide Cornplex (MAL)with acrystallinebascnient (KAS). The lowercrust (crosses) aud mantte(randorn striping) continue to subduct to the west. Sequential underthrushing resuls iii dramatic cooling un tite overlying earlier subducted nappe complcxes siiown by tite inser P-T-t paths for tite
Alpujarride and Molliacen coraplexes. P-T conditions of tite Veleta Complex (square in tite insert P-T graph of panel e) imply that it is underthrust by an upper crustal unit (coarse stipple, panel e) not exposed at tite present erosion level. Seale bars: 5 km.

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Sequential stacking of cool erustal segments also has dramatie titermal

consequences, witicit are expressed by tite P-T-t path of the nappes of the Betic Zone. Thermal modelling of stacking of crustal seale segments showed titat
cooling or reduced heating of a piale may result from underthrusting by cooler crust (Daxy and Gillet, 1986). Along titese Enes of evidence cooling of tite Alpujarride Complex is explained by underthrusting by a relatively cool crustal segment, containing he Muihacen Coinpjex (fig. 3b). Isoharie henting of tite Mulitacen Complex may itave ceased fis a resul of underthrusting by another cool crustal slab with Ihe veleta Complex (fig. 3c). Pressures in Ihe Alpujarride Complex imp> 100km of subhorizontal movement on a low-angle subduetion slab with a dip of about 150 in tite upper part (fig. 3a). Subsequen underthrusting of Ihe Muihacen Complex t about 37km requires a movemen of about 130 km. Cooling of tite Mulitacen Complex al a deph of 37 km as a result of its undertitrusing y a slab containing (he Veleta Gomplex indicates anotiter 130km of pIale consumption. The total amount of crustal shortening by subduetion of upper erustal segmens ma> titus itave reacited about 360 km. Ocanie spreading in tite Atlantic Ocean t lite west of Iberia and in tite Bay ofBiscay was in fuIl swing between anomalies MO and 33(119-80 Ma on tite time scale of Kent and Gradstein, 1 986), during whicit Iberia was displaced about 400 km ESE-wards as part ofAfrica (Srivastava eta!., 1990; Malod and Mauffret, 1990). Tite amount of spreading shows thaI tite envisaged 360km of subducted

lithospiteric slab in the Betic zope is feasible. Age estimatesof cooli ng atter Di~
up t about 90 Ma, indicate that subduction has occurred earlier. Subduetion in tibe Betic Zone is Ihus Iikely tobe caused by tibe ESE-ward movemen of Iberia dueto oceanic spreading itt tite Atlantic Ocean (fig. 4). Subduction was initiated in the former Late Jurassic trans-lensional Africa-Eurasia plate boundary, witicit was continuous witit the Ligurian Ocean (fig. 4). Titis boundary was characterized by small-oeeanic basins (fig. 4) with young and weak oceanie crust, witich was loaded by flyscit sedimenlation, hence, forming tite most suited type of margin t be transferred into an active plate boundary (Cloetingh et al., 1982).

5.2.

Exhumation history

Tite main teclono-metamorpitie pitase D, in tite Alpujarride and Mulitacen complexes occurred during deeompression, sitowing that U, structures and kinematies are related lo exitumation of tite itigit pressure metamorpitie roeks. Decompression in tite Alpujarride Complex was less titan in the Muihacen Complex, implying differential exhumalion and, hence, moxements of tite two

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nappe complexes witit respect lo eaeit otiter. Tite upwards increasing intensity of D,tnuh and jIs augmenting rotational eomponent are probably due t titis movement. Rotation sense of syn~D2muh garnets demonstrates tital tite Mulitacen Complex moved lo tite east witit respec t tite overlying Alpujarride Complex and was concurrently exhumed. Sueit kinematic and P-T constrains poins t movements on a west-ward dipping sitear zone (fig. 5). lite coaxial stretching componen of fln,uIh and D2~~ and tite transation of tite Alpujarride and Mulitacen complexes poin Loextension of ibe collision bel (hg. 5). Tite top of tite Veleta Complex also experienced deformation with a dominant rotational component, irnplying a westward movement of tite overlying Mulbacen Complex. However, sucit a movemen on a westward dipping plane as implied by sequential detacitment model (fig. 3), would fol place itigiter pressure metamorpitie roeks on top of lower pressure rocks, but Ihe reverse. Ibis seems t indicate titat tite coaxial component of Dt~, resulting in elongation of tite Mulitacen Complex moving it eastwards updip, outweighed Ibe westward movement lii lite contact sitear zone with tite underlying veleta Complex. lite proposed model shows titat nappe emplaceinen was not tite resul of a directed force (pusit from beitindo) but was due lo a body force. Titis force stems from tite buoynancy of tite subducted and detached upper crustal segmens, providing a constan upward force, wbich is resolved mo components parallel lo lite anisotropy provided by tite detacited uppercrustal segmens (fig. 5). Elongation and decompression oftite metamorpitie rocks imply extension of tite upperplate where tite Malaguide Complex is lcaled

B
Figure 5.Resolution of buoyancy (B) of the detached underthrust upper crustal sequences into

elongation of tite nietamorphic nappe complexes and a shear component along tite contact of tite tanging wall and lite Alpujnrride Comple.x and between tite stacked nappc complexes during 17),. Top-to-the-wes sitear on westward dipping planes implies exhumation of metamorphic rocks and extensionofthe metamorphicaappe pile, which is transerred to tite overlying Malaguide Complex causing extensional fanlting and partial excision of its crystalline basement (KAn).

4.

A new fikodynamic Modelfor he Betic Cordilleras...

91

anuo removal of pan of its Cambnian basemen. Erosion, tilling and submarine
faulting and associated rapid vertical motions in tite Malaguide depositional

domain from the Early Cretaceous on (Roep, 1980) are explained by extension of lite upper piale (fig. 5).

5.3.

Advanced cooling during Eocene overthrustng of the External Zone

Tite P-T-t paths of lite Alpujarride and Mulitacen complexes demonstrate increased cooling during advanced exitumation (fig. 2), which is explained by thrusting of lite Belic Zane ayer cooler ernst. A number of fealures shaw thai Ibis ernst is formed by Ihe soutiternmosl pan of tite External Zone. The Almagride Complex, witicit is regarded as an inlier of lite External Zone, contains early Alpinemineral assemblagesin mafie rocks witich poinlo melamorpitie pressures of 0.35-0.55 GPa and temperalures around 350~4000 C (Puga and Torres-Roldn, 1989). Tite Antequera-Osuna nappe in tite western Belic Cordilleras has Triassic rocks witieit partly resemble titose of Ihe Almagride Complex (Simon, 1987); its mafie rocks record pressures of 0.3 OPa (Puga e aL, 1988). Tite nappe has ovenlitrus tite Subbetic (Cruz-Sanjulin, 1976; Pinedavelasco, 1987), of witich lite souitern pan also contains mineral assemblages poinling to pressures of about 0.3 GPa (Puga e aL, 1988). Bunial deptits of 10-20 km, implied by lite
metamorpitie dala, can only be envisaged by burial duelo overtitrusting of titese

rocks by Ihe Belie Zone (fig. 6), resulting in eooling oftite itanging wall. A titrus load of 10-20 1cm litickness can explain tite flexure in Ihe External Zone around 50 Ma tital follows from lectonie subsidence analysis by Peper and Cloelitigit (1992)of litemore nontiternparts of tite External Zone, witerepelagiesedimentation persisted mo lite middle Miocene (Geel, 1973; Hermes, 1978; De Smet, 1984). Timing of overthrusting in tite Eocene agrees wilh coeval vertical movemens implied by resuls of tectonie subsidence analyses (Kenter et aL, 1990; De Ruig aL, 1991), by non-calcareous influx mo carbonates of Ypresian and Lulelian
age in botit tite Subbetic and tite Malaguide Complex (Geel, 1973) and furtitermore

with lite presence of litrus in the Malaguide Complex witieit are sealed by Oligocene conglomerales (Lonergan, 1991). Taking a dip of tite titrus plane of 150 tite minimun amonn of overtitrusting is 40km (fig. 6). Overtitrusting iii tite
soutitern Betie Cordilleras itas a similar liming as Ihe cimax of sitoniening in tite Pyrenees (De Jong, 1990), Botit may Ihus be tite resul of iniliation of oceanic spreading in tite Norwegian-Greenland Sea around 55 Ma, causing an additional NW-SE componen in tite African-Eurasian collision (Srivastava e aL, 1990).

92

Koen deiong

-Maiaguide Complex

___________________

ji

Figure 6.Thrusting of tite partially structured Betic Zone over the southernmost External Zone in tite Early t Middle Eocene. Burial aud Ioading resulted iii HP/LT metaniorphisni in the Almagride Complex and upward and downward flexure oftite Suhbetic and Prebetic, respectively (arrows).

5.4.

Late Oligocene to Early Miocene extension

D3 folding in tite Veleta and Mulitacen complexes itas no equivalen in tite Alpujarride Cornplex, pointing lo translalions of titese two structural domains 1 folds imply a with respec t each otiter. Tite S-SW vergence ofComplex (fig. 7). Progressive soutitward movement of tite overlying Alpujarride D3m~lh and D<~ soutitward thinning leading t complete excision of tite Muihacen Coniplex (figs. 7, 8) indicates large seale normal faulting. Southvergent D,muh and D
3~CL

folding is probably due lo back-rotation of tite swell domain nortit of tite normal faul (fig. 7). Folding is envisaged as resulting from accomodation of tite sitape of tite baek-rotated domain below an upward bowed extensiotta! fault. Maximum temperaturesduringextension-relatedreiteatingwerereacited after D,mulh, sitowing that reiteating al a particular crustal level occured afler extension itself, in agreemen with 2D modelling of Ihe pan of tite P-T-t patit pertinen t extension (Van Wees el aL, 1992). Slronger reiteating in tite soutitern pan of tite Mulitacen Complex is indicalive of more advanced extension in Ihis part of lite complex. In tite Alpujarride Complex reiteating-induced staurolite growth over undeformed ~2 sitows titat extension teclonies did not resul in folding ofthe main scitistosity as was tite case in tite Mulitacen and Veleta complexes. Hence ~2 in tite Alpujarride Complex was located in tite extensional sector of tite flow ficid, itt agreement witit tite position of titis complex ir tite itanging wall of a low-angle extensional system (figs. 7, 8). Differences in maximun temperatures atained by tite different Alpujarride tectonic unjs point t a non-uniform reiteating that

4.

A new Geodynamic Modelfor he Betie Cordilleras...

93

o..rNa...

Noam

o..na.o

MiJwldS

co.own

1
ANOi.IId
000wI.

Ir

Figure 7South vergent D, folding re.sulting from forin adaption of the Muihacen and Veleta complexes between two major curved extensional faults FL and F
1~ due to extensional unloading

of the hanging walI (Alpujarride Complex). Extension has resulted in progressive southward thinning of the Mulbacen Complex and excision of its lilbologie units. Extreme extension produced a rider of rocks of the Mulhacen Complex (Sierra Alhamilla). Extensin gaye rise to backrotation of 5> in tite Alpujarride Coniplex (iasert b), during subsequent inversion of tite extensiosal structure was located1~ folds. ja the compressionat sector of the flow ficid (shaded arcas, insert c) producing north vergent D,

oceured, in addition, at different pressures. In Ihe Almanzora Unu rcitealing

produced only biotile, witereas in tite Oria and Partaloa unils (Sierra de las Estancias, Sierra de los Filabres) slaurolite-andalusite growth occurred (Akkerman e aL, 1981; De Jong, 1991a). Ihe association staurolite-sillimanite in lite Adra nappe (soutit of Ihe Sierra Nevada, e.g. Cuevas and Tuba, 1990) implies itigiter
pressures at similar temperatures. The Almijara group of mus experienced high

grade metamorpitism and ocal analexis in assoeiaton wilit emplacement of ultramafie rocks in tite western Belic Zone at itigit pressures (Westeritof, 1977; Tuba and Ibarguciti, 1991). Different P-T conditions during extension are tite resul of a southward dip oftite main extensional fault,cutting southwards down mio lite mantle (fig. 8). Tite less dramatie P-T evolution of tite otiter Alpujarride lectonic unlis is due t titeir location aboye less litinned and Ihus less reiteated crus, witicit include tite veleta aud Mulitacen complexes (fig. 8).

94

Koen de Jong
7

1
MC

MAL KAN

Sotana Fn,

At~tJ

..

apAn Ronda ment~. k4**tt

;AFRICA

25Mo

Figure 8.Cartoon of the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene extensional structurc. Tite Muihacen and Veleta complexes are pinched out southwards towards arx extensional mantie uplift, resulting in substantial reheating [insert P-Tpaths; P-Tconditions at Ronda(sqixare), afta Westerhof, 977]. The mala extensional faul dips southwards resulting in rehcating at progressively higiter pressure in the Alpujarride units; schematically from north to south: 5) Almanzora Unit, 4) VariegatoPartaloa Unit, 3) Oria Unit, 2) Adra Unit, 1) Ainiijara group. Tite Malaguide Complex is tite site of coarse clastic sedimentation, tite early deposits of tite Solana Formation occur in an extensional basin between the Internal and External zones.

Tite P-T jump al contaet between lite Alpujarride Complex and tite nonmetamorphic Malaguide Complex is also due t extension, during witicit tite
remainder of tite crystaline basement of tite Malaguide Complex is cut out. Tite extensional basin between tite Internal and External zones (fig. 8) results from tite outcrop of tite basal detaclimen of tite extensional system (De Jong, 1991a; Van Wees ce aL, 1992). Timing of xtension

Titis is based on 4ttAr/>9Ar laser probe dating of a D2mulh pitengile single grain pointing lo argon loss al around 25 Ma (De Jong,age spectrum with indications 404r/39Ar tourmaline 199 la; De Jong aL, ] 992). In addition, modelling of23.5 Ma model age for titis even (De Jong, 1 991a; De a for Ar-loss, resulted in a

Reheating in tite Muihacen Complex is tentativel> dated al around 25 Ma.

4.

A new Geodynamic Model for he Betie Cordilleras...

95

Jong taL, 1991). Titus extension in tite Betic Zone can be considered as a Late Oligocene lo Early Miocene even.

5.5.

Inversion of the extensional structure

Inversion of tite Early Miocene extensional siructure and northward overlitrusling of tite hanging wall of tite extensional system (fig. 9) is manifes by many observations discussed in titis paragrapit.
5

E.0i05

Fm

>CAB

AFRICA

2OMa

IBERIA

Figure 9.Inversion of tite extensional structure around 20 Ma resulting in substantial cooling of the Alpujarride and Mulhaceri complexes (insert P-T paths). Tite regional structure of tite AlpujarrideComplex is citaracterized by superposition of higher metamorphic units on lowergrade units. The Almagride Complez and the Antequera-Osuna nappe (A-o) represent thrust slices of rnetamorphic equivalents of the Subbetic. The extensional flysch basin between tite Internal and External zones is closed; tite Espejos Formation is deposited after northward thrusting.

Kinematics of small-scale sinictures in mylonites in tite top of tite Mulitacen Complex poin loa NNE-lo NNW-ward movemen of lite overlying Alpujarride Complex (Behrmann and Plal, 1982; De Jong, i991a), titus in an opposite direction as during previous extensional tectonies. Tite regional struelure of tite

96

Koen de .Jong

stackofAlpujarride nappes is generally eitaracterizedby higher grade metamorpitic units aboye Iower grade units (Aldaya e aL, 1979), pointing t thrusting of stronger reiteated rocks on top of less reheated unlis due t inversitt of tite extensional structure (fig. 9). Pan of the extensional mantie uplif in the western

Betie Zone was decapitated during inverston as indicated by tite presence of up lo 1.5km titick slices of ultramafie rocks witicit itave been titrus along a mylonite zone over itigit-grade metasediments of the Almijara group (Westerhf, 1977; Tuba and Cuevas, 1986). Seismie refraction data imply titat tite large peridotite massif of Ronda does nol root in tite mantle but also represenis a titrus siteel (Barranco e aL, 1990). Thrust emplacement of ultramafie rocks resulted in an inverted gradient and in formation of anatectie leucogranites due t melting of itigit-grade metamorpitic pelites of tite Almijara group (Westerhof, 1977; Tuba and Cuevas, 1986). Overthrusting of itolter Alpujarride rocks has locally caused
iteating of tite underlying Mulitacen and Veleta complexes in tite soutiternmost

pan of tite overtitrus zone. Titis is inferred from tite data of Van den Eeckitout and Konert (1983), witich sitow an upward mercase in An% ofsyn-overthrusting
plagioclase lowards tite overlyittg Alpujarride Complex. Two dimensional titermal modelling, using a depth dependant rheology, sitowed tital inversion and eoncentratiott ofdeformation in tite former extensional siructure is tite resul of a pronounced drop in strength of tite lower pan of tite upper crus and tite lower crust as a result of extension-related reiteating (Van Wess e aL, 1992). Deformation structures sitow titat during inversion tite Mulitacen Complex in tite footwall and tite stronger reiteated Alpujarride Complex in tite itanging walI reacted differently. Roeks of the Alpujarride Complex were strongly folded by norittvergent D,aInU structures, indicating titat 5. was located in tite compressional sector of tite flow ficid (fig. 7). In contras, tite Mulitacen Complex was Iess severely affected during inversion; deformation related t overlhrustingwas mainly concentrated into a D5mUh mylonite zone below tite Alpujarride Complex. Open D$uIb folds, forming antiforms with italf wavelengths of a italf t several kms, are tite early expression of inversion.
Daeing of inversion Cconics

D>apufolding aud D5n~llh mylonitization occurred during falling temperatures

indicated by widespread retrograde mineral reactions associaled witit it. Radiometnie dating of cling associated with titis event titus4<>Ar/39Ar cooling ages of constrains tite timing in inversion of tite extensional sructure. Rb-Sr, Zone cLister around 19 Ma (Priem K-Ar and tite Alpujarride Complex of tite entire Betie e aL, 1979; Zeck e aL, 1989; Andriessen e aL, 1991; Monit aL, 1991).

4.

A new Geodynamic Model br (he Betic Cordilleras...

97

Deposilion of undisturbed sediments witit biozone N6-N7 ages afier tite main
titrnsling (fig. 9) poins lo a completion of inversion of tite extensional sructure before 17-18 Ma, using tite Haq taL (1989) lime seale. Titis is shown by Espejos Formation in tite easlern Helies (Geel, 1973), witich conlains pebbles witit D3~1~ folds (DeJong, 1991a) and by tite Viuelas Formalion in tite western Betic Zone, witich seals thrust planes between itigh-grade metamorpiticAlpujarride uniis and

tite Malaguide Complex (Gonzlez Donoso ce aL, 1983; Torres-Roldn e aL, 1986; Zeck e aL, 1989). Titus, formation of Ihe extensional sruclure and its
inversion were complete within a very short period of about 7-8 Ma. Tite concomitan extremely rapidcooling is explained by titrtsling oftite Alpujarride Complex over Iess extended and litus cooler crus (De Jong, 1991a; De Jong ce aL, 1992; Van Wees ea!., 1992, fig. 9). Extension during advanced D(P furher conributed t cooling.

5.6.

Renewed Middle Miocene extenson

Radiometric dating in tite Mulitacen Complex itas not resulled in a tigit cluster ofcooling ages as is tite case for tite Alpujarride Complex. Integrated 40Ar/ 39Ar ages of pitengile vary between 25.9 and 14.3 Ma (De Jong, 1991a; De Jong ce aL, 1992). Modelling of the age spectra implied tital lhey were lite result of repealed litermal resetting. Resetting has a similar timing fis tite main episode of volcanism in tite basins bordering tite melamorphic ranges. Late Miocene volcanism resulted in epigenetie ore deposils and hydrotitermal alteralion in tite counlry rocks (Oen ce aL, 1975). Hence, isotope reselting in tite Mulitacen Complex migit similarly be tite resul of fluids associaled wiiit volcanism (De Long e aL, 1992). Calc-alkaline dykes occurlocally in Ihe Alpuj arride and Malaguide complexes.

Al leas pan of tite dykes are intruded afler cooling of the Alpujarride Complex was completed (Torres-Roldn e aL, 1986). Tite dykes are nol folded indicaling
thai intrusion look place afler D 1P overtitrusting of the Alpujarride Complex, 3 pointing lo renewal of extension. This is also clearly expressed by concentralion of Miocene volcanism in tite mos litinned cmst in tite weslern Mediterranen area (fig. 10). Interpretation of reflection profiles and boreitole dala from tite Alboran Basin, south of lite Belie ranges, also demonstrated an important Middle lo Late Miocene extension (Comas e al., 1990). A second phase of extension superimposed on the Late Oligocene lo Early Miocene even also emerged from modelling of the gravity field of the Belic Cordilleras (Van der Beek and Cloelingh, 1992).

98

Koen de Jong

5.7.

SIab roII-back, steepenng and detachment

Rapid sitifting of extension [o compression and renewal ofextension occurred during continuing plate convergence, implied by pIale kinematic dala (Srivastava e aL, 1990). Titis poins t slab roll-back as likely mecitanism for Late Oligocene lo Early Miocene extension. Detacitment of a (rolled-back) slab results in subsantial decrease of tite slab-pull force leading t a diminishing of tite flexural bulge of the s]ab, giving risc t a belter coupling of the shallow remainder of tite slab (Spakman, 1990). Sueit a relativel> rapid process migitt be lite reason for lite observed fas and dramatie inversion of tite Early Miocene exensiona] structure Li lite Betic Zone. Reprise of extension during the Middle and Late Middle Miocene is either tite resul ofrenewed roll-back and steepening of a subretion slab or, alternatively, due t sinkittg of a slab (Plat ami Vissers, 1989; De Jong, 1991 a). Recen seismie tomograpitic studies point lo tite exstence of a detacited slab below tite Belic Cordilleras (Wortel and Spakman, ] 992), witich is supported by eartitquakes occurring as deep fis 600 km (Grimison and Citen, 1986). Miocene and younger magmalism itas heen explained by partial melting of subducted lilitospitere (Araa and Vegas, 1974; De Roever, 1975; Torres-Roldn, e aL, 1986). Concenration of magmatism mo a NNE-SSW trending narrow zone (fig. 10), in whicit a clear citronological and chemical zonation is absent (De Larouzire e al., 1988), agrees with melting of a steep, detacited slab. Tite eitemislry of Late Miocene lamproites of tite eastern Betie Cordilleras points lo derivation from tite mantle al a maximum depth of 100km (Venturelli e aL, 1988). Tite isotopie composition of titese rocks indicates mixing of lite mantle wilit a componen witich itas the eharacteristies of continental crus or sediments derived from sucit a crus (Nelson ce al., 1986). litis sitows introduction of sucit crust mio tite manle, witicit, however, cannot be tite result of steady state subduction, as Miocene plate convergence was too slow, titus pointing lo slab delacitment. Focal mechanisms of earthquakes in tite rrxost western Mediteranean area point lo decoupling of tectonies al manile and crustal Jevel (Crimison aud Citen, 1986), consistent witit tite presence of a detached slab. Titis is clearly by E-W compression of earthquakes deeper titat 100 km, whereas intermediate quakes demonstrale NNW-SSE compressive stresses (Grirnison aud Citen, 1986). Tite lalter direction agrees witit tite NW-SE lo NNW-SSE compression in lite Torlonian t Recen stress syslem ir tite eastern Betic Cordilleras (Montenal ce aL, 1987; De Ruig, 1990; Buforn and Udas, 1991), whicb is related lo tite Africa Eurasia collision (Bergeral, 1987). lite approximate N-S directed erustal sitorlening in tite Betie Cordilleras itas resulted in strike-slip deformalion (Montenal

4. A new Geodyna,nic Modelfor he Betie Cordilleras...

99

ea!., 1987; Sanz de Galdeano e aL, 1990), closure of exensional and slrike-slip basius (Bon e aL, 1989; Coppier ee aL, 1989) and overtitrusting in tite External Zone (De Ruig e aL, 1987; De Ruig, 1990).

38

36

Figure 10.Map of Bougeranomalies (in mgal) in the most weslern Mediterranean area (afterVan den Bosch, 1974). The Betic-Rif are is underlain by fin arcuate pattern of negative anomalies; crustal thickness (diamonds, after Banda and Ansorge, 1980 and Barranco et aL, 1990) diminish pregressively towards the Alboran Basin. Miocene and younger strike-slip faults and volcanism (dots) (after: De Laroazire e aL, 1988) are concertrated in the thinnest crust.

Tite eomplex Miocene lo Recent tectonie evolution of lite Betie Cordilleras is litus probably duelo crustal sitortening resulting from Africa-Eurasia collision

interfering wilh extension related t manle lectonies arising from roll-back,

sleepening and detacitment of a subdueted slab below tite collision zone.

loo

Koendelong

CONCLUSIONS
Sludy of lite relationsitip belween polypitase deformation and mineral growtit in tite Alpujanide and Muihacen complexes itasresulted inwell constrained P-T patits, wl-iicit reflect lite essential fealures of tite Alpine tectonic evolution of tite Betic Zone. Early Alpine HP conditions poin lo subduction below tite lower ernst of tite Malaguide Complex: lite Alpujarride Complex was subdueled first, foflowed by he Muibacen Complex, witicit was in turn undertitrus by tite Veleta Complex. Nappe stacking titus occurred by sequential underthrusting attd detacitment of upper cruslal segmens. Subsequen decompression shows

exitumation of tite HP melamorphic rocks, during witich duetile flattening and

extensional lectonies were dominan. Radiometrie dating points lo initiation of cooling after 1-IP metamorpitism in tite Mulitacen Complex at aboul 89 Ma, xmplying an Early Cretaeeous age for subduction. Titrusting of the Betie Zone over tite relatively cool External Zone during tite Eocene resulted in advanced cooling of lite itanging wall. Importan late stage reitealing is tentatively daled at about 25 Ma, showing titat erustal and suberustal extension and tite assoeiated manle upwaring in tite Betic Zone are Late Oligocene lo Early Miocene features. Subsequen rapid cooling is due lo inversion of tite extensional srneture. Tite tectonie evolulion of tite Belie Zone reflects tite dynamics of eompression and extension of lite lhree main stages in lite Africa-Eurasia collision in tite western Mediterranean: 1. ESE-ward movemen of Iberia between 119 and SOMa, due t spreading in tite Atlantic Ocean t the west of Iberia, resulted in westward subduetion of tite Belic Zone below lite leading edge of Iberia, witere the Malaguide Complex was located. 2. Overthrusting of the mos southern part of tite Exernal Zone by lite partially sructured Betie Zone in lite Eocene (around 5<) Ma) caused HP! LTmetamorphism in lite overtitrust part of tite External Zone (Almagride Complex) and flexural bulging of lite pan which was not overthrust and witere sedimentation continued. Titis pitase, witich is coeval witit collsion in lite Pyreness, is caused by an additional NW-SE compressional component into tite Africa-Eurasia collision due t oceanie spreading in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. 3. Late Oligocene to Early Miocene crustal and subcrustal extension and subsequen inversion of tibe extensional structure, wbich was comp!eted at about 18 Ma, ocurred during continuing Africa-Eurasia convergence. Titis points lo roll-back, sleepening and detacitment of tite subduction slab. Detacitment of the deeper part of tite slab caused a belter coupling

4.

A new Ceodynamic Model for the Betic Cordilleras...

101

of Ihe sitallow remainder of lite slab witit lite overlying pIale enabling lransfer of compression due lo pIale convergence. Reselting of isotope systems in tite Mulitacen Complex, imporlan volcanism and dyke intrusion point lo renewed extension afler 18 Ma. A deep source of volcanism agreeswititiitepresenceofadetacitedslab asplaleconvergence during tite Miocene is nol sufficient for sleady subduction to sucit deplits.

REFERENCES Akkerman, J. H., G. Maier, O. J: Simon (1980): On the geology of tite Alpujarride Complex in tite westem Siena de las Estancias (Betic Cordilleras, SE Spain). Ceo)? Mjnb., 59, 363-374. Aldaya, F., V. Garca-Dueas, Navarro-Vil (1979): Los mantos Alpujrrides del tercio central de las Cordilleras Bticas. Ensayo de correlacin tectnica de los Alpujrrides. Acta. geot Hips., 14, 154-166. Andriessen, P. A. M., E. H. Hebeda, O. J. Simon, R. H. Versehure (1991): Tourmaline K-Ar ages compared t olber radiometrie daling systems in Alpine anatectic leucosomes and metamorphic rocks (Cyclades and souther Spain). Chein. Ceo)?, 91, 33-48. Andrieux, J., J. M. Fontbot, M. Mattauer (1971): Sur un modle explicatif de lArc de Gibraltar. Earth Planee. Sci. Leer., 12, 191-198.
Araa, y., R. Vegas (1974): Plate tectonics and volcanism in the Gibraltar Arc. Tectonophysics, 24, 197-212.

Mahn, J. M., B. Goff (1991): New occurrence of carpholite-kyanite-cookeite assemblages in the Alpujarras nappes. Betic Cordilleras, SE Spain. Yerra Abs., 3, 88. Bakker, H. E., K. De Jong, H. Helmers, C. Biermann (1989): The geodynamic evolution of the Internal Zone of the Betic Cordilleras (SE Spain): a model based on structural analysis and geothermo-barometry. J. inetam. Geol., 7, 359-381. Banda, E., J. Ansorge (1980): Crustal structure under tite central and eastern part of the Betie Cordillera. Ceophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 63, 515-532. Barranco, L. M., J. Ansorge, E. Banda (1990): Seismic refraclion conslraints on the geometryontheRondaperidotitemassif(BeticCordillera,Spain). Teconophysics,
184, 379-392.

Behrniann, J. H., J. P. Plalt (1982): Sense of nappe emplacement from quartz c-axis fabrics, an example from the Betic Cordilleras (Spain). Eareh Plandi Sci. Leer., 59, 208-215. Bergerat, F. (1987): Stress fields in ihe Furopean platform atIbe time of Africa-Eurasia collision. Tectonies, 5, 99-132.

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Bou, A., C. Bierrnann, O. 8. Koenen, O. J. Simon (1989): Middle Miocene strike-slip teclonics in the Aguilas-Mazarron region, SESpain. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Weensch., Ser. 8,92,143-157. Buforn, E., A. Udas (1991): Focal mechanisms of earthquakes in tite Gulf of Cadiz, south Spain and the Alboran Sea>< in: Mezcua, J. A. Udas (Ed.): Seismicity, Seisnioeeconics and Seis,nic Risks of he Ibero-Maghrebian Region. Monografa nY 8,
Inst. Geogr. Nac., Madrid, 29-40. Cloetingh, 5. A. P. L., M. J. R. Wortel, N. J. Vlaar (1982): Evolution of passive continental margins and initiation of subduction zones. Nata-e, 297, 139-142. Comas, M. C., y. Garca-Dueas, A. Maldonado, A. O. Megas (1990): ~<TheAlboran Basin: tectonic regime aud evolution of tite northern Alboran Sea IX RCMNS

Congr. Barcelona (abs): 107. Coppier, O. P. Griveaud, F.-D. De Larouzre, C. Montenat, Ot dEstevou (1989): Example of Neogene tectonie indentation in the Eastern Betic Cordilleras: the Aguilas Are (Southeastern Spain). Godyn. Acta (Pars), 3, 37-51. Cruz-Sanjulin, 3. (1976): Dic Antequerea-Osuna-Decke und iitre Beziehungen zum Subbetikum sowie zu den Flysciteinheiten des Campo de Gibraltar (Westliehes Betisehes Gebirge; Siidspanien>. Ceo!. ib., 20, 115-129. Cuevas, J., J. M. Tuba (1990): Quartz fabric evolution within tite Adra Nappe (Betic Cordilleras, Spain). J. Struct. Ceo)?, 12, 823-833.
Davy, Ph., Ph. Gille! (1986): The stacking of thrust slices in collision zones and its thermal consequences. Tectonics, 5,913-929.

DeJong, K. (1990): Alpine tectonics and rotation pole evolution ofIberia. Tectonophysis, 184, 279-296 (1 991a)Tectono-meeamorphic siudies and radiometric dating a he Betic Cordilleras (SE Spain)-wieh implicationsfor he dynamics of extension and conpression in he western Mediterranean area. Pub. PhD. Titesis VU, Amsterdan, 204 Pp.

(1991b): ~<Redefinition f tite deformation seheme of the Mulbacen Complex and o

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