CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1.

Research Design This study which is about the pronunciation of some English consonants

by the 3rd Semester English Department Students of Bengkulu University will be conducted by using the qualitative approach. According to Wiersma (1991 p. 14), qualitative research relies heavily on narrative description. Indeed, this study needs to describe precisely about the kinds of deviations that are produced by the subjects and types of articulatory processes that happened when the subjects pronouncing the seven English consonants. There are several steps used in qualitative approach. First of all, researcher selects a topic for the study and a research site. In this case, a topic about the pronunciation of English consonants by Indonesian learner has been selected and 3rd Semester English Department Students of Bengkulu University as the research site. Secondly, the researcher visits the field. Particularly, the researcher go to the class to see the condition of the field. The researcher try to get along with the students. This step is done in order to have the right instruments to collect the data later on. Up to this point, the researcher also formulate a research problem of the study. The third step is the data collection focusing on the attempt to find the answers to the formulated questions. This study attempt to answer the research questions of the kinds of deviations produced by the subjects and also the frequency. The next step is that data are categorized and analyzed. The data of this

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study will be analyzed based on the theories discussed in chapter II and after the analysis of data, a conclusion would be drawn. Eventually, the last step is writing or typing the research report. Hence, based on the above steps, this study surely uses qualitative approach. Additionally, descriptive method is used in order to explain the deviations produced by the subjects so that this study can answer the research questions. It is also used to explain the linguistic environments where the deviations are likely to happen. Moreover, in this study, the data is in the written form in which the speech recorded are then would be transcribed phonetically. 3.2. Population and Sample 3.2.1. Population The subjects of this study are the 3rd Semester English Department Students of Bengkulu University. The reason of choosing these students was mainly because they have already taken English Phonology class in the previous semester and they are taught how to produce English sounds correctly. The researcher used questionnaires to know the characteristics of the subjects. They are 3rd semester students of English Department of Bengkulu University, batch 2010. They have passed the class of English Phonology or pronunciation. They are Indonesian people and able to speak Bahasa Indonesia. They have never been to an English Speaking country.

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4.2.1. Sample The sample of this study is selected by total sampling. The sample has been selected based on Arikuntos opinion (1998). She states that if the population fewer than 100, it is better to take all of them as the sample. That is the reason why researcher take all the 3rd semester students of English Department, which fewer than 100 as the sample.
3.3.

Data Collection The source of data in this study is in written from in which the researcher

recorded the twenty-one English words containing dental fricative, palatal affricate, palatal fricative, and labiodental fricative English consonants in the initial, medial, and final positions that are pronounced one by one by the students of third Semester English Department of Bengkulu University. The twenty one words chosen are familiar words. 3.4. Instrument The instrument used in this study is list of words. The researcher acted as the key instrument in the process of data collection. He relied on himself in collecting the data for this study. Moreover, the researcher also needed a recorder for the recording process.

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3.5.

Research procedures The procedure of data collection can be seen from the following steps:
1. 2. 3.

Preparing list of words (written) Going to the location (Bengkulu University) Subjects (the 3rd Semester English Department Students)

4. Giving list of words to the subjects

5.

Preliminary reading by the subjects (to avoid subjects timidity in recording process)

6. Recording the pronunciation 7. Transcribing In the process of data collection, the researcher followed several steps. Firstly, the researcher prepared the instruments used for data collection such as list of words and recorder. After the preparation, the researcher went to the location of English Department Bengkulu University to meet the subjects and take the data. In the preliminary reading, the subjects only did fast reading of the twenty one English words without pronouncing them precisely. Next, the researcher recorded the students pronunciation of the words one by one. After having twenty one speech recorded, the researcher transcribed the students speech. In the process of transcribing the actual pronunciation, the researcher used a table with the list of words, the standard phonetic transcription, and the students actual pronunciation. Later, the researcher listened to the recording for 3 times for each student in order to achieve a higher accuracy result.

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3.5.

Data Anlysis In the process of data analysis, the researcher uses several steps that can be

seen from the following figure. Listening & identifying deviations based on place & manner of articulation

Classifying deviations

Voiceless Dental Fricative []

Voiced Dental Fricative []

Voiceless Palatal Affricate []

Voiced Palatal Affricate[]

Voiceless Palatal Fricative []

Voiced Palatal Fricative []

Voiced L.dental Fricative [V]

Listening & analyzing data based on types of Articulatory Processes

Table 1. Deviations in the Pronunciation of Dental Fricatives

N o. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Consonants & Positions Voiceless Dental Fricative [] Voiced Dental Fricative [] initial medial final initial medial final Words thanks birthday earth that mother smooth American Phonetic Transcription [ks] [b:de] [:] [t] [mr] [smu:] Actual Pronunciation Deviations Pronunciation Types of Change Change

Table 2. Deviations in the Pronunciation of Palatal Affricates

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N o. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Consonants & Positions Voiceless Palatal Affricate [] Voiced Palatal Affricate [] initial medial final initial medial final

Words cheap teacher rich giraffe magic large

American Phonetic Transcription [p] [tr] [r] [rf] [mk] [l]

Actual Pronunciation

Deviations Pronunciation Types of Change Change

Table 3. Deviations in the Pronunciation of Palatal Fricatives

N o. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Consonants & Positions Voiceless Palatal Fricative [] Voiced Palatal Fricative [] initial medial final initial medial final Words show usher fish genre measure garage American Phonetic Transcription [] [r] [f] [nr] [mer] [gr] Actual Pronunciation Deviations Pronunciation Types of Change Change

Table 4 . Deviations in the Pronunciation of Labio-dental Fricative

N o. 1. 2. 3. Consonants & Positions Voiced Labiodental [v] initial medial final Words value event serve American Phonetic Transcription [vlju] [vent] [sv] Actual Pronunciation Deviations Pronunciation Types of Change Change

Table 5. The Number of Correct Pronunciation and Deviations

No. English Positions Words Number of Number of

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Consonants 1. Voiceless Dental Fricative [] Voiced Dental Fricative [] Voicelaess Palatal Affricate [] Voiced Palatal Affricate [] Voiceless Palatal Fricative [] Voiced Palatal Fricative [] Voiced Labiodental [v] Initial Medial Final Initial Medial Final Initial Medial Final Initial Medial Final Initial Medial Final Initial Medial Final Initial Medial Final thanks birthday earth that mother smooth cheap teacher rich giraffe magic large show usher fish genre measure garage value event serve

Correct Pronunciation

Deviations

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

3.5.1.

Data validation The data validation of Pronunciation of some English consonants

by the 3rd semester English Department Students of Bengkulu University 2010/2011 academic year was anlyzed by using reliability technique. Coresearcher ... has been chosen to help anlyzing the data.

KK =

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