Computer Software

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND PROGRAMMING
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Objectives:
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
To distinguish the different types of software To explain the flow of computer system To identify the different number system used in a computer To explain the importance of an operating system To determine the different types of programming language
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SOFTWARE
Objectives: To distinguish the different types of software To explain the flow of computer system To identify the different number system used in a computer To explain the importance of an operating system To determine the different types of programming language
- the computer programs installed in the computer - performs a variety of functions like file maintenance, word processing, entertainment, etc. - refers to the set of computer programs, procedures that describe the programs, and how they are to be used - the collection of programs, which increase the capabilities of the hardware - the process of software development is called programming
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(1) (2)
TYPES OF SOFTWARE:
SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE
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SYSTEM SOFTWARE - a set of one or more programs designed to control the operation of computer system. - the program that runs and manages the computer, also known as Operating System (OS). - It communicates with printers, card reader, disk, tapes etc. monitor the use of various hardware like memory, CPU etc. - Remember that it is not possible to run application software without system software. - e.g. DOS, WINDOWS, UNIX
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE - a set of programs to carry out operations for a specific application. - composed of different computer programs that allow users to perform different tasks. - is useful for word processing, billing system, accounting, producing statistical report, analysis of numerous data in research, weather forecasting, etc.
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Application Software can perform tasks like the following: A. For single user purposes: 1. Word Processors - mainly used for typing documents - documents can be edited, printed and formatted depending on the users specifications - formal papers, letters and newsletters can be done using this software
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2. Spreadsheets - used primarily in creating financial reports and other accounting functions - can also be used in analyzing data through the use of graphs
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3. Presentations - can create colorful slides to be used in delivering a message in front of an audience
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4. Photo Editors and Movie Makers - photographs can be edited before printing and it is sometimes used to create a movie presentation - different videos can be connected and converted to create a movie
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5. Web Browsers - used to access the web or internet - access to websites can be done either one at a time or simultaneous - information, programs and files can be downloaded or uploaded to the internet - different web browsers include: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera
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6. Database - database programs are software that can be used to store, retrieve and update different types of data
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B. For network purposes: 1. Database - database files in organizations are often confidential. To maintain confidentiality of the data, limited access can be granted to a user. These are usually data that will be needed to perform a job.
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2. Printing Services - in organizations, printers are usually shared by users. The users must be given access to the computer holding the printer to be able to avail of the printing services.
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3. E-mail Services - the primary purpose of email is for communication - in large organization usually have their trade names attached to the email address and some organizations have internal and external emails - for organization having internal and external emails most users if not all are given internal emails - for users with contacts outside of the organization they are given an additional external email
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Computer software and hardware should coincide with each other. - the specification of the hardware should meet the requirements of the software - if this does not happen the computer will not function correctly - when purchasing computer software, look at the minimum requirements as this would indicate the specification of the hardware
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HOW DOES COMPUTER WORKS?
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1.
2.
Turning on the computer activates the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). The BIOS is where the date and time is set, where to get the OS and users can configure other hardware settings. Almost always the OS can be found in the hard disk drive, once the OS has been found, the OS will be transferred to a much smaller memory called RAM.
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3.
Once the OS has been transferred to the RAM other programs the user want to gain access to are also copied to the RAM. This isolates the computer program needed by the user from other computer programs that are not needed at the moment. This makes the response time of the computer faster.
be searched by the computer on the hard disk until the command is satisfied. Due to the size of the hard disk drive and the fragmented location of the files can prolong the search.
* Without the RAM, the command issued by the user will have to
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4. 5.
6.
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The user employs an input device in entering instructions of data. From the input device the instructions and data will be translated from human to machine language (to the binary number system composed of 0s and 1s) by the OS located at the RAM. Then the CPU or microprocessor will now process the instructions. Once the instructions have been processed it will then go back to the OS to be translated back to human language and sent to output device/s.
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Instructions and data in human language
Processed data translated to human language
Instructions and data translated to machine language
Processed data in machine language
Once the computer is instructed to saved data, the data is stored in the permanent memory from the RAM
The computer is instructed to open or retrieve data, the data is retrieved from the permanent memory and is sent to the RAM
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TWO PARTS IN THE EXECUTION OF INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Instruction cycle - the first part involves the transfer of instructions from the RAM to the CPU - the OS will translate the instruction to language understandable to the CPU up until the start of the next instruction - instruction time is the term used for the time it takes the instruction cycle to be completed
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2.
Execution cycle - the second part in the execution of instructions - it is the carrying out of the instruction - the result is then stored in the RAM - execution time is the time it takes for the cycle to be completed
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The machine cycle is the completion of the instruction cycle and the execution cycle.
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The CPU is divided into two parts: 1. Control Unit - manages the computer system by executing the sequence of instructions of the program - it instructs the input and output devices what to do and when to do the instructions - it obtains instructions from the computer program then executes the instructions - if the instructions involve calculations or logical operations it will be transferred to the ALU - the four major types of instructions are: (a) transfer, (2) arithmetic, (3) logic, and (4) control
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(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
Transfer those whose basic function is to transfer (move) data from one location to another Arithmetic those that combine two pieces of data to form a single piece of data using one of the arithmetic operations Logic transform the digital computer into a system that is more than a high-speed adding machine (provide with the ability to make decision) Control used to send commands to devices (input or output devices)
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2.
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) - it performs the logic and arithmetic operations of the computer - the logic operations include equal (=), not equal (), greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or equal to (), less than or equal to (), addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*) and division (/) comprises the basic arithmetic operation of the CPU
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QUESTIONS
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NUMBER SYSTEM - a notational way of representing numbers - it uses a base to tell the number of symbols that can be used and the number of places in the numbering system - the decimal numbering system is what we are familiar with and it uses the base 10 - Each of the number systems is built around the following components: the UNIT, NUMBER, and BASE (RADIX).
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The UNIT represents a single object. (i.e. an apple, a dollar, a day) A NUMBER is a symbol used to represent one or more units. (i.e. the figure 0, 1, 2, and 3 through 9 are the symbols used in decimal system) The RADIX is the base of a positional number system. It is equal to the number of symbols used in that number system. (i.e. the base or radix of the decimal number is 10)
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I. Decimal Numbering System - a numbering system that uses the base 10 and uses the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
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A POSITIONAL NOTATION is a system in which the value or magnitude of a number is defined not only by its digits or symbol value, but also by its position. Each position represents a power of the radix, or base, and is ranked in ascending or descending order.
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Each position in the positional notation system represents a power of the base, or radix. A POWER is the number of times a base is multiplied by itself. The power is written above and to the right of the base and is called an EXPONENT. Examine the following base 10 line graph: Now lets look at the value of the base 10 number 427.5 with the positional notation line graph:
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MSD AND LSD The MOST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT (MSD) is a digit within a number (whole or fractional) that has the largest effect (weighing power) on that number. The LEAST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT (LSD) is a digit within a number (whole or fractional) that has the least effect (weighting power) on that number.
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ADDITION. Addition is a form of counting in which one quantity is added to another. The following definitions identify the basic terms of addition:
AUGEND. The quantity to which an addend is added ADDEND. A number to be added to a preceding number SUM. The result of an addition (the sum of 5 and 7 is 12) CARRY. A carry is produced when the sum of two or more digits in a vertical column equals or exceeds the base of the number system in use
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SUBTRACTION. The following definitions identify the basic terms you will need to know to understand subtraction operations:
SUBTRACT. To take away, as a part from the whole or one number from another MINUEND. The number from which another number is to be subtracted SUBTRAHEND. The quantity to be subtracted REMAINDER, or DIFFERENCE. That which is left after subtraction BORROW. To transfer a digit (equal to the base number) from the next higher order column for the purpose of subtraction.
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II. Binary Number System - is a base 2 system. The symbols 1 and 0 can be used to represent the state of electrical/electronic devices. A binary 1 may indicate the device is active; a 0 may indicate the device is inactive.
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When working with the decimal system, normally we don't use the subscript. Now that you will be working with number systems other than the decimal system, it is important that you use the subscript so that you are sure of the system being referred to. Consider the following two numbers: With no subscript you would assume both values were the same. If you add subscripts to indicate their base system, as shown below, then their values are quite different:
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Positional Notation
All numbers or values to the left of the radix point are whole numbers, and all numbers to the right of the radix point are fractional numbers. For binary number 101.1:
-1
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MSD and LSD
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Addition of Binary Numbers - basically the same as addition of decimal numbers
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Add 12 and 12.
Add 1012 and 0102.
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Add 1012 and 1012.
Add 10112 and 11012.
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Add 12, 12, 12, and 12.
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Add 1002, 1012, 1112.
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Subtraction of Binary Numbers
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Subtract: 101102 - 11002.
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Subtract: 10002 - 12.
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III. Octal Number System - is a base 8 system and is quite useful as a tool in the conversion of binary numbers. This system works because 8 is an integral power of 2; that is, 23 = 8. The use of octal numbers reduces the number of digits required to represent the binary equivalent of a decimal number.
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Base (Radix) - As with the other systems, the radix, or base, is the number of symbols used in the system. The octal system uses eight symbols - 0 through 7. The base, or radix, is indicated by the subscript 8. Positional Notation - Just as the decimal system uses powers of 10 and the binary system uses powers of 2, the octal system uses power of 8 to determine the value of a numbers position.
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Remember, that the power, or exponent, indicates the number of times the base is multiplied by itself.
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MSD and LSD When determining the most and least significant digits in an octal number, use the same rules that you used with the other number systems. The digit farthest to the left of the radix point is the MSD, and the one farthest right of the radix point is the LSD.
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Addition of Octal Numbers The addition of octal numbers is not difficult provided you remember that anytime the sum of two digits exceeds 7, a carry is produced. Compare the two examples shown below:
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Octal Addition Table
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Add: 68 and 58.
Add: 4568 and 1238.
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Add: 777148 and 768.
Add: 78, 78, and 78.
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or
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Subtraction of Octal Numbers The subtraction of octal numbers follows the same rules as the subtraction of numbers in any other number system. The only variation is in the quantity of the borrow. In the decimal system, you had to borrow a group of 1010. In the binary system, you borrowed a group of 210. In the octal system you will borrow a group of 810.
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Subtract: 468 78.
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IV. Hexadecimal Number System The hex number system is a more complex system in use with computers. The name is derived from the fact the system uses 16 symbols. It is beneficial in computer programming because of its relationship to the binary system. Since 16 in the decimal system is the fourth power of 2 (or 24); one hex digit has a value equal to four binary digits.
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Unit and Number As in each of the previous number systems, a unit stands for a single object. A number in the hex system is the symbol used to represent a unit or quantity. The Arabic numerals 0 through 9 are used along with the first six letters of the alphabet. You have probably used letters in math problems to represent unknown quantities, but in the hex system A, B, C, D, E, and F, each have a definite value.
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Base (Radix) The base, or radix, of this system is 16, which represents the number of symbols used in the system. A quantity expressed in hex will be annotated by the subscript 16
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Positional Notation Like the binary, octal, and decimal systems, the hex system is a positional notation system. Powers of 16 are used for the positional values of a number.
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MSD and LSD
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Addition of Hex Numbers The addition of hex numbers may seem intimidating at first glance, but it is no different than addition in any other number system. The same rules apply. Certain combinations of symbols produce a carry while others do not. Some numerals combine to produce a sum represented by a letter. After a little practice you will be as confident adding hex numbers as you are adding decimal numbers.
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Add: 45616 and 78416.
Add: 78416 and BDA16.
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Add: C1416, 19E16, 57116, and BB316.
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Subtraction of Hex Numbers Subtract: ABC16 64216.
Subtract: 7E5E16 47116.
79ED16
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QUESTIONS
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1.
HOMEWORK #2: (Show all solutions)

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CONVERSION OF BASES If you are going to work with computers, there will be many times when it will be necessary to convert decimal numbers to binary, octal, and hex numbers. You will also have to be able to convert binary, octal, and hex numbers to decimal numbers. Converting each number system to each of the others will be explained. This will prepare you for converting from any base to any other base when needed.
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I. Decimal Conversion A. Decimal to Binary Conversion of a decimal number to any other base is accomplished by dividing the decimal number by the radix of the system you are converting to.
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DIVIDEND. The number to be divided DIVISOR. The number by which a dividend is divided QUOTIENT. The number resulting from the division of one number by another REMAINDER. The final undivided part after division that is less or of a lower degree than the divisor
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Convert 510 to its binary equivalent.
Step 1Divide the base 10 number by the radix (2) of the binary system and extract the remainder (this becomes the binary number's LSD).
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Step 2Continue the division by dividing the quotient of step 1 by the radix
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Step 3Continue dividing quotients by the radix until the quotient becomes smaller that the divisor; then do one more division. The remainder is our MSD.
Therefore, 510 = 1012.
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Convert 2310 to its binary equivalent. Step 1Set up the problem for division:
Step 2Divide the number and extract the remainder:
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Step 3Rewrite the solution from MSD to LSD:
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Convert 10510 to its binary equivalent.
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Convert 0.2510 to its binary equivalent.
The first figure to the left of the radix point is the MSD, and the last figure of the computation is the LSD. Rewrite the solution from MSD to LSD preceded by the radix point as shown:
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Convert 0.42510 to five places in the binary system.
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B.
Decimal to Octal - The conversion of a decimal number to its base 8 equivalent is done by the repeated division method. You simply divide the base 10 number by 8 and extract the remainders. The first remainder will be the LSD, and the last remainder will be the MSD.
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Convert 1510 to octal.
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Therefore, 1510 = 178.
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Therefore, 26410 = 4108.
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Convert 0.0510 to five places in octal.
Therefore, 0.0510 = 0.031468.
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Convert 105.58910 to four places in octal.
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Therefore, 105.58910 = 151.45548.
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QUESTIONS
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II. A.
Binary Conversion Binary to Octal - Since 8 is equal to 23, then one octal digit can represent three binary digits, as shown below:
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Therefore, 0101110010011012 = 271158.
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Convert 0.1000011100112 to octal.
Therefore, 0.1000011100112 = 0.41638.
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Convert 101101100.0011102 to octal.
4.
Therefore, 101101100.0011102 = 554.168.
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B.
Binary to Hex
Using this relationship, you can easily convert binary numbers to hex. Starting at the radix point and moving either right or left, break the number into groups of four. The grouping of binary into four bit groups is called binary-coded hexadecimal (BCH).
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Convert 1110100112 to hex.
Therefore, 1110100112 = 1D316.
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Convert .1112 to hex.
Therefore, .1112 = .E16.
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QUESTIONS
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III. A.
Octal Conversion Octal to Binary - For some computers to accept octal data, the octal digits must be converted to binary. This process is the reverse of binary to octal conversion. - To convert a given octal number to binary, write out the octal number in the following format. We will convert octal 5678:
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Therefore, 5678 = 1011101112.
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Convert .1238 to binary.
Therefore, .1238 = .0010100112.
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Convert 32.258 to binary.
Therefore, 32.258 = 011010.0101012
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B.
Octal to Hex Convert the octal number to binary; then convert the binary number to hex. Convert 53.78 to hex.
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Therefore, 53.78 = 2B.E16
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IV.
A.
Hex Conversion The procedures for converting hex numbers to binary and octal are the reverse of the binary and octal conversions to hex. Hex to Binary To convert a hex number to binary, set up the number in the block format you used in earlier conversions. Below each hex digit, write the fourdigit binary equivalent.
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Convert ABC16 to binary:
Therefore, ABC16 = 1010101111002
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QUESTIONS
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B.
Hex to Octal Just like the conversion of octal to hex, conversion of hex to octal is a two-step procedure. First, convert the hex number to binary; and second, convert the binary number to octal. Convert ABC16 to octal.
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Therefore, ABC16 = 52748
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V. A.
Conversion to Decimal Binary to Decimal To convert a base 2 number to base 10, you must know the decimal equivalent of each power of 2. The decimal value of a power of 2 is obtained by multiplying 2 by itself the number of times indicated by the exponent for whole numbers; for example, 24 = 2 2 2 2 or 1610.
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For fractional numbers, the decimal value is equal to 1 divided by 2 multiplied by itself the number of times indicated by the exponent. Look at this example:
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Convert 1010012 to decimal.
Therefore, 1010012 = 4110
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Convert 10110.012 to decimal.
Therefore, 10110.012 = 22.2510
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QUESTIONS
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B.
Octal to Decimal Conversion of octal numbers to decimal is best done by the positional notation method. This process is the one we used to convert binary numbers to decimal. First, determine the decimal equivalent for each position by multiplying 8 by itself the number of times indicated by the exponent. Set up a bar graph of the positions and values as shown below:
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Therefore, 7438 = 48310
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Therefore 265258 = 1160510
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Convert .58 to decimal.
Therefore .58 = .62510
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Convert 24.368 to decimal.
Therefore, 24.368 = 20.4687510
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QUESTIONS
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C.
Hex to Decimal When you convert from base 16 to decimal, you may use the positional notation system for the powers of 16 (a bar graph). You can also convert the base 16 number to binary and then convert to base 10.
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Convert 2C16 to decimal.
Therefore, 2C16 = 4410
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QUESTIONS
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VI.
BINARY-CODED DECIMAL In todays technology, you hear a great deal about microprocessors. A microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed for two purposes: data processing and control. Computers and microprocessors both operate on a series of electrical pulses called words. A word can be represented by a binary number such as 101100112. The word length is described by the number of digits or BITS in the series. A series of four digits would be called a 4-bit word and so forth. The most common are 4-, 8-, and 16-bit words. Quite often, these words must use binary-coded decimal inputs.
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Binary-coded decimal, or BCD, is a method of using binary digits to represent the decimal digits 0 through 9. A decimal digit is represented by four binary digits, as shown below:
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A.
BCD Conversion Conversion of decimal to BCD or BCD to decimal is similar to the conversion of hexadecimal to binary and vice versa. Convert 26410 to BCD.
Therefore, 26410 = 001001100100BCD
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Convert 100110000011BCD to decimal.
Therefore, 100110000011BCD = 98310
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B.
BCD Addition The procedures followed in adding BCD are the same as those used in binary. There is, however, the possibility that addition of BCD values will result in invalid totals. The following example shows this:
Add 9 and 6 in BCD.
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The sum 11112 is the binary equivalent of 1510; however, 1111 is not a valid BCD number. You cannot exceed 1001 in BCD, so a correction factor must be made. To do this, you add 610 (0110BCD) to the sum of the two numbers. The "add 6" correction factor is added to any BCD group larger than 10012. Remember, there is no 10102, 10112, 11002, 11012, 11102, or 11112 in BCD:
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The sum plus the add 6 correction factor can then be converted back to decimal to check the answer. Put any carries that were developed in the add 6 process into a new 4-bit word:
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Add 66 and 55 in BCD.
In this case, the higher order group is invalid, but the lower order group is valid. Therefore, the correction factor is added only to the higher order group as shown:
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Convert this total to decimal to check your answer:
Remember that the correction factor is added only to groups that exceed 910 (1001BCD).
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QUESTIONS
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HOMEWORK #3 (Show all solutions) Convert the following decimal number to binary: 1. 2. 3.
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Convert the following decimal numbers to octal: 4. 5. 6.
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Convert the following decimal numbers to hex: 7. 8. 9.
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Convert the following binary numbers to octal: 10. 11. 12.
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Convert the following binary numbers to hex: 13. 14. 15.
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Convert the following octal numbers to binary: 16. 17. 18.
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Convert the following octal number to hex: 19. 20.
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Convert the following hex numbers to binary: 21. 22.
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Convert the following hex numbers to octal: 23. 24.
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Convert the following binary numbers to decimal: 25. 26. 27.
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Convert the following octal numbers to decimal: 28. 29. 30.
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Convert the following hex numbers to decimal: 31. 32.
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Add the following numbers in BCD: 33. 34.
35. Give an example of a high-level programming language and discuss its function.
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OPERATING SYSTEM - defined as a program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the computer hardware
- manages and controls the hardware devices such as memory, CPU and other devices - there are numerous operating systems available for different types of computer environment
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Some of the popular OS: 1. IBM System i - formerly AS/400 - an OS from International Business Machines designed to manage servers 2. Linux - an open source OS designed for PCs 3. Mac OS 9 - from Apple Computer, Inc. primarily designed for PCs
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Mac OS X Server - developed by Apple Computer, Inc. - an OS for servers - the latest release of this OS is the Mac OS X Server 10.5 Leopard Solaris - a Unix based OS from Sun Microsystems and have released OS for servers and PCs
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Windows Server 2008 - the latest version of server OS line of Microsoft - last server OS version of Microsoft was released last 2003 Windows Vista - the latest OS from Microsoft replacing Windows XP
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From the Operating Systems Concepts, the OS performs the following functions: Process Scheduling - this prioritizes which process will be executed next or given priority
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CPU Scheduling - selects from among the processes in the memory and assigns the CPU to the process selected - the OS has different ways of determining which of the process will be given priority - one is the OS is assigned to the process with the highest priority - another is each process is given a minimal amount of time. After each process have been given processing time the CPU will go back to the first process until all processes have been given processing time.
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Process Synchronization - ensure data integrity by removing interruptions especially on critical processes Deadlock Handling - OS tries to minimize or prevent the failure in execution of the processes - when deadlock occurs, the execution of the processes is halted
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Main Memory Management - manages swapping of processes from the main memory to a storage unit by order of priority and load into the main memory for execution Virtual Memory - an extension of the main memory that uses part of the hard disk drive - the main memory is limited in size and sometimes need an additional memory to house the other parts of the computer programs
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File System Interface - the OS is used for managing the files in the computer - searching, creating, deleting and renaming are some of the functions performed by the OS File System Implementation - the number of blocks assigned to a file - this is to reduce the waste of disk space in the secondary memory
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Management of the Mass Storage Structure - the hard disk is managed by the OS to reduce waiting time to access files programs Input/Output Device Management - provides the link between input devices to the programs and to the output devices
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Protection - it is in the OS that the administrator (also a user and in-charge of the computer system) sets or configures the settings as what other users can perform on the computer - the administrator can limit the access to certain files, programs and hardware
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Security - user authentication can be set in the OS as well as passwords to prevent attacks on the computer system or access to confidential files accidental or with malicious intent - setting up of firewall to prevent attacks coming from the Internet or from within the LAN Managing the Network Connection - managing the LAN for file access, remote access, etc.
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Programming Language A program is a coded sequence of instructions to be carried out by the computer. The programming language however is the software used in developing computer programs. There are two types of programming languages: 1. Low-Level Language 2. High-Level Language
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1.
Low-Level Language - Programs are written in a language easy for the machine to understand - are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and its configuration
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Two types of Low-level language: a. Machine Language - Programs are coded in binary (0s and 1s) - Advantage: it can run very fast because no translation program is required for the CPU - Disadvantages: It is very difficult to program in machine language. The programmer has to know details of hardware to write program, the programmer has to remember a lot of codes to write a program which results in program errors, and it is difficult to debug the program.
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b.
Assembly Language - It is a symbolic coded sequence of instructions - since the computer can handle numbers and letter, then some combination of letters can be used to substitute for number of machine codes - The set of symbols and letters forms the Assembly Language and a translator program is required to translate the Assembly Language to machine language. This translator program is called `Assembler'. It is considered to be a secondgeneration language.
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- Advantages: The symbolic programming of Assembly Language is easier to understand and saves a lot of time and effort of the programmer, it is easier to correct errors and modify program instructions, and Assembly Language has the same efficiency of execution as the machine level language. - Disadvantages: It is machine dependent. A program written for one computer might not run in other computers with different hardware configuration.
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2.
High-Level Language - These are programming languages that are easy to understand and to write since they use word from the English language. Examples of high-level programming languages: a. Adobe ColdFusion - to create an information system for websites, online ordering and database programming - also compatible with other programming languages such as Java and .NET
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b.
c.
Adobe Dreamweaver - originally created by Macromedia and acquired by Adobe Systems (developers of Acrobat Reader) - using Dreamweaver, programmers and web developers can easily create web pages Adobe Fireworks - used for creating and manipulating pictures - can also be integrated with other Adobe web development programs
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d.
e.
Adobe Flash - Flash MX is used to create animation and integrate video into the web design ASP.NET - a programming language developed by Microsoft used for creating web page applications online ordering, database creation and database security - can be linked to other database programs like SQL (Structured Query Language)
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f.
g.
C and C++ - developed by Bell Laboratories - a good programming languages to start from as it strengthens the programming logic of a budding programmer C# (C Sharp) - a programming language designed by Microsoft - similar to Java but different from C and C++
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h.
i.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - created by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - one of the first programming languages designed for web page development Java - produced by Sun Microsystems, Inc. - can run on any computer (PC or mainframe) - programs developed under Java can be used for web development, games, etc.
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j.
k.
MySQL - developed by the Swedish company MySQL AB a subsidiary of Sun Microsystems - a database program that is designed to run on servers and there are a lot of programming languages uses MySQL as the database application Oracle - developed by Oracle Corporation - application software for finance, manufacturing and human resources - a software for programmers to be able to create database programs
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l.
m.
PHP (Personal Home Page) - developed by PHP Group - can be used to create dynamic web page designs as well as database programming - can also be embedded to HTML and linked to MySQL for its database Visual Foxpro - developed by Microsoft - designed for database programming
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n.
o.
SQL (Structured Query Language) - created by IBM - a database program used for formulating database programs Visual Basic.NET - developed by Microsoft - can be used to create utilities, database programs and web based programs
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Programming Language Components 1. Lexicon - it is using the correct words for the programming language for coding - programming language have different set of words and commands available for use 2. Syntax - there are grammar rules that we use whenever we speak or write in programming - the grammar that we follow is called syntax 3. Semantics - it means the function of the command
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Two types of Program Translators: 1. Compilers - a program that converts high-level language (source code) to machine language (object code) - this will make the program executable, meaning the computer program will be independent of the programming language that was used in its development - computer programmers initially write programs that is understandable to humans for easier modification and debugging or error correction
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- after the coding of the program, free from error the program can now be compiled - the compiled program will have an executable (.exe) file usually the main program which will be linked to subprograms and databases - in the compiled state there is no need to run the programming language in which the computer program was developed - it scans the entire program first and then translates it into machine code
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2.
Interpreters - translates or converts the source code into machine language and executes one statement at a time - it takes one statement of higher level languages, translate it into machine language and immediately execute it. - advantage: its fast response to changes in source program. Interpreters are easy to write and do not require large memory in computer. - disadvantage: it is time consuming method because each time a statement in a program is executed then it is first translated.
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QUESTIONS
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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND PROGRAMMING

HOW DOES COMPUTER WORKS?

Processed data translated to human language

Instructions and data translated to machine language

Processed data in machine language

Addition of Binary Numbers - basically the same as addition of decimal numbers

Add 1012 and 0102.

Add 10112 and 11012.

Subtraction of Binary Numbers

Subtract: 10002 - 12.

Octal Addition Table

Add: 4568 and 1238.

Add: 78, 78, and 78.

Add: 78416 and BDA16.

Add: C1416, 19E16, 57116, and BB316.

Subtraction of Hex Numbers Subtract: ABC16 64216.

Subtract: 7E5E16 47116.

HOMEWORK #2: (Show all solutions)

Convert 510 to its binary equivalent.

Therefore, 510 = 1012.

Step 2Divide the number and extract the remainder:

Step 3Rewrite the solution from MSD to LSD:

Convert 10510 to its binary equivalent.

Convert 0.2510 to its binary equivalent.

Convert 0.62510 to its binary equivalent.

Convert 0.42510 to five places in the binary system.

Convert 37.62510 to its binary equivalent.

Therefore, 1510 = 178.

Therefore, 26410 = 4108.

Convert 0.0510 to five places in octal.

Therefore, 0.0510 = 0.031468.

Convert 105.58910 to four places in octal.

Therefore, 105.58910 = 151.45548.

Convert 0101110010011012 to octal.

Therefore, 0101110010011012 = 271158.

Convert 0.1000011100112 to octal.

Therefore, 0.1000011100112 = 0.41638.

Convert 101101100.0011102 to octal.

Therefore, 101101100.0011102 = 554.168.

Convert 1110100112 to hex.

Therefore, 1110100112 = 1D316.

Therefore, .1112 = .E16.

Therefore, 5678 = 1011101112.

Therefore, .1238 = .0010100112.

Therefore, 32.258 = 011010.0101012

Therefore, 53.78 = 2B.E16

Therefore, ABC16 = 1010101111002

Therefore, ABC16 = 52748

Convert 1010012 to decimal.

Therefore, 1010012 = 4110

Convert 10110.012 to decimal.

Therefore, 10110.012 = 22.2510

Therefore, 7438 = 48310

Therefore 265258 = 1160510

Therefore .58 = .62510

Therefore, 24.368 = 20.4687510

Therefore, 2C16 = 4410

Therefore, 26410 = 001001100100BCD

Convert 100110000011BCD to decimal.

Therefore, 100110000011BCD = 98310

Add 9 and 6 in BCD.

Convert this total to decimal to check your answer:

Convert the following decimal numbers to octal: 4. 5. 6.