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P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...
TECHNICAL REPORT SCI PUBLICATION 249
Design Capacity of Kidney Shaped Slotted Connections

Created on 30 March 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Steelbiz Licence Agreement
D G BROWN BEng CEng MICE Dr W TIZANI BSc MSc PhD
Published by: The Steel Construction Institute Silwood Park Ascot Berkshire SL5 7QN Tel: 01344 623345 Fax: 01344 622944
SCI Technical Reports Technical Reports are intended for the rapid dissemination of research results as and when they become available and/or as specialist documents for further discussion. They provide an opportunity for interested members to comment and offer constructive criticisms. Please forward your comments to Mr D G Brown, The Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7QN.
1998 The Steel Construction Institute Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the UK Copyright Licensing Agency, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organisation outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Steel Construction Institute, at the address given on the title page. Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all data and information contained herein are accurate to the extent that they relate to either matters of fact or accepted practice or matters of opinion at the time of publication, The Steel Construction Institute, the authors and the reviewers assume no responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretations of such data and/or information or any loss or damage arising from or related to their use. Publications supplied to the Members of the Institute at a discount are not for resale by them. Publication Number: ISBN 1 85942 076 1 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. P249
P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P249\P249-Final.wpd
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FOREWORD
This Technical Report has been prepared as one of the SCI deliverables for the CIMsteel Eureka 130 project. An earlier phase of the project identified that connections incorporating a single kidney shaped slot were commonly used for relatively lightly loaded bracing members, although no design rules for the capacity of such details existed. This report describes work undertaken in carrying out tests and in developing design rules for such connections. The determination of appropriate design rules for bracing connections incorporating a single kidney shaped slot was considered to be a valuable contribution to the work within the CIMsteel project on economic connection design and detailing. This document was prepared by Mr D G Brown of the SCI.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Steel Construction Institute gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the CIMsteel collaborators involved in this aspect of the project: Dr O S Salawa Mr A F Hughes Mr A J Rathbone Mr P Quantrill Mr W Park Mr R Swift Mr P Purvey Dr G H Couchman Professor D A Nethercot Dr W Tizani Acecad Software Ltd Arup Associates CSC (UK) Ltd Philip Quantrill (Structural Engineers) Ltd QSE Ltd Severfield-Reeve Structures Ltd Taywood Engineering Ltd The Steel Construction Institute University of Nottingham University of Nottingham
Particular thanks are due to the University of Nottingham, who carried out the testing, data gathering and preliminary analysis, and to Mr C King of the SCI for his advice during the interpretation of the results. Glosford Metal Constructions Ltd and Severfield-Reeve Structures Ltd provided the test pieces, and their generosity is much appreciated.
The SCI also acknowledges the valuable input from the members of the SCI/BCSA Connections Group and is grateful for their advice, comment and review during the progress of the project. Additional financial support for this project was provided by the following organisations. The SCI appreciates their contribution to this research. Atlas Ward Structures Ltd Bison Structures Ltd Bourne Steel Ltd Caunton Engineering Ltd Fisher Engineering Ltd Severfield-Reeve Structures Ltd Wescol Structures Ltd Together with the above organisations, the following contributed to the project with advice, comment and review: A C Bacon Engineering Ltd Butler Building Systems Ltd Fairport Steelwork Ltd Glentworth Fabrications Ltd Glosford Metal Constructions Ltd James Bros (Hamworthy) Ltd John Reid & Sons (Strucsteel) Ltd Nusteel Structures Ltd Rowecord Engineering Ltd South Durham Structures Ltd Wig Engineering Ltd
This publication forms one of the deliverables of the CIMsteel project.
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SUMMARY
This report presents details of the testing of various two bolt connections, some with plain holes and some incorporating a single kidney shaped slot. Based on the results of the tests, it is recommended that the connection capacity be taken as the capacity of a single bolt in a plain hole multiplied by a factor of 1.6. It was found that the displacement at working load is not significantly greater than connections with two plain holes, and should not preclude the use of such details in orthodox structures. The recommendations apply to bracing connections in orthodox buildings with two bolts, and where the end and edge distances of the connection detail comply with certain limitations. For strut design, connections incorporating a kidney shaped slot should not be assumed to provide directional restraint.
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P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project background 1.2 Kidney shaped slots 1.3 Design rules TESTING - PHASE 1 2.1 Choice of test pieces 2.2 Test arrangement - Phase 1 2.3 Results - Phase 1 2.4 Conclusions from Phase 1 tests TESTING - PHASE 2 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Test arrangement - Phase 2 3.3 Results - Phase 2 CONNECTION CAPACITY 4.1 Capacity of connections with kidney shaped slots 4.2 Design rules for connections with kidney shaped slots 4.3 Bracing member effective length 4.4 Provision of washers
Page No.
iii iv v 1 1 1 2 4 4 5 7 13 14 14 14 16 19 19 20 21 21 22
REFERENCES
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P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project background
In an earlier phase of the CIMsteel project, a broad study of novel connection types was undertaken. The objective was to assess various connections, considering: C C C C Practicality. Cost. Structural efficiency. Safety.
Any connection types showing potential to benefit the structural steelwork industry were to be investigated in more detail. The initial study was completed in 1996, and an internal report presented to the CIMsteel collaborators and Project Managers(1). The report concluded that the use of kidney shaped slots in bracing connections should be researched in more detail because:
C C C C C
Kidney shaped slots in bracing connections are a practical solution to a common connection problem. Kidney shaped slots are already used by some steelwork contractors. No agreed rules exist for calculating the strength capacity of such details. The assumed capacity varies between structural designers and is, on some occasions, the source of some disagreement. A relatively modest testing programme could provide sufficient data to produce appropriate recommendations.
In parallel, all steelwork fabrication companies who were members of the SCI were contacted with proposals for a detailed study of connections with kidney shaped slots. Broad support for the proposals was received, and additional financial support was provided by a number of companies (see Acknowledgements).
1.2
Kidney shaped slots
Kidney shaped slots are often used in bracing connections as shown in Figure 1.1. The kidney shaped slot is generally formed in the gusset plate rather than at the end of the bracing member.
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40 30
R = 70 Hole 22
R=40
Figure 1.1
Gusset plate incorporating kidney shaped slots
The advantages of a connection incorporating a kidney shaped slot are that: C C C

A standard end connection can be used for bracing members. Standard gusset plates which accommodate a range of bracing angles may be used. Slight misalignment can be accommodated. A two bolt connection allows one bolt to be inserted in the connection whilst locating and maintaining alignment with a podger spanner through the other hole.
The advantages of standardised connection details are numerous and well documented(2)(3)(4). Standard details encourage a batch production approach to the fabrication of the connection components, and save time in design, detailing, checking and fabrication.
1.3
Design rules
BS 5950: Part 1(5) provides certain checks for components of a connection, such as plates, welds and bolts. These checks are generally associated with strength at the ultimate limit state (ULS), although certain checks are in fact based on serviceability criteria (see Section 1.3.2). Rules are provided for ordinary bolting, including shear capacity, tension capacity, bearing capacity of the bolt and bearing capacity of the plate. Minimum edge and end distances are also given.
1.3.1 Strength
BS 5950: Part 1 does not cover the calculation of the capacity of details incorporating kidney shaped slots as illustrated in Figure 1.1. Table 35 of BS 5950: Part 1 describes dimensional limits for short and long slotted holes, although these are specifically for friction grip fasteners. For ordinary bolts in short slots (d + 6 mm for M20, d + 8 mm for M24) the full bearing capacity may be assumed(2). No advice is available when ordinary bolts are used in slots longer than short slots.
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1.3.2 Serviceability
Although the bearing capacity of the plate and bolt is calculated at the ULS, the bearing strength of the plates given in BS 5950: Part 1 is based on limiting the deformation at working load to an acceptable maximum. Acceptable deformation under working load is of the order of 1.5 mm(6). Where the end distance (measured from the centre of the hole to the adjacent edge in the direction of bearing) is less than twice the bolt diameter, the bearing capacity of the plate is reduced.
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2 TESTING - PHASE 1
2.1
C C
Choice of test pieces
A number of objectives were set for the first phase of testing: To compare the performance of connections incorporating a kidney shaped slot with that of the plain hole equivalent. To compare the behaviour of the connections when the bolt in the kidney shaped slot is: in the centre of the slot at the end of the slot To compare details for M20 and M24 bolts, these being the usual bolt sizes used in such connections.
Proposals for test pieces were circulated to the steelwork contractors supporting the project. Following comment and comparison with standard off the shelf components, the test piece configurations were finalised as shown in Figure 2.1.
46 Hole 22 28 46 28 15 15 70 Hole 22 R = 70 Hole 22 22 28 1515 R=70 R=28 43 28
43 46
28 R=28 22 28
Hole 22
350
70
70
70
70
70
70
8 mm S275
8 mm S275
8 mm S275
42 Hole 26
41
33
42 33
R=33 26 33 15 15
33
40
41 R=33
33 26 33
70 Hole 26
1515 Hole 26 R=70 Hole 26
R = 70
350
70
70
70
70
70
70
10 mm S275
10 mm S275
10 mm S275
Figure 2.1
Phase 1 test pieces
The asymmetric test pieces were developed, as shown in Figure 2.2, to represent real situations where the bolt bears at the end of the slot. All test pieces of the same thickness were fabricated from the same flat bar, to allow a comparison of performance without modification due to different material strengths.
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70
70
Figure 2.2
Development of asymmetric test piece
It should be noted that the end distances for the test pieces were less than the minimum distance given in Table 31 of BS 5950: Part 1. The minimum end distance permitted by the Standard for the M20 samples is 31 mm (1.4D = 1.4 22 = 31 mm). Similarly, for the M24 samples, the minimum end distance permitted by the standard is 37 mm (1.4 26 mm). In both cases, the end distance is critical in calculating the capacity of the plate in bearing, since: Pbs = where:
dt pbs # e t pbs
(Clause 6.3.3.3)
Pbs d t e pbs
is is is is is
the the the the the
bearing capacity nominal diameter of the bolt thickness of the ply end distance bearing strength of the connected parts
The plate thicknesses (8 mm for the M20 samples, 10 mm for the M24 samples) were also less than those used in common practice, as the bearing capacity of the plate (S275 material) is less than the bolt capacity in shear. Both the short end distances and the thin plates were chosen in order to produce a bearing failure, rather than a shear failure of the bolts. Connections with strong plates, configured to produce a failure in bolt shear, were of little interest, as the concerns over the use of kidney shaped slots in connections relate to bearing capacity and joint displacement, not bolt shear capacity. The plates were connected with 8.8 bolts, in single shear. The bolts were not fully threaded.
2.2
Test arrangement - Phase 1
The arrangement used for the first phase of the tests is shown in Figure 2.3. The testing was carried out using a 2000 kN INSTRON universal testing machine (UTM) and a SOLATRON data logger. Backing plates were added to the test plates to ensure that the test plates were installed in the testing machine parallel to the applied force. The connections were assembled and free slack removed before tightening the bolts. The bolts were made finger tight, followed by 1/20 turn with a spanner. This tightening was adopted in order to minimise any
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frictional resistance between plates. For the M20 assemblies, the load was applied at the rate of 15 kN per minute up to the design shear capacity of the bolts (184 kN). For the M24 assemblies, the load was applied at the rate of 20 kN per minute up to the design shear capacity of the bolts (264 kN). In each test, the applied axial load, the total displacement (displacement between the grips of the UTM), and the displacement of the free end of the slotted plate (see Figure 2.3) were recorded by the data logger at 20 second intervals.
Figure 2.3
Phase 1 test arrangement
Table 2.1 gives the programme for the first phase of tests. Table 2.1
Bolt M20 M20 M20 M24 M24 M24
Phase 1 test programme

Location of bolt in slot Central End Central End Number of tests 3 3 3 3 3 3 Results (Figure No.) 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10
Hole/Slot Plain Slot Slot Plain Slot Slot
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2.3
Results - Phase 1
2.3.1 Test results

Figure 2.4 shows a sample of each plate type after testing.
Figure 2.4
Sample test pieces after testing
The plots of load versus displacement for each test are shown in Figures 2.5 to 2.10, corresponding to the tests described in Table 2.1.
300 250 200
Load (kN)
Test 1
150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4
Test 2 Test 3
Displacement (mm)
Figure 2.5
Load vs. displacement for M20 bolts, plain holes
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300 250 200
Load (kN)
Test 1
150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6 8
Test 2 Test 3
Displacement (mm)
Figure 2.6
300 250 200
Load vs. displacement for M20 bolts, bolt central in slot
Load (kN)
Test 1
150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6 8
Test 2 Test 3
Displacement (mm)
Figure 2.7
300 250 200
Load vs. displacement for M20 bolts, bolt at end of slot
Load (kN)
Test 1
150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6
Test 2 Test 3
Displacement (mm)
Figure 2.8
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300 250 200
Load (kN)
Test 1
150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6 8
Test 2 Test 3
Displacement (mm)
Figure 2.9
300 250 200
Load (kN)
Test 1
150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6 8
Test 2 Test 3
Displacement (mm)
Figure 2.10
Load vs. displacement for M24 bolts, bolt at end of slot
2.3.2 Design capacities

The ultimate limit state (ULS) design capacities according to BS 5950: Part 1 for the connections with plain holes are calculated below, based on 8.8 bolts and S275 steel. To determine an equivalent maximum working load at which to compare displacements, the ULS capacities are divided by a factor of 1.4, reflecting the usual situation where kidney shaped slots are used in bracing systems resisting wind loads. M20 bolts with 8 mm plate Shear capacity Bearing in plate ULS design capacity = = = = 2 92 kN = 184 kN
(20 8 460 + 28 8 460) 10-3 125 kN 125 kN
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Working load
125 1.4
89 kN
M24 bolts with 10 mm plate Shear capacity Bearing in plate ULS design capacity Working load = = = = = 2 132 = 264 kN
(24 10 460 + 33 10 460) 10-3 186 kN 186 kN 186 1.4 = 133 kN
2.3.3 Capacities based on measured material properties

Measured material properties are shown in Table 2.2. Table 2.2
Material properties
Property Modulus of elasticity (N/mm2) 0.2% proof stress (N/mm2) Ultimate tensile strength (N/mm2) Sample 1 204 272 587 219 314 552 Sample 2 210 276 594 215 316 548 Sample 3 190 280 590 216 312 547 Average 201 276 590 217 314 549
Plate 8 mm plate
10 mm plate
Modulus of elasticity (N/mm2) 0.2% proof stress (N/mm2) Ultimate tensile strength (N/mm2)
Based on the average measured material properties, the bearing strength pbs, may be calculated from the formula given in Table 33 of BS 5950: Part 1. pbs = 0.65 (Us + Ys)
where: Us is the ultimate tensile strength Ys is the yield strength (equivalent to 0.2% proof stress) Thus for the 8 mm plate pbs = 0.65 (590 + 276) = 563 N/mm2 and for the 10 mm plate pbs = 0.65 (549 + 314) = 561 N/mm2
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Bearing capacities, based on measured properties, are therefore: M20 bolts in 8 mm plate Bearing in plate = = Working load = (20 8 563 + 28 8 563) 10-3 153 kN 153 1.4 = 109 kN
M24 bolts in 10 mm plate Bearing in plate = = Working load = (24 10 561 + 33 10 561) 10-3 227 kN 227 1.4 = 162 kN
2.3.4 Ultimate capacities

Testing was halted before gross deformations occurred, and the plateau of the load vs. displacement curve (and hence the ultimate capacity) was therefore not found. This is particularly apparent for the M24 samples (Figures 2.8, 2.9 and 2.10).
However, it can be seen that for all tests the maximum applied load was substantially greater than both the plain hole design capacity and the plain hole capacity based on measured material properties. Testing of the M20 samples was generally stopped at 186 kN (being more than the design bolt shear capacity of 184 kN), although one sample was loaded to 210 kN. All M20 samples therefore demonstrated an ultimate capacity of at least 1.5 (design capacity with plain holes). The M24 samples were tested up to an applied load of 264 kN (being the design bolt shear capacity). All M24 samples therefore demonstrated an ultimate capacity of at least 1.4 (design capacity with plain holes). Based on the measured material properties, the M20 samples demonstrated an ultimate capacity of at least 1.2 (capacity with plain holes) and the M24 samples an ultimate capacity of at least 1.2 (capacity with plain holes).
2.3.5 Serviceability performance

Table 2.3 indicates the displacement for each of the M20 samples, recorded at the design working load of 89 kN. Table 2.4 indicates the displacement for each of the M24 samples, recorded at the design working load of 133 kN. From these Tables, it will be seen that the displacement at working load for the specimens with slots (with the bolt central to the slot) are 30% and 45% more than the plain hole equivalents, for M20 and M24 bolts respectively. The additional displacement is, however, small in absolute terms (0.45 mm for M20 and 0.83 mm for M24). It is considered that the additional deformation would not be
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detrimental to the performance of the type of structural systems likely to use such connections, noting that ordinary bolts in clearance holes have the potential for 4 mm movement across the connection before any plate deformation takes place. Table 2.3
Specimen Plain holes
Displacement at design working load, M20 samples

Test 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Displacement (mm) 1.40 1.76 1.27 1.70 1.59 2.51 1.70 2.30 1.81 Average displacement (mm) 1.48
Slot, bolt central in slot
1.93
Slot, bolt at end of slot
1.94
Table 2.4
Specimen
Displacement at design working load, M24 samples

Test 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Displacement (mm) 1.61 1.77 2.17 2.25 2.91 2.89 2.50 2.46 2.63 Average displacement (mm) 1.85
Plain holes
Slot, bolt central in slot
2.68
Slot, bolt at end of slot
2.53
It is assumed that with the thicker plate provided in normal practice (10 mm with M20 bolts and 12 or 15 mm with M24 bolts), the additional deformation would be less. It is assumed that further reduction in deformation would occur if the end distances were increased from the minimum allowed. In the calculation of average displacement in Tables 2.3 and 2.4 above, no attempt has been made to reduce the effect of the initial slip seen in, for example, Test 2, Figure 2.5 and Test 3, Figure 2.6. The average displacements at working loads based on measured material properties are shown in Table 2.5. Removing the initial slip from Test 2 of Figure 2.5 reduces the average displacement for the plain hole M20 samples from 1.73 mm to 1.6 mm. This correlates well with the BS 5950: Part 1 approach to bearing capacity, as discussed in Section 1.3.2. It should be noted that for all samples, the end distance was less than the minimum required by BS 5950: Part 1, as noted in Section 2.1, which may have contributed to increased deformations.
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Table 2.5
Sample M20
Average displacements at working load, measured material properties

Working load (kN) 109 Specimen Plain holes Slot, bolt central in slot Slot, bolt at end of slot Average displacement (mm) 1.73 2.34 2.34 2.28 3.27 3.01
M24
162
Plain holes Slot, bolt central in slot Slot, bolt at end of slot
2.4
Conclusions from Phase 1 tests
Whilst the results from Phase 1 of the testing were encouraging, it was recognised that more information would be beneficial for the following reasons: C C Testing had ceased prior to the ultimate capacity. Testing had not demonstrated how the applied load was shared between bolts.
It has long been recognised that design bolt capacities are quite conservative, allowing for an uneven distribution of applied load within large bolt groups, and allowing for a broad variation of bolt strength. It was therefore considered that if overstrong bolts had been used in the Phase 1 tests, the single bolt in the plain hole might have been carrying the majority of the load, with the bolt in the slot relatively ineffective. If this was the load distribution and, in practice, understrength bolts (though still within specification) were used, the connection could fail at a lower load than that predicted by the Phase 1 tests. The combination of understrength bolts and no (or little) distribution of applied load between the two bolts was considered to be an unlikely scenario, but one which should be considered. It was therefore decided to carry out a second phase of tests to investigate the distribution of applied load between the bolts, and to consider the behaviour of connections with more orthodox details i.e. plate thickness and end distances.
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3 TESTING - PHASE 2
3.1
C C
Objectives
The objectives of the second phase of testing were: To investigate the distribution of the applied load between bolts. To investigate the behaviour of connections with typical plate thicknesses and end distances.
3.2
Test arrangement - Phase 2
In order to determine the distribution of load between the bolts, it was concluded that the most appropriate solution, considering cost, time constraints and practicality, was to instrument the samples with strain gauges to determine the strains in different parts of the specimens. From this, it was hoped to deduce what proportion of the total load had been transferred by each bolt. For practical and economic reasons, it was decided to instrument a single thick plate with plain holes, which could be used for each of the samples to be tested. Figure 3.1 illustrates the test arrangement.
20 mm plate
10 mm plate
Strain gauges
Figure 3.1
Phase 2 test arrangement
Strain gauges were placed at two cross sections in the locations shown in Figure 3.2.
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70
60
35
35
70
95
Figure 3.2
Location of strain gauges
From the first phase of testing it was clear that, as expected, the slotted connection with the bolt in the centre of the slot produced the maximum joint displacement. It was therefore decided to test only this configuration of slotted connection in the second phase, comparing behaviour with the plain hole equivalent. Due to economic pressures, the second phase of testing was also limited to connections with M20 bolts, assuming that the results would be equally applicable to commensurately sized M24 details. The test pieces are shown in Figure 3.3. The revised plate thickness and end distances (compared to the Phase 1 samples) should be noted. The testing in Phase 2 was carried out using the same equipment and procedures employed in Phase 1 (Section 2.2) except that the loading rate was increased to 20 kN per minute. Table 3.1 gives the programme for the second phase of tests.
46
Hole 22
40
46 22 40 15 15
40 R=40 40
38
70 Hole 22 350
R = 70
Hole 22
350
70
70
70
70
10 mm S275
10 mm S275
Figure 3.3 Table 3.1

Bolt M20 M20
Phase 2 test pieces Phase 2 test programme

Hole/Slot Plain Slot Location of bolt in slot Central Number of tests 3 3 Results (Figure No.) 3.4 3.5
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3.3
Results - Phase 2
3.3.1 Test results

The plots of load versus displacement for each series of tests are shown in Figures 3.4 and 3.5, corresponding to the tests described in Table 3.1.
350 300 250
Load (kN)
200 150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Displacement (mm)
Figure 3.4
350 300 250
Load (kN)
200 150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Slot, 1 Slot, 2 Slot, 3
Displacement (mm)
Figure 3.5
3.3.2 Analysis of the strain gauge data

Despite extensive data, it was not possible to propose a robust model which would satisfactorily explain the strain gauge readings. Variations in strain due to local effects and plate bending meant that any proposal regarding levels of stress in different parts of the plate had to accommodate an unacceptably high level of experimental scatter. No conclusions regarding the distribution of load between the two bolts in the connections could be drawn from the strain gauge results.
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3.3.3 Design capacities

The ULS design capacity for the connections with M20 8.8 bolts in plain holes (10 mm, S275 steel) is: Shear capacity Bearing in plate Design capacity Working load = 2 92 = 184 kN
= 2 20 10 460 10-3=184 kN = 184 kN = 184 1.4 = 131 kN
3.3.4 Ultimate capacities

Phase 2 tests continued until gross deformations began. Ultimate capacities were therefore determined, and are shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.2
Ultimate capacity of connections tested in Phase 2

Test 1 2 3 1 2 3 Ultimate capacity (kN) 320 299 318 272 268 274
Slot, central bolt
The samples with plain holes demonstrated a minimum ultimate capacity of 1.63 design capacity. The samples with a slot demonstrated a minimum ultimate capacity of 1.46 (design capacity with plain holes).
3.3.5 Serviceability performance

Table 3.3 indicates the displacement for each of the tests, recorded at the working load of 131 kN. Table 3.3
Displacement of Phase 2 connections at working load

Test 1 2 3 1 2 3 Displacement (mm) 1.15 (1.85*) 2.77 2.36 2.35 3.60 3.10 Average displacement (mm) 2.33
Slot, central bolt
3.02
Test 1 of the series with plain holes shows a displacement discontinuity at approximately 180 kN, which is not apparent in any other results (see Figure 3.4). No explanation is apparent. The displacement of 1.85 mm which is indicated in Table 3.3 was determined by extrapolating back the curve above 180 kN, following the general form demonstrated by all other results. The value of 1.85 mm was used in calculating the average displacement.
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From the above results, it can be seen that displacement at working load for the connections with a slot is some 30% greater than for the samples with plain holes. Both values are greater than 1.5 mm previously indicated as the limiting value. For reasons already explained in Section 2.3.5, it is not considered that these displacements would be detrimental to the performance of structural systems incorporating such connections.
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CONNECTION CAPACITY
Based on the results obtained from the two phases of tests described in this report, it is possible to recommend design rules for two bolt connections incorporating a single kidney shaped slot. The derivation of the design capacity for such connections is described in Section 4.1.
4.1
Capacity of connections with kidney shaped slots
In an orthodox two bolt connection with plain holes, it is assumed that at the ultimate limit state (ULS), the applied load is shared equally between the bolts. From Figure 3.4 and Table 3.2 it can be seen that, for the test specimens, the maximum capacity at the ULS for an M20 connection with plain holes was 320 kN. Assumed load per bolt = 320/2 = 160 kN
It may be assumed that in a connection with a slot, the presence of the slot does not affect the capacity of the bolt in the plain hole. Therefore the total capacity is equal to the capacity of the bolt in the plain hole, plus some contribution from the bolt in the slot. From Figure 3.5 and Table 3.2, the minimum capacity at the ULS for an M20 connection with a slot was 268 kN. Assuming the contribution from the bolt in the plain hole was 160 kN, then the capacity of the connection may be expressed as: 268 (plain hole capacity) 160 or (plain hole capacity) 1.68 It is proposed that the factor of 1.68 be reduced to a recommended factor, for design purposes, of 1.6, to allow for additional variation in performance, over and above that implied by the use of maximum plain hole capacity and minimum slotted hole capacity from the test results. The proposal for connection capacity given above is based on results for connections where the bearing capacity of the plate is similar to the bolt capacity in shear (i.e. M20 8.8 bolts in 10 mm S275 plate). In these circumstances the tests demonstrated that a ductile failure will occur. The possibility of a nonductile failure, due to the use of a relatively strong plate (i.e. relatively thick, or higher grade steel) compared to the bolt strength, was discussed in Section 2.4. Having considered this possibility, it was concluded that if strong plates are used in a connection, the presence of a slot has less effect on the connection capacity. As the influence of the slot reduces, it was concluded that the capacity of the connection would approach that of a connection with plain holes, where the connection capacity would be taken as twice that of a single bolt.
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The converse situation of strong bolts was also considered, since the sharing of load between bolts is partly due to bolt deformation. A strong bolt in the plain hole could therefore attract a larger proportion of the load than implied by the 1.6 factor above. It was concluded that if a strong bolt did attract additional load until deformation of the plate commenced, this could be accommodated by the increased shear capacity of the strong bolt. It was therefore concluded that the factor of 1.6 single bolt capacity may be used in all cases.
4.2
Design rules for connections with kidney shaped slots
For a two-bolt connection transferring axial load between two members, where one of the holes is kidney shaped, the following rules are recommended, in addition to those of BS 5950: Part 1,: Fastener spacing and edge distances The minimum spacing according to Clause 6.2.1 should apply. All edge and end distances, as defined in Clause 6.2.3, should be not less than 2d, where d is the nominal diameter of the bolt. The length of the kidney shaped hole should be a maximum of 2d, and such that the angle 2, as shown in Figure 4.1 does not exceed 30E. There is no restriction on the location of the bolt within the kidney shaped slot.
= 30 maximum
2d maximum
Figure 4.1
Maximum length of slot
Connection capacity The capacity of a two bolt connection with a single kidney shaped slot should be taken as: 1.6 (capacity of a single bolt in plain hole) where the capacity of a single bolt in a plain hole is the lesser of the values given by BS 5950: Part 1, Clauses 6.3.2 and 6.3.3.
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4.3
Bracing member effective length
Since the kidney shaped slot allows rotation of the connection, the connection detail cannot be assumed to provide directional restraint equivalent to that of two bolts in plain holes. When effective lengths for hollow section bracing are determined from Table 24 of BS 5950: Part 1, a connection incorporating a kidney shaped slot should not be assumed to provide any directional restraint in the plane of the gusset. When angles are used as bracing and the connections incorporate kidney shaped slots, the provisions for single bolt connections in Table 28 of BS 5950: Part 1 should be adopted, though the 80% reduction in compression resistance stated in Note 3 to Table 28 need not be applied.
4.4
Provision of washers
Clause 6.1.4(ii) of the National Structural Steelwork Specification(7) (NSSS) specifies that a plate washer or heavy duty washer be used under the bolt head and nut when bolts are used to assemble components with oversize or slotted holes. It is understood that the origin of this clause concerned slots which were provided to permit movement in service. Shouldered bolts would normally be used in such joints. The use of kidney shaped slots in bracing connections is a different situation to the one intended to be addressed by Clause 6.1.4(ii) of the NSSS. Ordinary washers are considered to be satisfactory for use in bracing connections with kidney shaped slots.
21
25 April 2002
REFERENCES
1. CARLSSON, M., MALIK, A.S., BROWN, D.G. Novel Connections SCI Report RT560 (Internal report - unpublished) THE BRITISH CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK ASSOCIATION LTD and THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE Joints in simple construction Volume 2: Practical applications BCSA & SCI, 1992 THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE and THE BRITISH CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK ASSOCIATION LTD Joints in steel construction: Moment connections SCI & BCSA, 1995 GIRARDIER, E.V. Construction Led Design (series of four articles) Steel Construction (BCSA), Feb. 1991, Aug. 1991, Feb. 1992 New Steel Construction (SCI/BCSA), Feb. 1993 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION BS 5950: Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections BSI, 1990 MALIK, A.S. (Editor) Introduction to steelwork design to BS 5950: Part 1 SCI, 1988 THE BRITISH CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK ASSOCIATION LTD and THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE National Structural Steelwork Specification for Building Construction (3rd Edition) BCSA & SCI, 1994
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25 April 2002

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P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

TECHNICAL REPORT SCI PUBLICATION 249

Design Capacity of Kidney Shaped Slotted Connections

D G BROWN BEng CEng MICE Dr W TIZANI BSc MSc PhD

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

This publication forms one of the deliverables of the CIMsteel project.

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

Kidney shaped slots

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

Gusset plate incorporating kidney shaped slots

The advantages of a connection incorporating a kidney shaped slot are that: C C C

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

Choice of test pieces

1515 Hole 26 R=70 Hole 26

Phase 1 test pieces

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

Development of asymmetric test piece

the the the the the

Test arrangement - Phase 1

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

Phase 1 test arrangement

Phase 1 test programme

Hole/Slot Plain Slot Slot Plain Slot Slot

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

2.3.1 Test results

Sample test pieces after testing

Load vs. displacement for M20 bolts, plain holes

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

300 250 200

Load vs. displacement for M20 bolts, bolt central in slot

Load vs. displacement for M20 bolts, bolt at end of slot

Load vs. displacement for M24 bolts, plain holes

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

300 250 200

Load vs. displacement for M24 bolts, bolt central in slot

Load vs. displacement for M24 bolts, bolt at end of slot

2.3.2 Design capacities

(20 8 460 + 28 8 460) 10-3 125 kN 125 kN

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

(24 10 460 + 33 10 460) 10-3 186 kN 186 kN 186 1.4 = 133 kN

2.3.3 Capacities based on measured material properties

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

2.3.4 Ultimate capacities

2.3.5 Serviceability performance

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

Displacement at design working load, M20 samples

Slot, bolt central in slot

Slot, bolt at end of slot

Displacement at design working load, M24 samples

Slot, bolt central in slot

Slot, bolt at end of slot

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...

Average displacements at working load, measured material properties

Conclusions from Phase 1 tests

P249: Design of kidney shaped slotted connections Discuss me ...