Kalee Project

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
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APPENDIX
S.NO 1 CHAPTERS CHAPTER-I CONTENT INTRODUCTION NEED OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY SCOPE OF THE STUDY RESEARCH METHODALOGY LIMITATIONS 2 3 4 6 7 CHAPTER II CHAPTER -III CHAPTER -IV CHAPTER -V CHAPTER -VI INDUSTRY PROFILE COMPANY PROFILE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS CONCLUSIONS FINDINGS SUGGESTIONS 8 CHAPTER -VII GLOSSARY ANNEXTURE BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE NO. 3-4 5 6 7 8 9 11-17 18-26 27-45 46-72 73 74-75 756-77 78 80 81
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INTRODUCTION
The concept of working capital is much confusing in the business circles. It is very unfortunate, there is much disagreement among financiers, accountants, businessmen and economists as to the exact meaning of the term working capital. According to a few, working capital means current assists. For some others it is an excess of current assets over current liabilities. Some authorities prefer to call it circulating capital in place of working capital.
MEANING OF WORKING CAPITAL:The term working capital is commonly used for the capital required for day-to-day working in business concern. Such as for purchasing raw material for meeting day-to-day expenditure on salaries, wages, rent rates advertising etc. but there is much disagreement among various financial authorities as to the exact meaning of the term working capital DEFINITION OF WORKING CAPITAL Working Capital refers to that part of the firms capital, which is required for financing short-term or current assets such a cash marketable securities, debtors and inventories. Funds thus, invested in current assets keep revolving fast and are constantly converted into cash and this cash flow out again in exchange for other current assets. Working Capital is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short-term capital.
IMPORTANCE OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT: Working capital management includes a number of aspects that make it especially important for the financial health of the firm. Surveys indicate that the largest portion of the financial manager time is devoted to the day-to-day operations of the firm, which fall under the heading o working capital management. Current assets represent the largest proportion i.e. if total assets forms 1% then current assets are generally above 60%. Moreover current assets fluctuate with sales and sales vary over time. Thus managing current asset is the dynamic process and it requires the financial mange to closely monitor sales to ensure that assets in hand are at the right level for actual sales production levels. DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 3
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DETERMINANTS OF WORKING CAPITAL

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y
Nature of Industry Seasonality of Operations Production Policy Market Conditions Conditions of supply Size of Business Volume of Sales Terms of Purchase and Sales Business Cycle Growth and Expansion of the firm Price Level Changes Operating Efficiency of the firm Profit Appropriation Capital Structure of the firm
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NEED OF THE STUDY

Current assets must be managed efficiently in order to maintain the liquidity of the firm to know about the financial mixed strategies . Hence forth so far researchers not touched with said topic to knowing the information in organization exactly the working capital wants to know the balances of current assets & current liabilities increases or decreases to know the corrected netprofit of balance and we can know the difference of the year of balance how much it is profit or loss will be there in company.
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SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

The study is confined to HERITAGE ltd and analysis of its financial statements . The study period is 2005-2009 The main aim of the study is to assess the proper mgt of current assets & current liabilities . The study concentrates more on the working capital mgt of HERITAGE . Working capital gives only a good basis for quantitative analysis of financial problem.
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OBJECTIVES OF STUDY :
To study overall position of HERITAGE. To examine the changes in working capital of HERITAGE. To study existing system of working capital management in HERITAGE. To analyze financial performance of company with reference to its working capital components. To know the financial position of a company.
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Research methodology:
The present study is related to working capital management in HERITAGE , more effective and interacted for research work in corporate sectors . for the assessment of working capital management .
T.anitha , jnt university , hyd , researchers evalutated the working capital management on his study on wcm in HERITAGE . That working capital management is consider to involve the administration of current assets and current liabilities . in such a way that an option level of working capital maintained in the business .she also narrated that firm may resist without making profits but it cannot survive with out liquidity . METHODOLOGY: It includes the following COLLECTION OF DATA: To achieve a fore said objective the following methodology has been adopted. The information for this report has been collected through the Primary and Secondary sources.
1. Primary Data Sources 2. Secondary Data Sources PRIMARY DATA SOURCES: It is also called as first handed information the data is collected through the observation in the organization and interviews with the accounts and the persons in the financial department. A part from these, some information is collected through the seminars which were held by ECIL.
SECONDARY DATA SOURCES: These secondary data is existing data which is collected by other sources, i.e. financial journals annual reports of ECIL, website of ECIL and other publication of ECIL.
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LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: In present study the analysis is mainly based on secondary data given in annual audited balance sheets , profit and loss a/c and reports of HERITAGE The study does not touch all the units of HERITAGE. Limited span of time is a major limitation of this project. The present study cannot be used for inter firm comparision. The result does not reflect the day to day transactions. The study does not cover the all working capital. Balancing liquidity , profitability and risk in managing working capital .
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Chapter-II
INDUSTYRY PROFILE
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INDUS TRY P ROF I LE

India is the world's second largest producer of food next to China, and has the potential of being the biggest with the food and agricultural sector. The total food production in India is likely to double in the next ten years and there is an opportunity for large investments in food and food processing technologies, skills and equipment, especially in areas of Canning, Dairy and Food Processing, Specialty Processing, Packaging, Frozen Food/Refrigeration and Thermo Processing. Fruits & Vegetables, Fisheries, Milk & Milk Products, Meat & Poultry, Packaged/Convenience Foods, Alcoholic Beverages & Soft Drinks and Grains are important sub-sectors of the food processing industry. Health food and health food supplements is another rapidly rising segment of this industry which is gaining vast popularity amongst the health conscious. India is one of the worlds major food producers but accounts for less than 1.5 per cent of international food trade. This indicates vast scope for both investors and exporters. Food exports in 1998 stood at US $5.8 billion whereas the world total was US $438 billion. The Indian food industries sales turnover is Rs 140,000 crore (1 crore = 10 million) annually as at the start of year 2000. The industry has the highest number of plants approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) outside the USA.
India's food processing sector covers fruit and vegetables; meat and poultry; milk and milk products, alcoholic beverages, fisheries, plantation, grain processing and other consumer product groups like confectionery, chocolates and cocoa products, Soya-based products, mineral water, high protein foods etc. We cover an exhaustive database of an array of suppliers, manufacturers, exporters and importers widely dealing in sectors like the -Food Industry, Dairy processing, Indian beverage industry etc. We also cover sectors like dairy plants, canning, bottling plants, packaging industries, process machinery etc.
The most promising sub-sectors includes -Soft-drink bottling, Confectionery manufacture, Fishing, aquaculture, Grain-milling and grain-based products, Meat and poultry processing, Alcoholic beverages, Milk processing, Tomato paste, Fast-food, Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, Food additives, flavors etc.
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Food processing The food industry is the complex, global collective of diverse businesses that together supply much of the food energy consumed by the world population. Only subsistence farmers, those who survive on what they grow, can be considered outside of the scope of the modern foodindustry. Food processing is the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption.Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products.there are several different ways in which food can be produced. One Off Production This method is used when customers make an order for something to be made to their own specifications, for example a wedding cake. The making of One Off Products could take days depending on how intricate the design is and also the ability of the chef making the product. today... Batch Production This method is used when the size of the market for a product is not clear, and where there is a range within a product line. A certain number of the same goods will be produced to make up a batch or run, for example at Greggs Bakery they will bake a certain number of chicken bakes. This method involves estimating the amount of customers that will want to buy that product. Mass production This method is used when there is a mass market for a large number of identical products, for example, chocolate bars, ready meals and canned food. The product passes from one stage of production to another along a production line. Just In Time This method of production is mainly used in sandwich bars such as Subway, it is when all the components of the product are there and the customer chooses what they want in their product and it is made for them fresh in front of them.
WHOLESALE AND DISTRIBUTION A vast global transportation network is required by the food industry in order to connect its numerous parts. These include suppliers, manufacturers, warehousing, retailers and the end consumers. There are DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 12
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also those companies that, during the food processing process, add vitamins, minerals, and other necessary requirements usually lost during preparation. Wholesale markets for fresh food products have tended to decline in importance in OECD countries as well as in Latin America and some Asian countries as a result of the growth of supermarkets, which procure directly from farmers or through preferred suppliers, rather than going through markets. The constant and uninterrupted flow of product from distribution centers to store locations is a critical link in food industry operations. Distribution centers run more efficiently, throughput can be increased, costs can be lowered, and manpower better utilized if the proper steps are taken when setting up a material handling system in a warehouse. The Indian food market is estimated at over US$ 182 billion, and accounts for about two thirds of the total Indian retail market. Further, according to consultancy firm McKinsey & Co, the retail food sector in India is likely to grow from around US$ 70 billion in 2010 to US$ 150 billion by 2025, accounting for a large chunk of the world food industry, which would grow to US$ 400 billion from US$ 175 billion by 2025. EXPORTS Exports of agricultural products from India are expected to more than double to top US$ 20.6 billion in the next five years, according to the commerce ministry. According to estimates by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), the share of India's farm product exports in the global trade will grow from 2 per cent now to over 5 per cent. Exports of fresh and processed vegetables, fruits, livestock and cereals rose 10 per cent to US$ 8.67 billion in 2009-2010.
SPICES Despite a global slowdown, Indian spice exports are growing. India exported 470,520 tonnes of spices valued at US$ 11.68 billionan all-time highin 2009-2010. DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 13
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During the 2009-10, 444,250 tonnes valued at US$ 11.01 billion were exported. Compared with 200910, exports had shown an increase of 19 per cent in rupee value and six per cent in dollar terms.
FOOD PROCESSING The Indian packaged processed foods industry is estimated at US$ 10.87 billion US$ 13.05 billion, including biscuits, chocolates, ice-cream, confectionery, snacks, cheese and butter. Growing at a healthy 14-15 per cent over the past two-three years, major players in the sector include Britannia, Nestle, Amul, ITC Foods, Parle, Kelloggs, GlaxoSmithKline, Wrigley and Frito-Lay, among others. The industry received foreign direct investments (FDI) totalling US$ 143.80 million in 20092010against US$ 5.70 million in the previous fiscal. The cumulative FDI received by the industry from April 2000-August 2009 stood at US$ 878.32 million. However, Indias share in exports of processed food in global trade is only 1.5 per cent; whereas the size of the global processed-food market is estimated at US$ 3.2 trillion and nearly 80 per cent of agricultural products in the developed countries get processed and packaged. In order to further grow the food processing industry, the government has formulated a Vision-2015 action plan under which specific targets have been set. This includes tripling the size of the food processing industry from around US$ 70 billion to about US$ 210 billion, raising the level of processing of perishables from 6 per cent to 20 per cent, increasing value addition from 20 per cent to 35 per cent, and enhancing Indias share in global food trade from 1.5 per cent to 3 per cent. This would require an investment of US$ 20.6 billion. According to an Ernst and Young (E&Y) presentation, the food processing industry in India will grow 30-40 per cent as against the present 15 per cent in the next 10-years. Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh on October 6, 2009 laid out a blueprint for rapid growth in the countrys food processing sector. The Prime Minister said that this can be achieved by simplifying the tax structure, formulating a National Food Processing Policy and improving rural infrastructure.
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Moreover, according to Union Minister for Food Processing Industries, Subodh Kant Sahai the central government is envisaging an investment of US$ 21.50 billion in the food processing industry over the next five years, a major chunk of which it plans to attract from the private sector and financial institutions. SNACKS AND CONFECTIONERY The Indian market holds enormous growth potential for snack food, which is estimated to be worth US$ 3 billion, with the branded snack market estimated to be around US$ 1.34 billion, growing at 1520 per cent a year. While the growth rate of the US$ 1.56 billion unorganised sector is 7-8 per cent.
HEALTH FOOD Recognising the growth potential of the branded health food sector in India, fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) majors are foraying into this sector in a big way. As Hindustan Lever Ltd (HUL) is test marketing its health food brand, Kissan Amaze, in three southern states in India, Godrej Hershey Foods & Beverages Ltd (GHFBL), a joint venture between Godrej Beverages & Foods Ltd and Hershey Company, is planning to introduce select brands from its international portfolio in the domestic market. DAIRY According to Dairy India 2009 estimates, the current size of the Indian dairy sector is US$ 62.67 billion and has been growing at a rate of 5 per cent a year. The dairy exports in 200910 rose to US$ 210.5 million against US$ 113.57 last fiscal, whereas the domestic dairy sector is slated to cross US$ 110 billion in revenues by 2011. India continues to be the largest producer of milk in the world. It produced 110 million tonne of milk in 2009-2010. BEVERAGES
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According to industry experts, the market for carbonated drinks in India is worth US$ 1.5 billion while the juice and juice-based drinks market accounts for US$ 0.25 billion. Growing at a rate of 25 per cent, the fruit-drinks category is one of the fastest growing in the beverages market. Sports and energy drinks, which currently have a low penetration in the Indian market, have sufficient potential to grow. The market for alcoholic beverages has been growing consistently. 'The Future of Wine', a report on the state of the wine industry over 50 years, suggests that the market for wine in India was growing at over 25 per cent per year. MAJOR INVESTMENTS Private investment has been one of the key drivers for growth of the Indian food industry. The 'India Food Report 2010', reveals that the total amount of investments in the food processing sector in the pipeline for the next three years is about US$ 23 billion.
y
The government has received around 40 expressions of interest (EoI) for the setting up of 10 MFPs with an investment of US$ 514.37 million.
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Reliance Industries Ltd has invested US$ 1.25 billion in a dairy project. Focusing on India as a rapidly growing market, US soft drinks giant Pepsico would pump in an estimated US$ 152.30 million to set up four new food and beverages projects by 2012.
Geneva-based food service chain Global Franchise Architects (GFA) aims to open 250 stores around the world by March 2010, of which 100 will be in India.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES The new trade policy places increased focus on agro-based industries.
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Food processing industries have been put in the list of priority sectors for bank lending. The Centre has also announced a series of new initiatives which include a separate policy at the state level, thrust on contract farming and making the sector tax-free.
The government plans to open 30 mega food parks by the end of the 11th five year plan (20092012).
Fruit and vegetable processing units have been completely exempted from paying excise duty.
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Automatic approval for foreign equity up to 100 per cent is permitted for most of the processed food items.
Items like fruits and vegetables products, condensed milk, ice cream, meat production have been completely exempted from Central Excise Duty.
Excise duty on ready to eat packaged foods and instant food mixes has been brought down to 8 per cent from 16 per cent.
y y
Excise duty on aerated drinks has been reduced to 16 per cent from 24 per cent. The Ministry of Food Processing Industry would assist in the setting up of more food processing units so that the industry could create 10 million jobs by 2015, according to Mr Subodh Kant Sahai, Union Minister for Food Processing.
LOOKING AHEAD According to the India Food and Drink Report Q3 2010 by research analysis firm Research and Markets, by 2012, Indias processed food output is likely to grow by 44.2 per cent to touch US$ 90.1 billion, while packaged food sales will increase by 67.5 per cent to reach US$ 21.7 billion. On a per capita basis, per capita packaged food spending is expected to grow by 56.5 per cent to US$ 18.06 by 2012. Moreover, according to a FICCI-E&Y study on the Indian food industry, investment opportunities in the Indian food industry are set to shoot up by a huge 42.5 per cent to US$ 181 billion in 2015 and to US$ 318 billion by 2020.
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COM PANY PROF ILE

Heritage at a Glance: The Heritage Group, founded in 1992 by Sri Nara Chandra Babu Naidu, is one of the fastest growing Private Sector Enterprises in India, with three-business divisions viz., Dairy, Retail and Agri under its flagship Company Heritage Foods (India) Limited (HFIL), one infrastructure subsidiary - Heritage Infra Developers Limited and other associate Companies viz., Heritage Finlease Limited, Heritage International Limited and Heritage Agro Merine Private Limited. The annual turnover of Heritage Foods crossed Rs.347 crores in 2009-10 and is aiming for Rs.700 crores during 2009-10. Presently Heritages milk products have market presence in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharastra and its retail stores across Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad. Integrated agri operations are in Chittoor and Medak Districts and these are backbone to retail operations. In the year 1994, HFIL went to Public Issue to raise resources, which was oversubscribed 54 times and its shares are listed under B1 Category on BSE (Stock Code: 519552) and NSE (Stock Code: HERITGFOOD) About the founder: Sri Chandra Babu Naidu is one of the greatest Dynamic, Pragmatic, Progressive and Visionary Leaders of the 21st Century. With an objective of bringing prosperity in to the rural families through co-operative efforts, he along with his relatives, friends and associates promoted Heritage Foods in the year 1992 taking opportunity from the Industrial Policy, 1991 of the Government of India and he has been successful in his endeavour. At present, Heritage has market presence in all the states of South India. More than three thousand villages and five lakh farmers are being benefited in these states. On the other side, Heritage is serving more than 6 lakh customers needs, employing more than 700 employees and generating indirectly employment opportunity to more than 5000 people. Beginning with a humble
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annual turnover of just Rs.4.38 crores in 1993-94, the sales turnover has reached close to Rs.300 crores during the financial year 2005-2006. Sri Naidu held various coveted and honorable positions including Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Minister for Finance & Revenue, Minister for Archives & Cinematography, Member of the A.P. Legislative Assembly, Director of A.P. Small Industries Development Corporation, and Chairman of Karshaka Parishad. Sri Naidu has won numerous awards including " Member of the World Economic Forum's Dream Cabinet" (Time Asia ), "South Asian of the Year " (Time Asia ), " Business Person of the Year " (Economic Times), and " IT Indian of the Millennium " ( India Today). Sri Naidu was chosen as one of 50 leaders at the forefront of change in the year 2000 by the Business Week magazine for being an unflinching proponent of technology and for his drive to transform the State of Andhra Pradesh . Forward looking statements: We have grown, and intended to grow, focusing on harnessing our willingness to experiment and innovate our ability to transform our drive towards excellence in quality, our people first attitude and our strategic direction. Mission: Bringing prosperity into rural families of India through co-operative efforts and providing customers with hygienic, affordable and convenient supply of " Fresh and Healthy " food products. Vision: To be a progressive billion dollar organization with a pan India foot print by 2012.To achieve this by delighting customers with "Fresh and Healthy" food products, those are a benchmark for quality in the industry. DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 20
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We are committed to enhanced prosperity and the empowerment of the farming community through our unique "Relationship Farming" Model. To be a preferred employer by nurturing entrepreneurship, managing career aspirations and providing innovative avenues for enhanced employee prosperity. Heritage Slogan: When you are healthy, we are healthy When you are happy, we are happy We live for your "HEALTH & HAPPINESS" Quality policy of HFIL: We are committed to achieve customer satisfaction through hygienically processed and packed Milk and Milk Products. We strive to continually improve the quality of our products and services through upgradation of technologies and systems. Heritage's soul has always been imbibed with an unwritten perpetual commitment to itself, to always produce and provide quality products with continuous efforts to improve the process and environment. Adhering to its moral commitment and its continuous drive to achieve excellence in quality of Milk, Milk products & Systems, Heritage has always been laying emphasis on not only reviewing & re-defining quality standards, but also in implementing them successfully. All activities of Processing, Quality control, Purchase, Stores, Marketing and Training have been documented with detailed quality plans in each of the departments. Today Heritage feels that the ISO certificate is not only an epitome of achieved targets, but also a scale to identify & reckon, what is yet to be achieved on a continuous basis. Though, it is a beginning, Heritage has initiated the process of standardizing and adopting similar quality systems at most of its other plants. DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 21
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Commitments: Milk Producers: Change in life styles of rural families in terms of: y y y y y y y y y y y Regular high income through co-operative efforts. Women participation in income generation . Saved from price exploitation by un-organized sector . Remunerative prices for milk . Increase of milk productivity through input and extension activities Shift from risky agriculture to dairy farming Heritage Financial support for purchase of cattle; insuring cattle Establishment of Cattle Health Care Centers Supplying high quality Cattle feed
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Organizing "Rythu Sadasu" and Video programmes for educating the farmers in dairy farming
Customers: y y y y y y Timely Supply of Quality & Healthy Products Supply high quality milk and milk products at affordable prices Focused on Nutritional Foods More than 4 lakh happy customers High customer satisfaction 24 hours help lines ( <10 complaints a day)
Employees: y Enhancing the Technical and Managerial skills of Employees through continuous training and development DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 22
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT y y y Best appraisal systems to motivate employees Incentive, bonus and reward systems to encourage employees Heritage forges ahead with a motto "add value to everything you do"
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Shareholders: Returns: Consistent Dividend Payment since Public Issue (January 1995) Service: y Highest impotence to investor service; no notice from any regulatory authority since 2001 in respect of investor service y Very transparent disclosures
Suppliers: Doehlar: technical collaboration in Milk drinks, yogurts drinks and fruit flavoured drinks AlfaLaval: supplier of high-end machinery and technical support Focusing on Tetra pack association for products package. SOCIETY: y Potential Employment Generation more than 3500 employees are working with heritage more than 9500 procurement agents got self employment in rural areas more than 5000 sales agents associated with the company y Employment for the youth by providing financial and animal husbandry support for establishing MINI DAIRIES y Producing highly health conscious products for the society Page 23
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT QUALITIES OF MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES:
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1. Customer focus to understand and meet the changing needs and expectations of customers. 2. People involvement to promote team work and tap the potential of people. 3. Leadership to set constancy of purpose and promote quality culture trough out the organization. 4. Process approach to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of each process. 5. Systems approach to understand the sequence and interaction of process. 6. Factual approach to decision making to ensure its accuracy. 7. Continual improvement processes for improved business results. 8. Development of suppliers to get right product and services in right time at right place. PRODUCT/MARKET WISE PERFORMANCE: The total turnover is Rs 341 Crores during the financial year 2009-10 against the turnover of 292.02 Crores in 2005-06. Today Heritage distributes quality milk & milk products in the states of A.P, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil nadu. During the year 2009-10 liquid milk sales was Rs.28329.79 lakhs against Rs.24525.23 lakhs in the previous year. The sales of miik products including bulk sales of cream, ghee and butter were recorded Rs 5781.59 lakhs against Rs 4677.21 lakhs. MILK SALES: 23% growth was recorded in AP 2.38 lakhs litres per day(LLPD) in 2009-10 against 1.93 LLPD in 2005-06. 13% growth was recorded in Tamilnadu-1.53 LLPD in 2009-10 against 1.35 LLPD in 2005-06. Over all growth of 6% was recorded- 5.49 LLPD in 2009-10 against 5.16 LLPD. Flavoured milk sales recorded a growth rate of 77% over 2005-06. Butter milk sales have gone up by 45% over 2005-06. OUTLOOK: Considering the growth potential in the liquid milk market, the company has drawn plans to increase its market share in the existing markets and to enter into new markets there by DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 24
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doubling revenues in dairy business in the next 3 years. To achieve this object, company is undertaking major expansion in dairy business by inverting over Rs20 crores during 2009-10 and over Rs10 crores during the current year to strengthen the milk procurement BRANCHES OF HFIL: HFIL has 3 wings. They are 1. Dairy 2. Retail 3. Agribusiness 1. Dairy: It is the major wing among all. The dairy products manufactured by HFIL are Milk, curd, butter, ghee, flavoured milk, paneer, doodhpeda, ice cream. 2. Retail: In the retail sector HFIL has outlets namely Fresh@. In those stores the products sold are vegetables, milk& milk products, grocery, pulses, fruits etc. In Hyderabad 19 retail shops are there. In Bangalore& Chennai, 3&4 respectively are there. Totally there are 26 retail shops are there. Fresh@ is a unique chain of retail stores, designed to meet the needs of the modern Indian consumer. The store rediscovers the taste of nature every day making grocery shopping a never before experience. The unique& distinctive feature of Fresh@ is that it offers the widest range of fresh fruits and vegetables which are directly hand picked from the farms. Freshness lies in their merchandise and the customers are always welcomed with fresh fruits and vegetables no matter what what time they walk in.
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT 3. AGRI BUSINESS:
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In this business HFIL employees will go to farmers and have a deal with them. Those farmers will sell their goods like vegetables, pulses to HFIL only. And HFIL will transport the goods to retail outlets. The agricultural professors will examine which area is suitable to import vegetables from and also examine the vegetables, pulses and fruits in the lab. And finally they report to the HeadAgribusiness. Representatives as per the instructions given by the agri professors will approach the farmers directly and make a deal with them. It is the process of registering the farmers
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THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
One of the most important areas in the day-to-day management of the firm is the management of working capital. Working capital management is the functional area of the finance that covers all the current accounts of the firm. It is concerned with management of the level of individual current assets as well as the management of total working capital. Financial management means procurement of funds and effective utilization of these procured funds. Procurement of funds is firstly concerned for financing working capital requirement of the firm and secondary for financing fixed assets.
Meaning of working capital:
Ordinarily, the term working capital stands for that part of the capital, which is required for the financing of working or current needs of the company. Working capital is the lifetime of every concern. Whether it is manufacturing or non-manufacturing one with out adequate working capital, there can be no progress in the industry.
Inadequate working capital means shortage of raw materials, labor etc., resulting in partial current assets less current liabilities-has no economic meaning in the sense of implying some type of normative behavior. According to this line of reasoning, it is largely an accounting artifact. Working capital management, then, is a misnomer.
The working capital of the firm is not managed. The term describes a category of management decisions affects specific types of current assets and current liabilities. In turn, those decisions should be rooted in the overall Valuation of the firm.
Definitions: According to Western and Brigham,Working capital refers to a firms investment in short term assets- cash, short term securities, accounts receivables and inventories.
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According to Hoagland, working capital is descriptive of that capital which is not fixed. But the more common use of the working capital is to consider it as the difference between the book value of the current assets and the current liabilities. Concepts of working capital
The term working capital can be used in two different ways: they are
1. Gross Working Capital: The gross working capital refers to investment in all the current assets taken together. The total of investments in all current assets is known as gross working capital.
2. Net Working Capital:
The term net working capital refers excess of total current assets over total current liabilities. It may be noted that the current assets refers to these liabilities which are payable with in a period of one year.
Types of working capital: From the point of view of time, the term working capital can be divided into two categories.
1. Permanent working capital: It is also refers to the hard core working capital. it is the minimum level of investment in the current assets that is carried by the business at all times to carries our minimum level of its activities.
2. Temporary working capital: It refers to the part of total working capital which is required by a business over and about permanent working capital. It is also called variable working capital. Since the volume of the DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 29
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temporary working capital keeps on fluctuating from time to time according to the business activities it may be financed from short term resources.
Permanent working capital can be further divided into: 1. Regular Working Capital 2. Reserve Working Capital
1. Regular Working Capital: It is the minimum amount of liquid capital needed to keep up the circulation of the capital from cash to inventories to receivables and again to cash. This would include sufficient minimum bank balance to discount all bills, maintain adequate supply of raw materials etc...
2. Reserve Working Capital: It is the excess over the needs or regular working capital that should be kept in reserve for contingencies that may arise at any time these contingencies include rising prices, business depression, strikes and special operations such as experiments with new products
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Composition Of Working Capital:
1.Current Assets: a. Inventories Raw material Work in progress Finished goods Stores and spares Miscellaneous Goods
b. Receivables
Trade debtors Loans and advances Other debtor balances
c. Marketable securities
Govt securities Semi-Government securities Shares, Debenture, etc.,
d. Cash and bank balance
Cash in Hand Cash At Bank Cash in Transit
2.Current Liabilities:
a. Sundry creditors
Interest accused on loan Advances received from customs Short term loans from banks Trade dues and other liabilities Deposits from public, etc.,
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Sources of Working Capital:
Working Capital Sources
Long term sources
Short-term sources
Internal
External
1. Sale of shares 2. Sale of Debentures 3. Sale of idle fixed assets 4. Long-term loans 5. Customers credit 6. Loans from directors 7. Security of employee 8. Factoring
1. Depreciation funds 2. Provision of Taxation 3. Accrued Expenses
1. Trade credit 2. Credit papers 3. Bank credit 4. Public Deposits
General factors determining working capital requirements:

The working capital needs of a firm are determined & influenced by various factors. A wide variety of considerations may affect the quantum of working capital required & these considerations may vary from time to time. The working capital needed at one point of time may not be good enough for some other situation. The determination of working capital requirements is a continuous process & must be undertaken on a regular basis in the light of the changing situations. Following are some of the factors which are relevant in determining the working capital need of the firms.
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT 1. Production policy 2. Nature of the business 3. Credit policy 4. Inventory policy 5. Abnormal factors 6. Market conditions 7. Conditions of supply 8. Business cycle 9. Growth and expansion 10. Level of taxes 11. Dividend policy 12. Price level changes 13. Operating efficiency
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1. Production Policy:
The production schedule i.e., the plan for production, has great influence on the level of the inventories. In some cases raw materials can be produced only in a particular season and have to be stocked for the production of the whole year. In many others the production cycle is limited to a part of the year and raw materials have to be accumulated throughout the year. thus, need for working capital will very according to the production plans.
2. Nature of the Business:
The size of business also has an important impact on its working capital needs. Size may be measured in terms of the scale of operations. A firm with large scale of operation will need working capital than small term. The working capital requirements of a firm are basically influenced by the nature of the business trading and financial firm has a very less investment in fixed assets, but require a large sum of money to be invested in working capital.
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT 3. Credit Policy:
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A company, which allows liberal credit to its customers, may have higher sales but consequently will have large amount of funds tied up in sundry debtors. Credit terms, Debt collection system also influences the level of working capital.
4. Inventory policy:
Large amount of funds is normally locked up in inventory. An efficient firm may stock raw material for a smaller period and may therefore require lesser amount of working capital.
5. Abnormal factors:
Abnormal factors like strikes, lockouts also require additional working capital. Recessionary conditions necessitate a higher amount of stock of finished goods.
6. Market conditions:
Market conditions like competition large inventory are essential as delivery has to be off the self or credit has to be extended on liberal terms when market competition is fierce.
7. Conditions of supply: If prompt and adequate supply of raw materials requires small investment in inventory. If supply is scant, seasonal canalized, it is essential to keep longer stocks increasing working capital requirements.
8. Business cycle:
Business fluctuations lead to cyclical and seasonal changes in production, sales and effect the working capital requirements. DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 34
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9. Growth and expansion:
The working capital needs of firm increases in growth in terms sales of fixed assets. If is difficult to precisely determine the relationship between volume of sales and the working capital needs. The critical fact however that is the need for increased working capital funds does not fallow growth in business activities but precedes it.
10. Level of taxes:
Taxation is a short term liability payable in cash. Advance payment of cash may have to be paid on the basis of anticipated profits. Tax is first appropriation out of profits. Higher the tax, greater is the stain on the working capital of the company. Working capital varies with tax rate and advanced tax provisions.
11. Dividend policy: Payment of dividend utilizes cash while retaining profits acts as a source of working capital.
12. Price Level changes: Inflationary trends in the economy necessitate more working capital maintain the same level of activity.
13. Operating efficiency:
The operating efficiency of the firm relates to the optimum utilization of resources at minimum costs. The firm will be effectively contributing in keeping the working capital investment at a lower level if it is efficient to controlling operating costs and utilizing current assets. The use of working capital is improved and pace of a cash conversion cycle is accelerated with operating efficiency.
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Advantages of good working capital management: The main advantages of sound working capital are as follows:
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1. Solvency of the business: adequate working capital helps in maintaining solvency of the business by providing uninterrupted flow of production.
2. Goodwill: sufficient working capital enables a business concern to make prompt payments and hence helps in crating and maintaining goodwill.
3. Easy loans: a concern having adequate working capital, high solvency and good Credit standing can arrange loans from banks on easy and favorable terms.
4. Cash discount: adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail cash discounts on the purchases and maintaining goodwill.
5. Regular supply of raw materials: sufficient working capital ensures regular supply of raw materials and continuous production.
6. Regular payment of salaries, wages and other day-to-day commitments: a company which has ample working capital can make regular payment towards it day-today commitments which would raise the morale of its employees, increase their efficiency, reduce wastage cost and enhance production and profits.
7. Exploitation of favorable market conditions: only concerns with adequate working capital exploit favorable market conditions such as purchasing its requirements in bulk when the prices are lower and holding its inventories for higher prices.
8. Crisis handling ability: adequate working capital enables a concern to face business crisis, such as depression, inflation successfully.
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9. Quick and regular return on investments: sufficiency of working capital enables a concern to pay quick and regular dividends to its investors, as there may not be much pressure to plough back profits.
10. High morale: adequacy of working capital creates an environment of security, confidence and high morale and improves the overall efficiency of a business.
Disadvantages of Inadequate Working Capital:
1. A concern which has inadequate working capital cannot pay its short-term liabilities in time. Thus, it will lose its reputation and shall not be able to obtain good credit facilities.
2. It cannot buy its requirements in bulk and cannot avail discounts.
3. It becomes difficult for the firm exploits favorable market conditions and under take profitable projects.
4. The firm cannot pay its day-to-day expenses, which would increase cost and reduce the profit of the business.
5. It becomes impossible to utilize efficiently the fixed assets due to the non-availability of liquid funds.
6. The rate of return on investments will also fall with the shortage of working capital. Working capital cycle ( the operating cycle):
The working capital cycle refers to the length of time between the firms paying cash for materials, etc., entering in to the production process/ stock and the inflow of cash from debtors. Suppose a company has a certain amount of cash it will need raw materials. Some raw materials will be available on credit but, cash will be paid out for the other part immediately. Then it has to pay DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 37
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labour cost and incurs factory overheads. These three combined together will constitute work-inprogress. After the production cycle is complete, work-in-progress will get converted into sundry debtors. Sundry debtors will be realized in cash after the expiry of credit period. this cash can again be used for financing of raw materials, work-in-progress, etc. thus there is a complete cycle from cash to cash where in cash gets converted into raw materials, work-in-progress, finished goods, debtors and finally into cash again. Short term funds are required to meet the requirements of funds during this period. This time period is dependent upon the length of time within which the original cash gets converted into cash again. This cycle is also known as operating cycle or cash cycle.
OPERATING CYCLE Cash
Bills Receivables Or Debtors
Raw Materials
Credit Sales
Working in progress
Finished goods Working capital cycle indicates the length of time between companies paying for materials, entering into stock and receiving the cash from sales of finished goods. It can be determined by adding the number of days required for each stage in the cycle. For e.g., a company holds raw materials on an average for 60 days, it gets credit from the supplier for 15 days, production process needs 15 days, DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 38
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finished goods are held for 30 days and 30 days credit is extended to debtors. The total of all these 120 days, i.e., 60-15+15+30+30 days is the total working capital cycle.
The determination of working capital cycle helps in the forecast, control and management of working capital. It indicates the total time lag and the relative significance of its constituting parts. The duration of working capital cycle may vary depending on the nature of the business.
The Operating Cycle consists of the following events which continues through the life of business
y y y y y
conversion of cash into raw materials conversion of raw materials into work in progress conversion of WIP into finished stock conversion sales conversion of account receivable into cash
Components of Working Capital Working Capital management involves different components such as
1. Management of cash 2. Management of Inventory 3. Management of Receivables
1. Management of cash: Cash is the important current asset for the operation of the business. Cash is the basic input needed to keep the business running on continuous basis; it is also the ultimate output expected to be realized by selling the services of product manufactures by the firm. The firm should keep sufficient cash, neither more nor less. Cash shortage will disrupt the firms manufacturing operations while
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excessive cash will simply remain idle, with out contributing anything towards the firms profitability. Thus, major functions of the financial manager to maintain a sound cash position.
Cash is the money, which a firm can disburse immediately with out any restriction. The term cash includes coins, currency and cheques held by the firm, and balance in its bank accounts. Some times near cash items, such as marketable securities or bank times deposits, are also includes in cash. The basic characteristic of near cash assets is that they can readily be converted to cash. Generally when a firm has excess of near cash, it invests it in marketable securities. This kind of investment contributes some profit to the firm.
a. Facets of cash management:
Cash management is concerned with the managing of
1) Cash flows into and out of the firm 2) Cash flows with in the firm and 3) Cash balance held by the firm a points of time by financing deficit or investing surplus cash. It can be represented by a cash management cycle as showing fig1.sales generates cash, which has to be disbursed out. The surplus cash has to be invested while deficit has to be borrowed. Cash management seeks to accomplish this cycle at a minimum cost. At the same time, it also seeks to achieve liquidity and control.
Cash management assumes more importance than other current assets because it is the most significant and the least productive asset that a firm holds. It is a significant because it is used to pay the firms obligations. However, cash is unproductive. Unlike fixed assets or inventories, it does not produce goods for sales. Therefore, the aim of cash management is to maintain adequate control over cash position to keep the firm sufficiently liquid and to be use excess cash in some profitable way.
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT b. Cash Planning:
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Cash inflows and outflows should be planned to project cash surplus or deficit for each period of the planning period. Cash budget should be prepared for this purpose.
C. Managing the cash flows: The flow of cash should be properly managed. The cash should be accelerated while, as far as possible, the cash outflows should be decelerated.
d. Optimum cash level:
The firm should decide about the appropriate level of cash balances. The cost of excess cash and danger of deficiency should be matched to determine the optimum level of cash balances.
e. Investing surplus cash:
The surplus balance should be properly invested to earn profits. The firm should decide about the division of cash balances between alternative short-term investment opportunities such as bank deposits, marketable securities, or inter corporation lending.
The ideal cash management system will depends on the firms products, organization structure, competition, culture and option available. The task is complex, and decisions taken can affect important areas of the firm. For example, to improve collection if the credit period is reduced, it may affect sales. However, in certain cases, even without fundamental changes, it possible to significantly reduce cost of cash management system by choosing a right bank and controlling the collections properly.
f. Motives for holding cash: The firms needs for cash may be attributed to the following needs DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 41
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT i. ii. iii. iv. Transaction motive Precautionary motive Speculation motive Translation motive
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i. Transaction motive: The transaction motive requires a firm to hold cash to conduct its business in the ordinary cost. The firm needs cash primarily to make payments for purchases, wages and salaries, other operating expenses, taxes, dividends etc. the need to hold cash would not arise if there were perfect synchronization between cash receipts and cash payments, i.e., enough cash is received when the payment has to be made. But cash receipts and payments are not perfectly synchronized. For those periods, when cash payments exceed cash receipts, the firm should maintain some cash balance to be able to make required payments. For transaction purpose, a firm may invest its cash in marketable securities; usually the firm will purchase securities whose maturity corresponds with some anticipated payments. Such as dividends, or taxes in the future. Notice that the transactions motive mainly refers to holding cash to met anticipated payments whose timing is not perfectly matched with receipts.
h. Precautionary motive:
A firm also keeps cash balances to meet unexpected cash needs arising out of unexpected contingencies such as floods, strikes, presentment of bills for payment earlier than expected date, sharp increase in raw materials price etc,. The more is the possibility of such contingencies, the more is the amount of cash kept by the firm for meeting them.
i. Speculative motive: A firm also keeps cash balance to take advantage of unexpected opportunities typically outside the normal course of business, such motive is therefore a purely speculative for example a firm may like to take advantage of an opportunity to purchase raw material at reduced prices in anticipation of
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decline prices, similarly, it may like to keep some c ash balance to make profit by buying securities at ties when their prices fall due to tight money conditions etc,.
j. Cash planning: Cash planning is a technique to plan and control the use of cash. It protects the financial condition of the firm by developing a projected cash statement from a forecast of expected cash inflows and outflows for a given period. The forecast may be used on the present operations or anticipated future operations. Cash plans are very crucial in developing the overall operating plans of the firm.
k. Cash forecasting and budgeting:
Cash budget is the most significant device to plan for and control cash receipts and payments. A cash budget is a summary of the firms expected cash inflows over a projected period. It gives information on the timing and magnitude of expected cash flows and cash balances over the projected period. This information helps the financial manager to determine the future cash needs of the firm, plan for the financing of these needs and exercise control over the cash and liquidity of the firm.
The time horizon of a cash budget may differ from firm to firm. A firm whose business is affected by seasonal variations may prepare monthly cash budgets. Daily or weekly budgets should be prepared for determine cash requirements if cash flows extreme fluctuations. Cash budgets for a longer interval may be prepared if cash flows are relatively stable.
2. Management of Inventory: The preceding two chapters basic strategies and consideration in managing current assets namely, cash and receivables are stocks of product a company is manufacturing for sale and components that make up a product. Inventories like receivables are also a significant portion of most firms assets and accordingly require substantial investment. To keep these investments from
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becoming unnecessarily large, inventories must be managed efficiently. The various forms in which inventories exist in a manufacturing company are a) Raw Materials: Raw materials are those basic inputs that are converted into finished products through the manufacturing process. Raw material inventories are those units, which have been purchased and stored for future productions. b) Work-in-progress: The work-in-progress is that stage of stock, which is in between raw materials and finished goods. They are semi-finished products that need more work before they become finished products for sale. The quantum of WIP depends on the time taken in the manufacturing process. The greater the time taken in manufacturing, the more will be the amount of work-in-progress. c) Finished goods: Finished goods inventories are those completely manufactured products, which are ready for sale. Stocks of raw material and work-in-process facilitate production while stock of finished goods is required for smooth marketing operations.
The level of three kinds of inventories for a firm depends on the nature of its business. A manufacturing firm will have substantially high level of all three kinds of inventories.
A fourth kind of inventory Firm also maintains suppliers. Suppliers include office and plant cleaning material oil, fuel, light bulbs etc. these materials do not directly enter into production, but are necessary for production process, usually these supplies are small part of inventory and do not involve significant investment. Therefore a sophisticated system of inventory control may not be maintained for them.
2 (a) Need for holding inventory:
There are generally three major motives for holding inventories.
There transactions motive which emphasis the need to maintain inventories to facilitate smooth production and sale operations.
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The precautionary motive, which necessitates holding of inventories to guard against the risk of unpredictable changes in demand and supply forces and other factors.
The speculative motive which includes the decision to increase or reduce inventory levels to take advantage of price fluctuations.
A company should maintain adequate stock of material, as it is not possible for a company to procure raw material whenever it is needed and also for a continuous and smooth and uninterrupted production process.
2(b) Inventory management techniques:
In managing inventories the firm should determine the optimum level of inventory. Efficiently controlled inventories make the firm flexible. Inefficient inventory control results in unbalanced inventory and inflexibility, the firm may be sometimes out of stock and sometimes may pile up unnecessary stocks. This increases the level of investment and makes the firm unprofitable.
To manage inventories efficiently and effectively answers should to the following two questions? How much should be ordered? When should it be ordered?
The first question, how much to order, related in the problem of determining economic order quantity (EOQ) and is answered with an analysis of costs of maintaining certain level of inventories. The second question when to order arises because of uncertainty and is a problem of determining the re-order point.
3. Management of Receivables: Accounts receivable or trade credit is the most prominent force of the modern business. It is considered as an essential marketable tool, acting as a bridge for the movement of goods through production and distribution stages to customers finally. A firm grants credit to protect its sales from the competitor and to attract potential customers. Trade credit, thus credit receivable or book debts, DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 45
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which the firm is expected to, collect in future. It also involved an element of risk as the cash payment has get to be received, hence they has to be carefully analyzed.
Receivables constitute a substantial portion of current assets of several firms. They form about 1/3 part of current assets in India. As substantial amounts are tied up in trade debtors, it needs careful analysis and proper management, for proper management of receivable a concern must adopt an optimum credit policy.
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DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Components of working capital during the period 2004-05 to 2008-09 Particulars A) Current Assets Inventory Sundry Debtors Cash & Bank Other Current Assets Total Current Assets(1) B) Current Liabilities Sundry Creditors Total Current Liabilities(2) Net Working Capital(1-2) 2004-05 2,77,88,120 2,10,20,651.10 1,26,80,162.10 66,17,386.77 6,81,06,320 2005-06 92,48,773 3,26,57,425.39 4,12,017.87 1,97,21,730.74 6,20,39,947 2006-07 2,23,06,584 2,83,80,062.46 4,89,987.94 85,29,097 2007-08 79,54,977 6,24,34,864.64 10,30,357.33 96,83,354 2008-09 1,78,23,396 5,35,87,898.08 12,75,758.21 1,20,68,081
5,97,05,731.40 8,11,03,552.97
3,54,94,571.72 1,58,05,553 3,54,94,571.72 1,58,05,553 3,26,11,748.28 4,62,34,394
88,76,129.86 88,76,129.86
1,01,04,429.37 90,20,956.63 1,01,04,429.37 90,20,956.63
5,08,29,601.53 7,09,99,123.60 7,57,34,176.66
Analysis: From the above table it is clear that the net working capital has been increasing during the above years of study period. In the year 2004-05 it is Rs.3,26,11,748.28 and it has increased to Rs.7,57,34,176.66 in the year 2008-09.
Statement showing the changes in Working capital for the year 2004-05 and 2005-06 DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 48
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Particulars A) Current Assets Inventory Sundry Debtors Cash & Bank Other Current Assets Gross Working Capital(1) B) Current Liabilities Sundry Creditors Total Current Liabilities(2)
31/3/05 2,77,88,120 2,10,20,651.10 1,26,80,162.10 66,17,386.77 6,81,06,320
31/3/06 92,48,773 3,26,57,425.39 4,12,017.87 1,97,21,730.74 6,20,39,947
Increase ------1,16,36,774.26 -------1,31,04,343.97
Decrease 1,85,39,347 ------1,22,68,144.23 ---------
3,54,94,571.72 3,54,94,571.72
1,58,05,553 1,58,05,553 4,62,34,394 --------4,62,34,394
1,96,89,018.72
---------
Working Capital(1-2) 3,26,11,748.28 Increase in Working Capital 1,36,22,645.72 Total 4,62,34,394
------------4,44,30,136.95
1,36,22,645.72 4,44,30,136.95
Analysis: The above table shows that there is net increase in the working capital of Rs.1,36,22,645.72 during the year 2004-05 with compared to the year 2005-06. This is because of significant increase in sundry debtors, other current assets but there is a downfall in the inventory, cash and bank balances. On the other hand current liabilities are decreased. The net effect of the above changes has brought an increase in net working capital.
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Statement showing the changes in Working Capital for the year 2005-06 and 2006-07 Particulars A) Current Assets Inventory Sundry Debtors Cash & Bank Other Current Assets Gross Working Capital(1) B) Current Liabilities Sundry Creditors Total Current Liabilities(2) 31/3/06 92,48,773 3,26,57,425.39 4,12,017.87 1,97,21,730.74 6,20,39,947 31/3/07 2,23,06,584 2,83,80,062.46 4,89,987.94 85,29,097 5,97,05,731.40 Increase 1,30,57,811 ---------77,970.07 ---------Decrease ---------42,77,362.93 ----------1,11,92,633.74
1,58,05,553 1,58,05,553
88,76,129.86 88,76,129.86 5,08,29,601.53 ------------5,08,29,601.53
69,29,423.14
-----------
Working Capital(1-2) 4,62,34,394 Increase in Working Capital 45,95,207.53 Total 5,08,29,601.53
------------2,00,65,204.21
45,95,207.53 2,00,65,204.21
Analysis:
The above table shows that there is net increase in the working capital of Rs.45,95,207.53 during the year 2005-06 with compared to the year 2006-07. This is because of significant increase in inventory, cash and bank balances. But there is a downfall in the sundry debtors and other current assets On the other hand current liabilities are decreased. The net effect of the above changes has brought an increase in net working capital.
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Statement showing the changes in Working Capital for the year 2006-07 and 2007-08 Particulars A) Current Assets Inventory Sundry Debtors Cash & Bank Other Current Assets Gross Working Capital(1) B) Current Liabilities Sundry Creditors Total Current Liabilities(2) 31/3/07 2,23,06,584 2,83,80,062.46 4,89,987.94 85,29,097 5,97,05,731.40 31/3/08 79,54,977 6,24,34,864.64 10,30,357.33 96,83,354 8,11,03,552.97 Increase ----------3,40,54,802.18 5,40,369.39 11,54,257
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Decrease 1,43,51,607 -----------------------------
88,76,129.86 88,76,129.86
1,01,04,429.37 1,01,04,429.37 7,09,99,123.60 -----------7,09,99,123.60
---------
12,28,299.51
Working Capital(1-2) 5,08,29,601.53 Increase in Working Capital 2,01,69,522.07 Total 7,09,99,123.60
----------3,57,49,428.57
2,01,69,522.07 3,57,49,428.57
Analysis: The above table shows that there is net increase in the working capital of Rs.2,01,69,522.07 during the year 2006-07 with compared to the year 2007-08. This is because of significant increase in sundry debtors, other current assets, cash and bank balances. But there is a downfall in the inventory. On the other hand current liabilities are increased. The net effect of the above changes has brought an increase in net working capital.
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Statement showing the changes in Working Capital for the year 2007-08 and 2008-09 Particulars A) Current Assets Inventory Sundry Debtors Cash & Bank Other Current Assets Gross Working Capital(1) B) Current Liabilities Sundry Creditors Total Current Liabilities(2) 31/3/08 79,54,977 6,24,34,864.64 10,30,357.33 96,83,354 8,11,03,552.97 31/3/09 1,78,23,396 5,35,87,898.08 12,75,758.21 1,20,68,081 Increase 98,68,419 ----------2,45,400.88 23,84,727 Decrease ---------88,46,966.56 -------------------
1,01,04,429.37 1,01,04,429.37
90,20,956.63 90,20,956.63 7,57,34,176.66 ----------7,57,34,176.66
10,83,472.74
-----------
Working Capital(1-2) 7,09,99,123.60 Increase in Working Capital 47,35,053.06 Total 7,57,34,176.66
------------1,35,82,019.62
47,35,053.06 1,35,82,019.62
Analysis: The above table shows that there is net increase in the working capital of Rs.47,35,053.06 during the year 2007-08 with compared to the year 2008-09. This is because of significant increase in inventory, other current assets, cash and bank balances. But there is a downfall in the sundry debtors. On the other hand current liabilities are decreased. The net effect of the above changes has brought an increase in net working capital.
Inference
1.Liquidity ratios: DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 52
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These ratios measure the firms ability to meet its current obligations as and when they become due. Liquidity is a prerequisite for the survival of a firm. A firm should ensure that it does not suffer from lack of liquidity. The failure of the company to use its obligations put in a dangerous situation on the other named idle assets earns nothing. Therefore a proper balance between the two contradictory requirements i.e., liquidity and profitability is required for efficient financial management. The liquidity ratios measure the ability of a firm to meet its short term obligations and reflect the short-term financial strength/solvency of a firm.
The ratios, which indicate liquidity of a firm, are
a) Current ratio:
Current ratio is calculated by dividing total current assets to total liabilities. This ratio is also known as working capital ratio. Current assets Current ratio = Current Liabilities
Current assets include cash and those assets in marketable securities, debtors, stock, prepaid expenses, which can be converted in to cash with in a year. Current liabilities defined as liabilities, which are short term maturing obligation to be met, current liabilities include creditors, Bills payable , Bank credit, and provision for taxation, dividend payable, outstanding expenses.
A ratio greater than one means that the firm has more current claims against them. Its conventional rule that a current ratio of 2 to 1 or more to be considered as satisfactory. However current ratio is a crude and quick measure of firms liquidity.
Table showing current ratio Years DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Current Assets Current Liabilities Current Ratio Page 53
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT 31/3/05 31/3/06 31/3/07 31/3/08 31/3/09 6,81,06,320 6,20,39,947 5,97,05,731.39 8,11,03,552.97 8,47,55,133.29 3,54,94,571.72 1,58,05,553 88,76,129.86 1,01,04,429.37 90,20,956.63 1.92 3.93 6.73 8.03 9.40
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Current ratio
10 8 current 6 ratio 4 2 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 years
Analysis:
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The Current ratio is an index of firms financial ability. The ideal current ratio is 2:1. Higher the ratios better the coverage. From the above table it is clear that the current ratio has been showing increasing trend during the above years of study period. Even though in the year 2004-05 companys current ratio is less than the ideal ratio it has been increased year by year. It is important to note that the poor current ratio is a danger signal to the management and also higher current ratio would indicate lack of utilizing various investment opportunities.
b) Quick Ratio: Quick ratio or acid test ratio is more refined measure of firms liquidity. This ratio establishes a relationship between quick or liquid assets and current liabilities. Stock and prepaid expenses are considered to be less liquid. Current assets Inventory Quick Ratio = Current Liabilities
Generally, a quick ratio of 1:1 is considered, representing a satisfactory current financial condition. This ratio is of great important for banks and financial institutions
Table showing Quick Ratio Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Quick Assets 4,03,18,200 5,27,91,174 3,73,99,147.40 7,31,48,575.97 6,68,92,817.29 Current Liabilities 3,54,94,571.72 1,58,05,553 88,76,129.86 1,01,04,429.37 90,20,956.63 Quick Ratio 1.14 3.34 4.21 7.24 7.42
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Quick ratio
8 7 6 5 Quick ratio 4 3 2
0 2005 2006 2007 years 2008 2009
Analysis:
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Generally Quick Ratio of 1:1 considered to be satisfactory. From the above table it is observed that in 2004-05 the ratio is 1.92. It is continuously increasing and reached to 7.42 in 2008-09. This indicates that the company is in favorable position. That is the firm is liquid and it has the ability to pay its current obligations.
c) Cash Ratio: It is the ratio of absolute liquid assets to quick liabilities. However for calculation purposes it is taken as ratio of absolute liquid assets to current liabilities. Absolute liquid assets include cash in hand and short term investments. Cash in hand and bank Cash Ratio = Current Liabilities
Table showing Cash Ratio Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Cash & Bank 5,39,003.70 4,12,017.87 4,89,987.94 10,30,357.33 12,75,758.21 Current Liabilities 3,54,94,571.72 1,58,05,553 88,76,129.86 1,01,04,429.37 90,20,956.63 Cash Ratio 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.14
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Cash ratio
0.14 0.12 0.1 Cash 0.08 Ratio 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 2005 2006 2007 Years 2008 2009
Analysis:
The above table shows that cash ratio is showing increasing trend. But it is not reaching the standard ratio 0.51:1 so it might have faced the difficulty of short liquidity in terms of cash. So it has to maintain its cash resources effectively in order to cover its current liabilities. d) Net working capital ratio: Net working capital is sometimes used as a measure of firms liquidity. It is considered that between two firms the one having the larger net working capital has the greater ability to meet current obligations. NWC however measures firms potential of funds. It can be related to net assets. DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 58
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Net working capital Net working capital ratio = Net Assets
Computation of Net Working Capital Ratio Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Net working Capital 3,26,11,748.28 4,62,34,394 5,08,29,601.53 7,09,99,123.60 7,57,34,176.66 Net Assets 5,66,67,463.28 7,92,61,853 7,12,40,478.48 8,89,77,044.55 9,22,27,498.61 NWC Ratio 0.58 0.58 0.71 0.80 0.82
Net working capital ratio

1 0.8 NWC 0.6 Ratio 0.4 0.2 0 2005 2006 2007 ar 2008 2009
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Analysis:
From the above table it is clear that the net working capital ratio has been showing increasing trend during the above years of study period. In the year 2004-05 the ratio is 0.58 and it has increased to o.82 in the year 2008-09. The net working capital ratio is satisfied.
2. Turnover Ratios: Turnover ratios measure how efficiently the enterprise employs the resources or assets at its command. They indicate the performance of the business. The performance of an enterprise is judged with its sales (turnover). Turnover ratios are otherwise called as activity ratios.
The ratios, which indicate efficiency of the firm, are a) Debtors Turnover Ratio: Debtors turnover ratio expresses the relationship between average debtors and sales. It is calculated as follows: Sales Debtors Turnover Ratio = Average Debtors
Average debtors are the simple average of debtors at the beginning and at the end of year. The analysis of the debtors turnover ratio supplements the information regarding the liquidity of one item of current assets of the firm. The ratio measures how rapidly receivables are collected. A high ratio is indicative of shorter time-lag between credit sales and cash collection. A low ratio shows that debts are not being collected rapidly.
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Computation of Debtors Turnover Ratio Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sales 38,10,13,523 27,36,30,389 35,65,74,550.48 33,23,96,494.49 35,92,77,141.83 Average Debtors 3,26,43,229.68 2,68,39,038.26 3,05,18,743.92 4,54,07,463.54 5,80,11,381.36 Debtors Turnover Ratio 11.67 10.20 11.68 7.32 6.19
Debtors Turnover ratio

12 10 Debtors 8 turnover 6 ratio 4 2 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 Years 2009
Analysis: Debtors turnover ratio has been showing the fluctuating trend. During the study period, it is good sign that the company is following good collections and credit policies
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b) Inventory Turnover Ratio:
Inventory turnover ratio indicates the efficiency of the firm in producing and selling its product. It is calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold by the average inventory. The average inventory is the average of operating and closing balances of inventory. In a manufacturing company inventory of finished goods is used to calculate inventory turnover.
Sales
Inventory Turnover Ratio = Average Inventory
Opening inventory + Closing inventory Average Inventory = 2 Computation of Inventory Turnover Ratio Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sales 38,10,13,523 27,36,30,389 35,65,74,550.48 33,23,96,494.49 35,92,77,141.83 Average Inventory 1,99,36,527 1,85,18,446.50 1,57,77,678.50 1,51,30,780.50 1,28,89,186.50 Ratio 19.11 14.78 22.60 21.97 27.87
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Inventory Turnover Ratio

30 25 Inventory20 Turnover 15 Ratio 10 5 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 Years 2009
Analysis: From the above table it is observed that the inventory turnover ratio is showing fluctuating trend. In the year 2004-05 the ratio is 19.11 that means the company is converting its inventory into sales 19.11 times in a year and it has been increased to 27.87 in the year 2008-09. This shows that company is making good use of its inventory.
c) Current Assets Turnover Ratio: Current Assets turnover ratio expresses the relationship between net current assets and sales. It is calculated as follows:
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Sales
Current assets turnoverr ratio = Net Current Assets
Computation of Current assets Turnover Ratio Years 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Sales 38,10,13,523 27,36,30,389 35,65,74,550.48 33,23,96,494.49 35,92,77,141.83 Net Current Assets 3,26,11,748.28 4,62,34,394 5,08,29,601.53 7,09,99,123.60 7,57,34,176.66 Ratio 11.68 5.92 7.02 4.68 4.74
Current Assets Turnover ratio

12 10 Current 8 Assets turnover Ratio 6 4 2 0 2004 2005 2006 Years 2007 2008
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Analysis:
From the above table it is clear that use of current assets is fluctuating year by year. In the year 2003-04 the ratio is 11.68 and it has decreased to 4.74 in the year 2007-08.
d) Working Capital Turnover Ratio:
This ratio measures the relationship between working capital and sales. The ratio shows the number of times the working capital results. In sales working capital as usual is the excess of current assets over the current liabilities.
Sales Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Working Capital
Comment: Higher the ratio the greater are the profit, a low working capital over indicates that working capital is not efficiently utilized.
Computation of Working Capital Turnover Ratio Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sales 38,10,13,523 27,36,30,389 35,65,74,550.48 33,23,96,494.49 35,92,77,141.83 Working Capital 3,26,11,748.28 4,62,34,394 5,08,29,601.53 7,09,99,123.60 7,57,34,176.66 Ratio 11.68 5.92 7.02 4.68 4.74
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Working Capital Turnover ratio

12 10 Working 8 Capital Turnover 6 Ratio 4 2 0 2005 2006 2007 Years 2008 2009
Analysis: From the above table it shows that the higher working capital turnover ratio is 11.68 in the year 2004-05 it indicates that greater are the profits. A low working capital turnover ratio is 4.74 in the year 2008-09 it indicates that working capital is not effectively utilized.
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT CASH MANAGEMENT Introduction:
HIFL
Cash is a vital component of working capital, because it is the cash, which keeps a business going. It is hub around which all other financial matters center. There is no denying the fact that cash is the very life blood of a business enterprise.
Steady and healthy circulation of cash in the entire business operation is the basis of business running on a continuous basis. It is also the ultimate output expected to be realized by selling the service or product manufactured by the firm. Ultimately, every transaction in a business in either an inflow or an outflow of cash.
Therefore, effective management of cash is the key determinant of efficient working capital management. There should be sufficient cash with a firm all the time to meet need of the business. Both excess and inadequate cash situations are undesirable from the point of view of profitability and liquidity.
Inadequate cash may degenerate a firm into a state of technical insolvency and even lead to its liquidation. It will eventually disrupt the firms manufacturing operation. On the other hand, excess cash remains idle without contributing anything towards the firms profitability.
Moreover, holding of cash balance has an implicit cost in the form of its opportunity cost. The larger the idle cash, the greater will be its opportunity cost in the form of loss of interest bearing securities or by reducing the burden of interest charges by paying off the past loans.
The carrying of cash and near cash reserves beyond the irreducible operating needs cuts assets turnover and rate of return. If the cash balances with a firm at any time are surplus or deficit, it is obvious that the finances are mismanaged. Today when cash, like any other assets of the company, is a tool for profits, the emphasis is on right amount of cash at the right time, at the right place and at the right cost. Variations in size of cash: DEPT OF M.B.A,QCET Page 68
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To achieve the objectives of maximum profitability and liquidity in a concern, the firm has to employ its cash resources to the fullest extent possible. The opportunity cost of holding excess cash and liquidity risk of inadequate cash are two forces, which affect the determination of size of cash in an enterprise. On the basis of past experience, a management can decide what position of current assets should be kept in cash form.
Besides this, cash to sales ratio and cash to current liabilities ratio are other tools for such comparison. Thus, three ratios have been computed here for the purpose of analyzing the variations in cash balances. These ratios include:
I. Cash to current assets ratio. II. Cash to sales ratio. III. Cash to current liabilities ratio.
1.Statement showing Cash to current assets ratio:
Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average =
Cash & Bank 5,39,003.70 4,12,017.87 4,89,987.94 10,30,357.33 12,75,758.21
Current Assets 6,81,06,320 6,20,39,947 5,97,05,731.39 8,11,03,552.97 8,47,55,133.29
% of Cash to CA 0.79 0.66 0.82 1.27 1.51 1.01
Analysis: The above table shows that the average value for cash to current assets ratio is 1.01%. This ratio indicates that 1.01% of current assets are in the form of cash.
Cash and bank balances have been registered a fluctuating trend during the period of study. It is suggestive of the fact that the company has to exercise better control over cash and bank balances.
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT I. Statement showing Cash to Sales ratio:
HIFL
Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average =
Cash & Bank 5,39,003.70 4,12,017.87 4,89,987.94 10,30,357.33 12,75,758.21
Sales 38,10,13,523 27,36,30,389 35,65,74,550.48 33,23,96,494.49 35,92,77,141.83
% of Cash to Sales 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.31 0.36 0.22
Analysis: The ratio of cash to sales provides a deep insight into cash balances hold by the company, is pointer to the fact that, on an average, 0.22% of sales in the company has remained cash during the period of study.
II. Statement showing Cash to Current Liabilities ratio:
Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average =
Cash & Bank 5,39,003.70 4,12,017.87 4,89,987.94 10,30,357.33 12,75,758.21
Current Liabilities 3,54,94,571.72 1,58,05,553 88,76,129.86 1,01,04,429.37 90,20,956.63
% of Cash to CL 1.52 2.61 5.52 10.20 14.14 6.80
Analysis:Another way of looking at the variations in cash balance is to compare with current liabilities. The above table depicts that cash and bank balance on an average have constituted 6.8% of current liabilities.
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Introduction:
HIFL
Inventory constitutes a major component of working capital. To a large extent, the success or failure of a business depend upon its inventory management performance. Proper management and control of inventory not only solve the problem of liquidity but also increase profitability. Inventory establishes link between production and sales. Every business undertaking needs inventory in adequate quantity for efficient processing and intransitive handling. Since, inventory itself is an idle asset and involves holding cost; it is always desirable that investment in this asset should be kept at the minimum possible level. Inventory should be available in proper quantity at all the times, neither more nor less than what is required. Inadequate inventory adversely affects smooth running of business, where as excess of it involves extra cost, thus reducing profits. The basic objective of inventory management is to optimize the size of inventory in a firm. So that smooth performance of production and sales functions may be possible at the minimum costs. An attempt has been made to analyze the size and composition of inventory and circulation of inventory during the period under study.
Thus, two ratios have been computed here for the purpose of analyzing the size of inventory in a firm. These ratios include:
I. Inventory to Current Assets ratio II. Inventory to Total Assets ratio
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT I. Statement Showing Inventory to Current Assets ratio:
HIFL
Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average =
Inventory 2,77,88,120 92,48,773 2,23,06,584 79,54,977 1,78,23,396
Current Assets 6,81,06,320 6,20,39,947 5,97,05,731.39 8,11,03,552.97 8,47,55,133.29
% of inventory to CA 40.8 14.9 37.4 9.8 21 24.78
Analysis: The average value of inventory to current assets amounts to 24.78%. It is a good sign that it has been decreasing carrying cost which affects profitability of the firm. II. Statement Showing Inventory to Total Assets ratio:
Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average = Analysis:
Inventory 2,77,88,120 92,48,773 2,23,06,584 79,54,977 1,78,23,396
Total Assets 9,21,62,035 9,50,67,406 8,02,66,164.34 9,91,93,640.92 10,13,23,143.2
% of inventory to TA 30.2 9.7 27.8 8.02 17.6 18.66
The above table reveals that the inventory has constituted a very high proportion of total investment in the company. The average value of inventory to total assets ratio amounts to 18.66%.
To conclude, it may be said that the size of inventory in the company has been adequate and has constituted a adequate proportion of current assets and total assets.
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Conclusion
Under the light of the inferences drawn from the analysis, it is no exaggeration to conclude with information that the overall working capital management of Anantha PVC Pipes pvt ltd is fair and reasonably good and thus promising future awaits the company.
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Findings
1) Networking capital of Anantha PVC pipes pvt ltd is increasing year by year during the period of study and which is good for the company.
2) The working capital is financed mostly by the long-term sources and marginally by short-term sources. The company also used the retained earning to finance the working capital needs. As per the annual reports, working capital demand loan is secured by the hypothecation of raw materials, stores and spares, work in progress finished goods and book debts both present and future.
3) Current ratio of the company for the years 2004-05,2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09, are 1.92,3.93,6.73,8.03,9.40 respectively. Higher the ratio better is coverage. Standard ratio is 2:1, which shows that the companys current ratio is more than the standard ratio.
4) Quick ratio during the study period has been increasing that is for the year 2004-05 is 1.14, 2005-06 is 3.34, 2006-07 is 4.21, 2007-08 is 7.24, 2008-09 is 7.42, which shows these ratios are above the standard ratio of 1:1
5) Cash ratio which shows the short-term solvency of the firm in terms of cash during the study period are 0.02, 0.03, 0.06, 0.10, 0.14 which is not up to the standard ratio of 0.5:1.
6) The liquidity ratios indicate that Anantha PVC pipes pvt ltd liquidity position is satisfactory.
7) Debtors turnover ratio has been showing the decreasing trend during the study period except in the year 2005-06 which is not good for the company.
8) The inventory turnover ratio except in the years 2005-06 and 2007-08 is showing increasing trend. The trend is 19.11, 14.78, 22.60, 21.97& 27.87.
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9) The components of working capital as well as sales are showing fluctuating trends.
10) The company carries a small amount of cash. There is nothing to be worried about the lack of cash, if the company has reserve borrowing power. Since, the company position is satisfactory and it is able to get the required funds with not much difficulty.
11) The company has a very strict credit policy and has been collecting debts promptly. The credit policy is effective.
12) 24-25% of the current assets are in the form of inventories, which shows the company is making good use of its inventories.
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Suggestions
1) The company depends more on bank borrowings and long term sources of funds for working capital needs. The working capital required by the company is increasing over years. The company should try to curtail the unnecessary expenditure in order to reduce the cost of production and promote high return on sales.
2) As the companys current ratio is more than the standard ratio, it should decrease the current assets which are in the form of sundry debtors, inventory etc.
3) The firm so maintaining the current assets satisfactory, but at the same time more than 50% of current assets are blocked in the form of receivables. This is due to giving credit sales to his customers and maximum portion of sales are in credit terms only. If at sll there is any possibility, the company should reduce the credit sales and receivables holding period and to bridge the gap between the excess and shortage of working capital.
4) The inventory position of the company is satisfactory. If the company will increase its stock of inventory, then it will be more satisfactory in future.
5) The company needs to invest in marketable securities in order to increase its cash ratio.
6) Debtors turnover ratio has been showing fluctuating trend. So it is suggested to the company that it should have proper control on debtors turnover ratio.
7) As the company maintaining low cash resources it should try to maintain balance between debtors and cash. That means it should reduce its debtors and increase cash resources.
8) The sales of the company are showing fluctuating trends. So the company should maintain proper control on sales.
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Bibliography
Books referred: Financial Management, 8th edition, Vikas publishing (pvt), New Delhi. 2. M.Y.Khan & P.K.Jain Financial management, 4th edition, TATA MC Grawhill publishing co ltd, New Delhi. 3. Rajeswara Rao.K & Prasad.G Accounting & Finance, Jai Bharath Publishers.
1. I.M.Pandey
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

DETERMINANTS OF WORKING CAPITAL

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

NEED OF THE STUDY

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

INDUS TRY P ROF I LE

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

COM PANY PROF ILE

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT QUALITIES OF MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES:

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT 3. AGRI BUSINESS:

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

Meaning of working capital:

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

2. Net Working Capital:

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

Composition Of Working Capital:

Trade debtors Loans and advances Other debtor balances

Govt securities Semi-Government securities Shares, Debenture, etc.,

d. Cash and bank balance

Cash in Hand Cash At Bank Cash in Transit

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

Sources of Working Capital:

Working Capital Sources

Long term sources

1. Depreciation funds 2. Provision of Taxation 3. Accrued Expenses

1. Trade credit 2. Credit papers 3. Bank credit 4. Public Deposits

General factors determining working capital requirements:

2. Nature of the Business:

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT 3. Credit Policy:

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

9. Growth and expansion:

10. Level of taxes:

13. Operating efficiency:

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

Disadvantages of Inadequate Working Capital:

2. It cannot buy its requirements in bulk and cannot avail discounts.

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

OPERATING CYCLE Cash

Bills Receivables Or Debtors

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

1. Management of cash 2. Management of Inventory 3. Management of Receivables

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT