CHAPTER 1: THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSES

1.1 Sensory Organ (pg 3, 4)

1. Senses help us to be ______________________________________________________________.
2. ___________ are changes in the surrounding.
3. We use sensory organ to ______________________.
4. Our five sensory organ are __________, __________, __________, ___________ and ______.
5. ___________________ are special structures that are sensitive to stimuli.
Sensory organ
Sense of
stimuli
Eye
sight
light
Ear
Nose
Tongue
skin
6. The pathway from stimulus to response is:
Stimulus
_____________________
____________________
_________________
______________________
_______________
______________________
7. A stimulus will stimulate receptors in sensory organ to produce electrical messages known as
_______
1.2 Sense of touch
The Skin (pg 5,6,7)
1. The skin is the sensory organ for ____________.
2. It is the ___________________ in the body.
3. The skin can detect changes in ________________, __________, ____________ and __________.
4. The five receptors found in the skin are:
Recectors in the skin
Detect to /sensitive to
Touch receptor
Slight pressure
Pain receptor
Heat receptor
Cold receptor
Heavy pressure
5. Label the receptors in the diagram below:

6 The sensitivity of the skin depends on

a) the thickness of the skin

b) the number of receptors
7. __________________, ______________ and _________________ are very sensitive to touch.
8. ____________, ______, _____________________, and ______________________ are the least
sensitive to touch.
9. Blind people use Braille system to read.
1.3 Sense of smell
Nose (pg8)
1. Our nose is the sensory organ of __________________.
2. The __________________________________ has many sensory cells or ________________ to
detect smells.
3. The function of the mucus is to enable chemical substances to dissolve in it and stimulate the
sensory cells.
4. Label the part of the nose in the diagram below.

5. The smell pathway from the stimulus to the brain.

Chemicals in the air
smell sensory
cell impulse
brain
6. A person with influenza becomes less sensitive to smell because the mucus covers the sensory cell
and prevents it from being stimulated by chemical.
1.4 Sense of taste
Tongue (pg 9,10)
1. Tongue is the sensory organ for __________________.
2. Our tongue can detect four basic tastes: ______________, _______________, _____________ and
___________.
3. Our tongue is lined with ________________ which contain many __________________.
4. Label the part of tongue in the diagram below:

5. The taste pathway from the stimulus to the brain.

Chemicals in food

taste buds/taste receptor

impulse

brain

Sense of taste and smell (pg 11)

1. Our sense of ____________ improves our sense of _________________.
2. As we chew, some chemicals from the food _______________________________and
_______________________. But there are also some chemicals that ________________________
_________________________.These chemicals ___________________________________________.
1.5 Sense of hearing
The ear
1. The ear is the sensory organ of ____________________.
2. It has three main parts - ___________________, ______________________ and _____________.

Part
1.Pinna
2.ear canal
3. eardrum
4. ossicles

Function
Collects and directs sounds into the ear canal

5. oval
window
6. coclea
7.Eustachian
tube
8.auditory
nerve
9.semicircular
canals
3. The sound pathway in the hearing mechanism.
Ear pinna auditory canal eardrum ossicles oval window

coclea

auditory nerve

brain

1.6 sense of sight

The eyes ( pg 14, 17)
1. Our eyes are responsible for our sense of ______________.
2. The wall of the eyeball is made up of three layers: ___________, ___________ and
_____________.

Part
conjunctiva
Aqueous humour
cornea
Pupil
iris
Yellow spot
Blind spot
Optic nerve
sclera
Choroid

function
Protects the cornea
Helps in refracting light, maintains the shape of the eye ball

retina
lens
Vitreous humour
Suspensory ligaments
Ciliary body
3. The path of light from the cornea in the eye to the brain.
Cornea aqueous humour pupil lens vitreous humour retina optic nerve brain

1.7 Light and Sight

Reflection and refraction of light (pg 19)
1. Reflection of light occurs ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. The law of reflection:

a) the angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflection.

b) The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line are on the same plane.

3. Refraction is the bending of a light ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
a) When a light ray moves from a less dense medium (air) to a denser medium (glass), it is bends
towards the normal line.
b) When a light ray moves from a denser medium (air) to a less dense medium (glass), it is bends
aways from the normal line.
c) When a light ray is directed at right angles to a glass block, it will move straight through the glass
block.

Defects of vision and ways to correct them (pg 21-23)

1. The common defects of vision are ____________________, __________________,
______________, ___________________ and ___________________________.

Short-sightedness and long-sightedness

Short-sightedness (pg 22)
1. Can see near objects clearly but _____________________________________________________.
2. Light from a distant objects is focused _____________________of the retina.
3. This is either because ___________________________ or _______________________________.
4. can be corrected using a ________________________________.

Long-sightedness (pg 23)

1. Can see distant objects clearly but ___________________________________________________.
2. Light from a near objects converges to a point_____________________of the retina.
3. This is either because ___________________________ or ________________________________.
4. Can be corrected using a ________________________________.

Astigmatism (pg 23)

1. Caused by _________________________________________________________.
2. Can be corrected using _______________________________________________.

Limitation of sight
Optical illusions (pg 24)
1. Optical illusion is a limitation in the sense of sight in which the brain does not interpret accurately
what is seen by the eyes.

The blind spot (pg 24)

1. When images fall on the __________________________________________________.
Stereoscopic and monocular vision (pg 25)
Stereoscopic vision

1. Have both eyes ___________ of the head.

2. The visual fields of both eyes ________________.
3. *This help the animals _____________________________________________________________.
4. Predators such as __________, __________ and _____________
Monocular vision

1. Have eyes __________________of the head.

2. The visual fields have ______________________________________.
3. This help them _________________________________________________________________
4. Preys such as ____________, _______________ and _______________________.

Devices used to overcome the limitations of sight ( pg 26)

Optical instruments Function
telescope
To study stars in the sky
binoculars
To
microscope
To
periscope
To
Ultrasound
To
scanning
1.8 Sound and hearing (pg 29-30)
1. Sounds are produced by _________________.
2. Sounds needs _______________________________________.
3. Sounds can travel through ____________, ______________ and ___________________.
4. Sound cannot travel through a __________________.
5. When sound hits a surface, it can be __________________ or _____________________.

6. __________________________________like walls are __________________________________

7. __________________________________like curtains are ________________________________
8. Reflected sound is called _______________.
9. There are two major types of hearing loss.
a. The first type involves the outer and middle ear,
i. it results from _______________________________________________________________
ii. can be treated ______________________________________________________________
b. The second type involves damages to the inner ear.
i. it caused by the _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
ii. cannot be treated medically but _________________________________________________.

Limitation of hearing (pg 30)

1. Detects sounds between _______________________________________.
2. Devices that can overcome the limitations of hearing are hearing aid, microphone, amplifier, load
speaker and stethoscopes.
Stereophonic hearing (pg 31)
1. Stereophonic hearing is hearing sounds from our surrounding with ___________________.
2. Stereophonic hearing enables us _____________________________________________________
1.9 Stimuli and responses in plants (pg 34-35)
1. The response of plants to stimuli is called tropism.
2. Plants are sensitive to three main kinds of stimuli : ____________, ___________ and __________.
3. a) Positive tropism-growth towards the stimulus.
b) negative tropism-growth aways the stimulus.
4. The four different types of tropism are:
tropism
stimulus
1. hydrotropism
water
2. geotropim
gravity
3. phototropism
light
4. thigmotropim
touch

Hydrotropism- __________________________ (pg 34)

1. Roots tend to _____________________________________.They show ______________________
2.* ensures that plants ________________________________________________________________

Geotropism- _________________________ (pg 34)

1. The
roots always grow ______________________________________, thus showing
____________
2.* This enables the roots to ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
3. The shoots grow _________________________________________, showing _________________

Phototropism- _________________________ (pg 35)

1. Shoots are positively phototropism, whereas roots are negatively phototropic.
2. *ensures that leaves _______________________________________________________________

Thigmotropism-___________________________(pg 35)
1. a response by plants _______________________________________________________________
2.* helps plants to get support and grow towards sunlight.

Nastic movements (pg 35)

1. Nastic movements are reponses to stimuli ______________________________________________