S. Arunachalam Department of Electrical Engineering St.

Josephs College of Engineering Chennai

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Role of a Protection Engineer

Good System Design Good Maintenance & Insulation Coordination Design a System so that fault does not occur NOT Possible to eliminate the Fault Two Alternatives How to prevent a fault and reduce its consequence Identify the fault and isolate the faulty element from rest of the system

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Why Protection is an art?

Job a protection engineer is design protection schemes where closet match between fault characteristics and tripping characteristics is obtained. When tripping takes place it has all the elements of intrigue, drama and suspense. It is ironic that a relay may itself malfunction and increase the possibility of disturbance

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Need For Protection

Under Abnormal operating conditions protections is necessary for
Safety of Equipment. Safety of human personnel.

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Types of Faults
Fault

Open circuit Fault

Short Circuit Fault

Ground Fault

Phase Fault

Symmetrical

Unsymmetrical

3 Phase

1 and 2 Phase

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Arcing Fault
It is a L-G fault due to break down of insulation. When the path of the load current is cut short due to break down of insulation we say short circuit has occurred If the short circuit is total and by pass the entire current through it we say dead short circuit has occurred. Also called Metallic fault.
S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Shunt Fault Insulation Break down

Over Voltages

Ageing Temperature Chemical Pollution Rain Foreign Objects

Internal due to Switching External due to Lighting

Causes of shunt fault and over voltages

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

SWITCH GEARS

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Isolator is an offload device, whereas circuit breaker is an on-load device.

Isolator

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

MCB Miniature CB MCCB Molded CASE CB

MCB Rated Current not more than 100A MCCB Rated Current up to 2500 A

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Relay

Over Current Relay

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Relays
Purpose of relay is to detect the fault within its zone and issue trip signal to appropriate number of circuit Breaker.

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Evolution of Relays

Electro Mechanical Relays Static Relays Numeric Relays

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Fuse

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Current Transformers

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Potential Transformer

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011

Schematic Diagram of Relay and Circuit Breaker

S.Arunachalam, St. Joseph's Chennai 2011