BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL G0013 Business Ethics Syllabus

SCU ECTS Pre-requisite(s) Teaching Team 2 Credit(s) Ir. Sri F. Tarmizi, MBA, DMS Chrysanti Hasibuan, MBA pilardelprim@yahoo.com chrysantihs@ibl.or.id

Unit Outline Term 1 / 2010

Syllabus Designed by Ir. Sri F. Tarmizi, MBA, DMS

BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL Joseph Wibowo Center - BINUS UNIVERSITY JL. Hang Lekir I No. 6, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan 12120, Indonesia

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Syllabus
1. Course Description Through discussion of ethics theories and ethical decision framework, literature research, case studies, class presentations, and guest speaker, students will be introduced to the contemporary issues of ethics, morality and social responsibility that face the business community. The case studies will present to us business ethic issues in contemporary society here in Indonesia as well as abroad. From the business ethics view, the course confronts a number of morally and legally thorny issues that arise on both a domestic and international scale and how these issues carried on as major ingredients for violation of principles of good corporate governance. In discussing international cases, we will look on to the applicability in Indonesia. We will weigh the pros and cons considering the environment of the domain. Report of the Hampel Committee (1998) emphasized that good corporate governance is not just a matter of prescribing corporate structures and complying with a number of hard and fast rules and procedures. Hampel argues that there is a need for broad principles to ensure the effective implementation of good corporate governance. In general, effective good corporate governance as also in underlying principles of its base - business ethics, is beyond compliance. For OECD, practice of good corporate governance becomes a prerequisite in deploying investment. The course will have 2 sessions for an introduction to Good Corporate Governance. These parts provides the students the to-be managers, some practical ideas on how to try and ensure that organizations have in place all that are necessary to contribute to effective corporate governance and what consequences dealt when organization deviates from good practices.

2. Learning outcomes At the end of the course the students through intensive discussions, assignments, and case study learning will have the knowledge to: define various theories of ethics and recognize common business ethics issues in several contexts, domestically and internationally; define corporate social responsibility (CSR), understand the driving force behind it and the key components of a successful CSR initiatives, and distinguish between the instrumental and social contract approaches to corporate governance; Describe the ramification of ethics and technology; be aware of cultural influences and understand the role of ethics and social responsibility in overall companys businesses, finance, operations, planning, and strategy. 3. Course Structure A combination of instructional activities including but not limited to lecturing, quizzes, case studies, group discussion and presentations, guest speaker depending on the availability - will be taken to facilitate the course. Each individual is required to submit the excerpt of each of the case studies listed on the syllabus as pre-class assignment. Sessions 1 to 6 are designed to serve the acquisition of knowledge of Business Ethics, professional ethics and ethical leadership, while session 7 and 8 are designed to show how principles of business ethics, professional ethics, and ethical leadership are founded the good corporate governance practices and how detaching ethics links to violation of good corporate governance principles. Cases in the schedule are subject to change due to update provisions and

logistics resolution.
4. Course Requirements You are required to work in group and individually. The first project group will be to write and present a Case of Ethical Principles in Business, in which a Company in its operations they incurred business ethic issues, morality, and lagging in social responsibility. Group will be expected to present their critical analysis of the situation and recommendation on efforts to avoid similar problems from recurring. Individual work will be given in the class and or as take G0013-Business Ethics BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL Page 1 of 17

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home assignment. For these assignments above groups and individuals can have a research from literatures or other legitimate news source (including Internet news sources) and could also be from your company's experience. The paper should be of professional qualityboth style (i.e., spelling and grammar) and contents are important. The emphasis in class discussion is for the individuals to actively participate and giving thoughtful feedback to others. Other consideration for active participation is being prepared for class (i.e., doing the reading, preparing for assignments, quizzes), being on time, and not continually leaving early. 5. Text and Other Resources 5.1. Text Business Ethics, A Real World Approach, by Andrew Ghillyer (2008). McGraw-Hill Irwin (mandatory) 5.2. Other Resources Ethics, governance & accountability: a professional perspective, by Steven Dellaportas, Kathy Gibson, Ratnam Alagiah, Marion Hutchinson, Philomena Leung, David Van Homrigh (2005), John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. (reference) Case studies in Business Ethics: Fifth Edition, by Al Gini, Prentice Hall 2004. (mandatory) Internet Citation as required in the syllabus (see reference column)

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6. Course Outline Week Topics I. Introduction 1. Overview of the course. Explanation of the syllabus II. Basic Principles: Ethics and Business II.1 The nature of business ethics What is morality? Moral and immoral? What is ethics? What is business ethics? Why should business be ethical? What are the ethical standards which apply in a business context? How can business people set about making the ethical decisions which affect their practice and performance? Arguments for and against business ethics. Ethics has no place in business. Discuss this statement II.2. Moral Development Moral/Ethical Reasoning and

References Readings : Al Gini (2005), Case Studies in Business Ethics, fifth edition: p.1-12 Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p.2 - 19 A Note on Ethics and Business, Darden Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Virginia (UVA E-071) Analytical Approaches in Business Ethics (HBR, BE-199-002)

CASE:

BASF in Hilton Head in Al Gini (2005), page 1

II.2.a Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan theories. Reason examination yields better results as people improve their reasoning skills, have more knowledge on human life, and interact with others to develop more mature moral perspective. II.2.b Moral/Ethical Reasoning II.2.b.1 Consequentialism or consequentialist/teleological theory Plato advances a teleological conception of morality, "we live the good life insofar as we perform our distinctively human function well." Plato's four virtues: wisdom, courage, justice, and moderation or piety. All human actions serve some end or purpose. The

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soul was made up from 3 parts: natural desires, will, and reason. Modern advances of teleological conception of morality - Psychological egoism and ethical egoism - Utilitarianism and the greater good - Define the principles of utility as attributed to Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. How does this differ from egoism? - How does Mill's view of pleasures differ from Bentham's view? - What is act utilitarianism - What is rule utilitarianism - Social cost/benefit analysis: highly regulated and unregulated businesses - The pros and the cons

CASE: Plasma International

Readings: BBC News: Chinas forgotten Aids Victims, by Rupert Wingfield-Hayes, BBC Correspondent in Henan should be cited by each student, not to be printed. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asiapacific/3269269.stm, published: 2003/11/13 22:03:32 GMT

II.2.b.2 Deontological theory - The terminology - Kants theory (Kantian Deontology) - Key words: duties, rights, justice, fairness - How does deontology differ from utilitarianism? - Questions posed by deontologists: - 1. Are the rules fair to everyone - 2. Do the rules hold universally even with the passage of time - 3. Is every person treated with equal respect? II.2.b.3 Human Nature Ethics - Aristotle: Ethics and Virtue - study ethics in order to G0013-Business Ethics BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL Page 4 of 17

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improve our lives, principal concern is the nature of human wellbeing virtuous is possible if we undertake a study of the art of legislation defective friendship each individual regards the other as the source of some advantage to the other friendship is reciprocal goodwill what is network?

II. 3 Ethical Dilemma Case discussion: International Plasma

Assignment questions:
You are a senior in investment banking. Here is on your table you have a proposal from Plasma International (PI), requesting fund for expansion of its operation. The analyst major concerns about this project involve the ethics of the companys business practices. What should you do? The following questions may help you in working on with your analysis: What do you think about Blood business? What will be the ethical dilemma in this case? What is your obligation? What is ideal donor? Should the recipient be informed of the origin of the donated blood? Why? Why not? How do you know that PI is not an exploitative enterprise? Individual Assignment: Summarize the Introduction to Ethical Reasoning in a 2- page summary. Reminder of Group Assignment in Session 6: Briefing on how to pick for the topic, develop the writing of the case, and G0013-Business Ethics BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL Page 5 of 17

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the analytical approach for the case analysis and develop the recommendations for improvement. Please use the Internet publication with notation of Do not copy only as one of your references. Submit the outline of the group case writing and analysis in Session 4. 2. I. Ethical Principles in Business Defining Business Ethics Lecture about Milton Friedmans theory about corporate social responsibility and Freemans theory about the stakeholder theory of the modern corporation. Shareholder theory versus stakeholder theory. Discussion about Triple Bottom Line (3BL) Formula from Elkington 3BL Formula: Pros and Cons Situational Analysis Process in the case where ethical issues arise Decision making process in business ethics. Readings : Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p.20 - 57; 65-67 Milton Friedman: The sole responsibility of a corporation is to increase its profits Evan & Freeman: A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation Al Gini: Introduction to Ethical Reasoning Ethical Decision Making, Steven Dellaport (reference, 2005) page 87- 114 Tripple Bottom Line from Wikipedia (cited by each student, not to be printed)

II. Case: The Ford Pinto

Assignment questions:
(a) What went wrong here? Categorize the issues if it is complex. What is the ethical issue in this case? (b) What is the ethical dilemma in this case? (c) Philosophically, what has to happen but has not? And what is not supposed to happen but has happened? (d) Who are the major players in this case? What about the characters (impulses, desires, habits, feelings, etc.), and what are their problem solving approaches? Has there been any clashes of values in the decision making process? What will you do if you were them? Do they have any choices? G0013-Business Ethics BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL

Balancing Act: A TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE ANALYSIS OF THE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY. A CSIRO technical report by Barney Foran (CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems), Manfred Lenzen and Christopher Dey (Sydney University) cited by each student, not to be printed. http://www.isa.org.usyd.edu.au/publications/d ocuments/balancing_act_exec_summ.pdf Getting to the Bottom of Triple Bottom Line by Wayne Norman and Chris MacDonald, March 2003. cited by each student, not to be printed. http://www.businessethics.ca/3bl/triplebottom-line.pdf or Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p.239 - 253; CASE: The Ford Pinto from Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p.44

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(e) Try to imagine the ideal situation for welfare of all people. What are the advantages? (f) What Ford needs to do differently to avoid the same problem from recurring? 3. I. Corporate Social Responsibility What is Corporate Responsibility? Responsibility to whom or to what? Global influence and or pressure on Corporate Responsibility? What is MNC= multi national company? Do they have host country? Now then, what is Corporate Social Responsibility? Promotes sustainable development as part of its mandate to create the foundation for a more productive, competitive, knowledge-based economy. CSR tools: principles, guidelines, codes of conduct approaches for developing management systems indicators, measuring, reporting, and benchmarking other (e.g. training and education, awards of recognition, promotion and communicaiton, facilitating forums etc.). Individual assignment: Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: Corporate Social Responsibility p. 58 - 76;

Corporate social responsiblity dalam prinsip good coorporate government (GCG), Republika Online, 24 Oktober 2004
UK Governments website on CSR, link

to best practices, Corporate Social Responsibility: An Implementation Guide for Canadian Business

http://www.csr.gov.uk/

http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/csrrse.nsf/en/Home Undang-undang Republik Indonesia no 40 Tahun 2007, Bab V, Pasal 74 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan.

Stakeholder Stakeholder

Analysis Management,

and
from

Mindtools on the Internet.

EU Guidance Note on How to do Stakeholder Analysis of Aid Projects and Programs, Overseas Dev
Administration, Social Dev Department, July 1995

http://www.euforic.org/gb/stake1.htm

Cite and summarize in no more than 3 pages the articles on 100 Best
Corporate Citizens 2007 from the CRO web; take the full pdf file. II. Stakeholder Analysis a technique to G0013-Business Ethics BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL Page 7 of 17

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identify and assess the importance of key people, groups of people, or institutions that may significantly influence the success of Companys activity or project. anticipate the kind of influence, positive or negative, these groups will have on the companys initiative develop strategies to get the most effective support possible for the Companys initiative and reduce any obstacles to successful implementation of the related program. CASE: Doing Good and Doing Well by Chrysanti Hasibuan; BBS Case Center The Pesticide DDT from Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p. 74 75;

Stakeholder Analysis Matrix can be composed by but not limited to this technique: List of identified stakeholders; Stakeholder Interest(s) in the Project; Assessment of Impact; Potential Strategies for Obtaining Support or Reducing Obstacles Stakeholder Analysis Steps Individual assignment: print and

read Stakeholder Analysis Guide

III. Case Discussion III.1 Corporate Social Responsibility Case : Doing Good and Doing Well: The Case of Lifebuoy Berbagi Sehat with background theories of Milton Friedman and Freeman. Activity : Group Case Analysis & Presentation

Assignment questions:
What is your perception of Lifebuoy toilet soap? What is the base of your perception? What is your opinion on LBS program? Check the theory on the driving force behind CSR program? Apply this theory Page 8 of 17

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to LBS and give your opinion on the LBS program. What made the LBS program successful? In general, what do you think of the statement: Doing good and doing well? Do you think it caused the concept of CSR to be tarnished? Or do you believe there should be a business case to any CSR program?

III.2 Corporate Social Responsibility: weighing social costs and benefits Case: The Pesticide DDT Activity : Group Case Analysis & Presentation

Assignment questions:
Follow on the questions from the reference book, on pagwe 75 and work the answers.

Group assignment : Submission of the Topic of the Group Case and its outline. 4. Ethical Relativism, Professional Ethics, and Ethical Leadership I. OBSTACLE TO ETHICS: 3. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977 4. Wall Street Journal (1.31.07) Widening Scandal 5. Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p. 152 198; 1. Undang-Undang Anti Korupsi 2. Undang-undang gratifikasi

Relativism
Most ethicists do not agree with Relativism theory in ethics. Relativism theory believes that something is right or wrong depending on the norm and culture in that place. Certainly this does not include human rights violations such as slavery and torture, for which a universal moral standard applies. However, its application to things that do not harm others, such as dress code, marriages for which the theory of relativism can be applied.

CASES: G0013-Business Ethics BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL Page 9 of 17

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What about corruption? 1. Questionable Payment from Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p. 157; II. CASE DISCUSSIONS II.1. The International Aspects Bribery Case: Questionable payment Activity : Group Case Analysis & Presentation Assignment questions: What is the ethical dilemma in this case What would you think of the cultural aspect in host country when it is conflicting with justified moral standards? Please compare with accused corruption case in Siemens see Wall Street Journal (1.31.07) Widening 2. Into The Mouths of Babes by James Traub in Al Gini pp.29-36.

Scandal .
II.2 Professional Ethics and Ethical Leadership Professional Ethics and organizational culture: How it relates and cross-developing each other. The ethical leadership comes from the combination of three virtues: responsibility, authenticity and presence (Starrat, 2004). It is reflected from the profound ways on the nature and role of responsibility, authenticity and presence in informing ethical decision making. Leaders should be a key source of ethical guidance for employees. Morally sensitive leaders are the essential feature of good organizations. I. Topic; Personal issues: The personal ethics of the professional

Case: Into The Mouth of Babes

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Activity : Group Case Analysis, Draft a Cartoon, and Presentation Assignment questions: 1. What were the problems in this case? 2. What would your answer to people question: Why would two men (Hoyvald and Lavery) with impeccable records carry out so cynical and reckless a fraud? 3. What are the impediments to the professional responsibilities in the case? What do you think? 4. Would you do the same as LiCari did in this situation? 5. Had you were a close-friend to LiCari and you thought that his move was worth pursuing, what would your suggestion for him to make his allegation more effective? 5. I. Ethical Issues in International Business Globalization of business is expanding and has brought with it the increased importance of an international business ethics. More and more companies who formerly were located only in their home country now have production overseas. Business people are faced with an increasing need to adapt to and operate in the host country systems. Business professionals have responsibilities to make decisions based upon ethical principles In the st 21 century, the role of ethics in international business transactions and interactions will receive more attention. In this session we will discuss common ethical issues in international business such as practice of bribe and mix standards, price fixing, proprietary rights, the use of child labor, sustainable development in developing G0013-Business Ethics BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL Page 11 of 17 Reading: Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p. 155 - 172; The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977

OECD Convention on the Bribery of Foreign Government Officials from

OECD web

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countries, etc. In this matter, we need an answer to concerns in international business community in which commerce/projects will be carried out in accordance with justified moral standards. , I.1 OECD Convention on the Bribery of Foreign Government Officials We will discuss the OECD convention on the bribery of government official and the business practices in the contries receiving aids. I.2 The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act We will discuss how this acts regulates The US Company and citizens in operating in International context. I.3 Ethics and the Environment We will learn about the dimension of pollution and resource depletion as well as the ethics of conserving depletable resources. I.4 Ethics and the e-Business - Professional credibility and trust are the core

Cases: Transformation of Shell from Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p. 188 - 195;

Conscience or The Competitive Edge? Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p. 166 - 167;

II. Case Discussions: Transformation of Shell II1. Ethics and Environment: Case: The Transformation of Shell Activity : Group Case Analysis & Presentation

Assignment questions:
Why Shell the super major faced the environmental ethics problems? Develop stake holder matrix and analyze. Follow on the questions in the reference book page 194- 195 and work the answers.

II 2. International Business Ethics : Case : Conscience or The G0013-Business Ethics BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL Page 12 of 17

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Competitive Edge? Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real Word Approach, first edition: p. 166 - 167; Activity : Group Case Analysis & Presentation

Assignment questions:
See the Reference book, page 167

6.

Group Class Presentation Every group presents an Ethical Case of real life nature Complete with context, analysis and recommendations

GROUPs CASES

7.

I. Intro to Good Corporate Governance (GCG) : What is Good Corporate Governance Difference between Corporate Governance & GCG What are GCGs core principles? What is a Governance issue? Why does family business needs to practice good corporate governance II.GCG Case Study : ENRON The Qualitative Issues The most sophisticated example of violation of good corporate principles. Activity : Group Case Analysis and Presentation Individual assignment: Sketch a diagram (you can do it with mind mapping) on how Enron start deceiving the public to the time SEC did the investigation. III. Whistleblowing : A Necessary Evil

Readings:

Chicanery by Gellerman The Ethical Roots of the Business System Sherwin Panduan Good Corporate Governance Komnas GCG Family Business System, HBS, John
A. Davis

Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing

Michael Davis in Al Gini pp.76-85 Andrew Ghillyer (2008), Business Ethic, A Real World Approach, first edition: p. 114 - 130; Al Gini : Case Studies in Business, 5 Edition : Enron From Paragon to Pariah, by Lisa Newton p.190-204
th

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The Standard Theory The Complicity Theory The Three Paradoxes

Individual Assignment:

Answer the following question, write down your answer. Assignment is due on the same day as the session.
1. Some said that whistleblowing is not unambiguously ethically good. When is whistle blowing justified? What are the responsibilities of both whistleblower and the corporation? What happened in Enron, when Sherron Watkins decided to leave the company? According to Sherron Watkin, Enron was a breeding ground for potential problem. Why is that? How was the scale of difficulty of finding the mistakes done by Enron compared to that alleged fraud by Adelphia, Tyco, ImClone, and WorldCom?

2.

3.

4.

5.

8.

I. GCG : The Function of The Board : Control VS Operational and Imbalance Power in the Corporate

Pedoman Good Corporate Governance

Komnas GCG

Effective Governance Is More Than Regulation

Improvement will materialize only when Corporations understand what corporate governance is, who is responsible for it, and how far it extends into organization. Effective governance is at its core simply about doing the right things for the shareholders with check and balance throughout the organization to ensure the right thing is always done. Compliance is only the starting G0013-Business Ethics BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL

The Adelphia Story, by Devin Leonard,

in Al-Gini, pp 213 -221

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point; excellence in corporate governance is the goal. (David A.

Leslie, Canadian Chairman and CEO, Ernst & Young LLP)

II. Case Discussion : The Adelphia Story Assignment questions: - A publicly listed company with outdated family business approach will collapse. - What were the governance issues in this case? Please describe. - Why the board was not effective?

FINAL EXAM 7. Assessment 7.1. Assessment Description No. Components 1. Group (Class) Presentation 2. Participation in class 3. Individual Assignments 4. Final Exam Total

Percentage 20 25 25 30 100

% % % % %

7.2. Class Policies Class participation starts with your presence and includes case presentation, class participation. It is difficult to participate if you are not present. The major requirement to follow this course is reading the material handed out in order to be able to follow the argumentation on Business Ethics and Good Corporate Governance. During the course, the participants will be requested to prepare real life cases. Class participation involves assignments usually followed by group papers. You will have an extraordinary opportunity to discuss the role of ethics in business and good corporate governance with your peers. Each of you should encourage other team members to make suggestions. These suggestions are synergized and that will help your team in constructing team solution. Our focus will be on cases without easy answers. We will try to find some viable alternatives in extremely difficult situations. And, we will develop reasoning skills to defend these alternatives from a managerial perspective in nation-wide and global context. 7.3. Submission and Collection of Assignment You should submit your assignments, both individual and group assignments on time. The consequences of late submission will result in reduction of 15% from your assignment grade. 8. General Information Students are required to be familiar with the BINUS UNIVERSITY BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL Code of Conduct, and to abide by its terms and conditions. 8.1. Copying of Copyright Material by Student A condition of acceptance as a student is the obligation to abide by the Universitys policy G0013-Business Ethics BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL Page 15 of 17

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on the copying of copyright material. This obligation covers photocopying of any material using the Universitys photocopying machines, and the recording off air, and making subsequent copies, of radio or television broadcasts, and photocopying textbooks. Students who flagrantly disregard University policy and copyright requirements will be liable to disciplinary action under the Code of Conduct. 8.2. Academic Misconduct Please refer to the Code of Conduct for definitions and penalties for Academic Misconduct, plagiarism, collusion, and other specific acts of academic dishonesty. Academic honesty is crucial to a student's credibility and self-esteem, and ultimately reflects the values and morals of the University as a whole. A student may work together with one or a group of students discussing assignment content, identifying relevant references, and debating issues relevant to the subject. Academic investigation is not limited to the views and opinions of one individual, but is built by forming opinion based on past and present work in the field. It is legitimate and appropriate to synthesize the work of others, provided that such work is clearly and accurately referenced. Plagiarism occurs when the work (including such things as text, figures, ideas, or conceptual structure, whether verbatim or not) created by another person or persons is used and presented as ones own creation, unless the source of each quotation or piece of borrowed material is acknowledged with an appropriate citation. Encouraging or assisting another person to commit plagiarism is a form of improper collusion and may attract the same penalties. To prevent Academic Misconduct occurring, students are expected to familiarize themselves with the University policy, the Subject Outline statements, and specific assignment guidelines. Students should also seek advice from Subject Leaders on acceptable academic conduct. 8.2.1. Guidelines to Avoid Plagiarism Whenever you copy more than a few words from any source, you must acknowledge that source by putting the quote in quotation marks and providing the name of the author. Full details must be provided in your bibliography. If you copy a diagram, statistical table, map, etc., you must acknowledge the source. The recommended way is to show this under the diagram. If you quote any statistics in your text, the source should be acknowledged. Again full details must be provided in your bibliography. Whenever you use the ideas of any other author you should acknowledge those, using the APA (American Psychological Association) style of referencing. Students are encouraged to co-operate, but collusion is a form of cheating. Students may use any sources (acknowledged of course) other than the assignments of fellow students. Unless your Subject Leader informs you otherwise, the following guideline should be used: Students may work together in obtaining references, discussing the content of the references and discussing the assignment, but when they write, they must write alone.

8.2.2. Referencing for Written Work Referencing is necessary to acknowledge others' ideas, avoid plagiarism, and allow readers to access those others ideas. Referencing should: 1. Acknowledge others' ideas; 2. Allow readers to find the source; 3. Be consistent in format and 4. Acknowledge the source of the referencing format. To attain these qualities, the school recommends use of either the Harvard or American Psychological Association style of referencing, both of which use the author/date.

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8.2.3. Referencing Standards APA style referencing. Approval Checked by, Approved by,

Dr. Ir. Boto Simatupang, MBP Head of School - Management BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL

Minaldi Loeis, M.Sc., MM. Dean Programs BINUS BUSINESS SCHOOL

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