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Bi. Nauei Nahinpey
Pioject Supeivisoi
0niveisity of Calgaiy
2Suu 0niveisity Biive NW
Calgaiy, AB T2N 1N4

Beai Bi. Nahinpey:
The encloseu iepoit titleu 'Besign of a Continuous Subciitical unit foi Synthesis of
bio-builuing block mateiials' is the final iepoit. This iepoit outlines the equipment,
the piocess anu an economic evaluation of the piouuction of S-
hyuioxymethylfuifuial fiom a fiuctose feeustock.
Thank you foi youi time taken in ieauing this iepoit. If you have any questions, feel
fiee to contact any of us at 24.jessica.chan@gmail.com,
monika.wasylkiewicz@hotmail.com, ben_nguyen12@hotmail.com oi
chewson@ucalgaiy.ca .


Sinceiely,





Iessica Chan
Nonika Wasylkiewicz
Ben Nguyen
Chiis Bewson!
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Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an intermediate compound used in the
production of bio-fuels, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. HMF is an interesting
compound because it can be derived from biomass through a decomposition
reaction. This report discusses the design of a continuous process used to obtain
HMF from biomass. A location of Ontario, Canada was chosen for construction
as it contains 47 percent of the pharmaceutical companies in Canada. A feed of
10 mass percent D-fructose and water was fed through a plug flow reactor
operating at 257
0
C and 5 MPa with no catalyst present and a residence time of
120 seconds. The lack of catalyst was chosen because of environmental
considerations, making the process water free of harmful acids. A 21 mole
percent yield of HMF was obtained from the reactor. This product was
subsequently sent through a series of unit operations to obtain a purity of 99
percent and a production of 360 kg per day. The design package contains a
process flow diagram, process and instrumentation diagram, mechanical
equipment specification sheets, and a plot plan. A plant production cost estimate
of $787 million was determined by using Guthries method. This value was
eclipsed by the annual profit of $2.6 billion per year. The profit is misleading as
the global demand for pure HMF is quite low. A downstream plant design would
have to be done in order to determine the feasibility of constructing this design.
1
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Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. 1
List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 5
List of Figures .................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 10
1.1 Significance of Project ............................................................................................. 10
1.2 Design Basis ............................................................................................................ 10
1.2.1 Design Objectives ............................................................................................. 10
1.2.3 Boiler Plate Plant Designs ................................................................................. 11
1.2.3 Plant Location and Attainment .......................................................................... 13
1.2.4 Product and Feed Flows ................................................................................... 15
1.2.5 Required Utilities ............................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 17
2.1 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) ................................................................................ 17
2.1.1 HMF Synthesis .................................................................................................. 17
2.2 Subcritical Water ...................................................................................................... 20
2.3 Reaction Kinetics from Various Literature Sources ................................................. 21
CHAPTER 3: Process Selection .................................................................................... 23
3.1 Reactor Design Selection ........................................................................................ 23
3.1.1 Continuous Stir Tank Reactor (CSTR) versus Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) ......... 23
3.1.2 Reactor Orientation ........................................................................................... 24
3.1.3 Preheat Considerations ..................................................................................... 25
3.1.4 Method of Heating Reactors .............................................................................. 28
3.1.5 Potential Methods for Reaction ......................................................................... 28
3.1.6 Reaction Kinetics ............................................................................................... 29
3.2 Flash Separators ...................................................................................................... 32
3.3 Vacuum Distillation Column Selection ..................................................................... 32
3.4 Filters ....................................................................................................................... 34
3.5 Turbines ................................................................................................................... 35
3.6 Pumps ...................................................................................................................... 36
2
3.6.1 Positive Displacement Pumps ........................................................................... 36
3.6.2 Mechanical Vacuum Pumps .............................................................................. 36
3.7 Heat Exchangers ..................................................................................................... 37
3.8 Tank vessels ............................................................................................................ 37
3.9 General Piping ......................................................................................................... 37
3.9.1 Insulation ........................................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER 4: Process Description and Simulation ........................................................ 38
4.1 Property Package Selection ..................................................................................... 38
4.1.1 Property Package Validation ............................................................................. 38
4.2 Reactor Description and Simulation ......................................................................... 42
4.2.1 Reactor Configuration ....................................................................................... 42
4.2.2 Reactions Present and Assumptions ................................................................ 42
4.2.3 Assumptions on Humin ..................................................................................... 44
4.2.4 Reaction Kinetics Modelling .............................................................................. 45
4.2.5 Energy Balance ................................................................................................. 55
4.3 Flash Separator Description .................................................................................... 59
4.4 Vacuum Packed Column Description ...................................................................... 60
4.4 Micro Filter Description ............................................................................................ 63
4.5 Turbine Description .................................................................................................. 65
4.6 Pump Description ..................................................................................................... 66
4.7 Heat Exchangers ..................................................................................................... 70
4.7.1 Heaters .............................................................................................................. 70
4.7.2 Reboilers ........................................................................................................... 71
4.7.3 Coolers and Condensers ................................................................................... 72
4.8 Tanks ....................................................................................................................... 73
1.2.1 Mixing Tank ....................................................................................................... 73
4.8.2 Surge Tanks ...................................................................................................... 73
CHAPTER 5: SIZING OF EQUIPMENT ........................................................................ 74
5.1 Reactor Sizing .......................................................................................................... 74
5.2 Turbine Sizing .......................................................................................................... 74
5.3 Flash Separator Sizing ............................................................................................. 75
3
5.4 Vacuum Packed Column Sizing ............................................................................... 76
5.5.1 Calculating Pressure Vessel Wall Thickness .................................................... 79
5.5 Pump Sizing ............................................................................................................. 80
5.6 Heat Exchanger Sizing ............................................................................................ 81
5.6.1 Heat Exchangers - Without Phase Changes ..................................................... 81
5.6.2 Heat Exchangers With Phase Change ........................................................... 86
5.7 Tank Sizing .............................................................................................................. 87
5.8 Piping Sizing ............................................................................................................ 88
CHAPTER 6: ECONOMICS ........................................................................................... 89
6.1 Market Survey .......................................................................................................... 89
6.1.1 Market ............................................................................................................... 89
6.1.2 Raw Materials .................................................................................................... 89
6.1.3 Competitors ....................................................................................................... 90
6.2 Costing of Major Equipment ..................................................................................... 90
6.2.1 Approximate Costing for Major Equipment ........................................................ 90
6.2.2 Using Guthries Method of Capital Cost Estimating .......................................... 91
6.2.3 Using the Scaling Factor ................................................................................... 91
6.2.4 Working Capital ................................................................................................. 91
6.2.5 Utilities Costs ..................................................................................................... 92
6.2.6 Fixed Capital Investment (FCI) .......................................................................... 92
6.2.7 Depreciation ...................................................................................................... 92
6.3 Economic Evaluation Methods ................................................................................. 93
6.3.1 Rate of Return on Investment (ROR) ................................................................ 93
6.3.2 Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return .............................................................. 93
6.3.4 Net Present Worth (NPW) ................................................................................. 94
6.3.5 Payout Period .................................................................................................... 94
6.4 Results from Economics Evaluation ........................................................................ 94
6.5 Sensitivity Analysis on Economics ........................................................................... 95
6.5.1 Price of HMF ..................................................................................................... 95
6.5.2 Demand for HMF/Production of HMF ................................................................ 96
6.5.3 Fluctuations in Utilities Costs ............................................................................ 96
4
6.5.4 Fixed Capital Investment Sensitivity Analysis ................................................... 97
6.5.5 Conclusion from Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................. 97
CHAPTER 7: Environmental Impact Assessment ......................................................... 98
7.1 Use of Freshwater .................................................................................................... 98
7.2 Corrosion ................................................................................................................. 98
7.3 Waste products ........................................................................................................ 99
7.4 Land usage ............................................................................................................ 100
7.5 Conclusions from Environmental Assessment ....................................................... 100
CHAPTER 8: Safety Analysis ...................................................................................... 101
8.1 Reactor Safety ....................................................................................................... 101
8.2 Turbine Safety ........................................................................................................ 101
8.3 Flash Separator Safety .......................................................................................... 101
8.4 Vacuum Distillation Columns Safety ...................................................................... 102
8.5 Heat Exchangers Safety ........................................................................................ 102
8.6 Pump Safety .......................................................................................................... 102
8.7 General Piping ....................................................................................................... 103
8.8 Hazardous Materials .............................................................................................. 103
CHAPTER 9: Conclusion ............................................................................................. 104
References ................................................................................................................... 105
Appendices !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..110

5
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Table 1. Provincial Data of Plastics Industrial Establishments in 2007 [7] ..................... 13
Table 2. Percentage of the Pharmaceuticals Industry by Region [8] ............................. 14
Table 3. Leading Pharmaceutical Companies in Canada [8] ......................................... 14
Table 4. Yields of Compounds from Fructose Decomposition at 530 K and residence
time of 120 seconds ................................................................................................ 20
Table 5: Reaction kinetics and activation energy from various sources ........................ 22
Table 6: Reasoning for ignoring reactions of fructose decomposition ........................... 44
Table 7: Yields of products from fructose decomposition at temperatures of 530K and
540K and a residence time of 120 seconds ............................................................ 47
Table 8: Differential and analytical solutions to rate equations ...................................... 49
Table 9: Reactionrate constants determined at two temperatures with a residence time
of 120 seconds ....................................................................................................... 49
Table 10: Arrhenius equations for all reactions .............................................................. 50
Table 11: Heats of reaction as calculated by VMGSim .................................................. 55
Table 12: Heats of Formation ........................................................................................ 56
Table 13: Heats of reaction calculated using heats of formation ................................... 56
Table 14: Comparison of VMG heats of reaction and calculated heats of reaction ....... 57
Table 15: Summary of pump pressure changes, capacities and duties ........................ 69
Table 16: Summary of vacuum pump pressure changes, capacities and duties ........... 69
Table 17: Summary of vacuum distillation sizing ........................................................... 80
Table 18: Overall heat transfer coefficients for different systems [47] ........................... 81
Table 19: Values of heat exchanger obtained from the steady state simulation ............ 83
Table 20: Values obtained for Cp,avg ............................................................................ 85
Table 21: Average heat capacity values for water condensation ................................... 87
6
Table 22: Economics Evaluation of HMF production process ....................................... 95
Table 23. Sensitivity Analysis Impact of the price of HMF ............................................. 95
Table 24. Sensitivity Analysis for the fluctuations in HMF demand ............................... 96
Table 25. Sensitivity Analysis on the fluctuation of Utility costs ..................................... 96
Table 26. Sensitivity Analysis on the FCI changes ........................................................ 97
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Figure 1. Subcritical Water Plant in Japan [4] ................................................................ 11
Figure 2. Panasonic subcritical water processing pilot plant [5] .................................... 12
Figure 3. The heat exchange network of the HTU process: MV: mixing vessel; HE: heat
exchanger; HPS: high-pressure separator; LPS: low-pressure separator; VFS:
vacuum-flash separator [6] ..................................................................................... 12
Figure 4. Groundwater sources in Ontario (shown by the blue) [9] ............................... 15
Figure 5. Reaction Mechanism for the Decomposition of Fructose [3] .......................... 18
Figure 6: Initial configuration of reactors ........................................................................ 24
Figure 7: Reactor Configuration ..................................................................................... 25
Figure 8: Mixing of fructose and water feed stocks at regular temperatures and
pressures ................................................................................................................ 26
Figure 9: Mixing of fructose and water feed stocks at high pressures ........................... 27
Figure 10: Reaction of humin over the first 0.9m of length, with the expectation of minor
reaction occurance in piping prior to the reactor ..................................................... 27
Figure 11: Arrhenius constants plotted as a function of acid concentration for HMF,
levulinic acid and humin formation .......................................................................... 31
Figure 12: A Vapour-Liquid Flash Separator ................................................................. 32
Figure 13: Packed Distillation Column Diagram ............................................................ 33
Figure 14: Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) photograph of a microfiltration
membrane. The scale represents 5 micrometers [30] ............................................ 34
Figure 15: Comparison of XY data for water-furfural system for various property
packages at high-pressure ..................................................................................... 39
Figure 16: Comparison of XY data for water formic acid system for various property
packages at high-pressure ..................................................................................... 39
Figure 17: Comparison of XY data for water-formic acid system for various property
packages at low-pressure ....................................................................................... 40
8
Figure 18: Comparison of XY data for water-formic acid system for various property
packages at low-pressure ....................................................................................... 41
Figure 19: Known binary interaction parameters ........................................................... 41
Figure 20: Reactions considered for the decomposition of fructose .............................. 43
Figure 21: Assumed structure of humin ......................................................................... 45
Figure 22: Example of data used from literature to determine reaction rates, showing
yield at varying temperatures for a residence time of 120 seconds [3] ................... 46
Figure 23: MATLAB simulation of reaction kinetics over time ........................................ 51
Figure 24: Decomposition of fructose at 530K using kinetics found in literature ........... 52
Figure 25: Decomposition of fructose at 530K using calculated kinetics ....................... 52
Figure 26: Concentration of components over the length of the reactor ........................ 54
Figure 27: Mass fraction of components leaving the reactor. The 'In' column represents
the mass fraction at 0.9 m in reactor ...................................................................... 54
Figure 28: Temperature profile of the reactor from 0 to 0.9m ........................................ 58
Figure 29: Temperature profile of the reactor from 0.9 to 4.723m ................................. 58
Figure 30: Simulation screenshot of flash separator ...................................................... 59
Figure 31: Heat exchanger and flash separator ............................................................. 60
Figure 32: Vacuum packed tower T101 simulation results ............................................ 61
Figure 33: Temperature and pressure profile for T101 .................................................. 62
Figure 34: Vacuum packed tower T102 simulation results ............................................ 62
Figure 35: Temperature and pressure profile of T102 ................................................... 63
Figure 36: Diagram of two filters in parallel .................................................................... 63
Figure 37: Simulation screenshot of filter ....................................................................... 64
Figure 38: Turbine design in VMGSim ........................................................................... 65
Figure 39: Schematic for turbine [41] ............................................................................. 66
Figure 40: Diagram of the screw pump .......................................................................... 66
9
Figure 41: Diagram of P-103 .......................................................................................... 67
Figure 42: Diagram of pump P-107 ................................................................................ 68
Figure 43: Diagram of product HMF pump .................................................................... 68
Figure 44: TEMA D front head [42] ................................................................................ 70
Figure 45: TEMA E shell [42] ......................................................................................... 70
Figure 46: TEMA L-type rear head [42] ......................................................................... 71
Figure 47: TEMA J-type exchanger shell [42] ................................................................ 72
Figure 48: TEMA U-type rear head [42] ......................................................................... 72
Figure 49: Sizing of Reactors ......................................................................................... 74
Figure 50: Turbine Sizing [41] ........................................................................................ 75
Figure 51: Graph of the Sherwood Correlation [39] ....................................................... 77
Figure 52: Heat capacity as a function of temperature for exchanger E-101 ................. 84
Figure 53: Temperature profile of E-105 ........................................................................ 87
Figure 54: The effect of pH on iron corrosion rate in water [52] ..................................... 99
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As the world becomes more environmentally conscious, the search for renewable
resources and environmentally friendly processes is on the rise. One renewable
resource that has gained more attention in recent years is biomass. Biomass is defined
as energy from organic materials, such as from plants and other biological systems [1].
This renewable resource has been used for centuries in the form of firewood. However,
biomass resources have been largely ignored with the advent of coal and oil resources.
Now, with the decline of conventional oil and gas resources, biomass is becoming more
important. Research is being conducted on biofuels, as well as obtaining useful
products from a biomass source. One area of research is obtaining useful products from
various sugars.
Environmentally friendly processes will be just as important as renewable resources in
the future. Traditionally, many industrial processes have been carried out in organic
solvents. These are often toxic, expensive and hard to recycle. A good alternative to
these would be to use subcritical water as a reaction medium. Subcritical water is more
environmentally friendly and is readily available.
The purpose of this project was to design a subcritical water unit for the synthesis of
bio-building block materials from a sugar feedstock.
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The purpose of this project was to design a subcritical water system for the synthesis of
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from a fructose feedstock. HMF is an important
biomass-derived intermediate that is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, thermo
resistant polymers, and macrocyclic compounds [2] [3]. The original design
requirements were for a feed rate of one tonne per day, but this has been increased to a
total feed rate of 40 tonnes per day. There were also some design limitations on the
system. The temperature and pressure within the system must not exceed 300 C and 9
MPa respectively.

11
The main objectives of this project were to:
1. Design a subcritical water system from the synthesis of HMF from fructose

2. Optimize the yield of HMF produced, by varying reactor and separations
parameters.

3. Conduct an economic evaluation and determine the feasibility of the
system.
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The continuous subcritical water unit for the synthesis of HMF from fructose is a
process that is still mainly in the research phases. Thus, no plant exists for this process
at the moment. However, there are several pilot plants as well as a commercialized
plant using continuous subcritical water systems for similar purposes. The first such
example is from Japan, where a commercialized continuous subcritical water
processing plant is used for the conversion of organic wastes to useful products [4].
This plant was developed by Mitsubishi Nagasaki Machinery MFG. This full scale
processing plant is used to produce amino acids and peptides. Below is an image of the
plant from the Hyogo Prefecture in Japan.


Figure 1. Subcritical Water Plant in Japan [4]
In other pilot plants, continuous subcritical water systems have been used for the
recycling of different products. Panasonic developed a pilot plant for the processing of
fibre-reinforced plastic [5]. This pilot plant has a capacity of 400 kg/session and is able
to process the plastics to useful polymers. The goal of the process is waste reduction. If
the fibre-reinforced plastics could be recycled, there could be a reduction of 400,000
tons of waste. Below is an image of the how the plant operates.
12

Figure 2. Panasonic subcritical water processing pilot plant [5]
Another pilot plant was developed for the processing of biomass by Feng et al. The
biomass was processed into biocrude, which produced many different products such as
methanol, ethanol, water, carbon dioxide and polycarbonate polymers [6]. Below is a
block flow diagram of the process.

Figure 3. The heat exchange network of the HTU process: MV: mixing vessel; HE:
heat exchanger; HPS: high-pressure separator; LPS: low-pressure separator;
VFS: vacuum-flash separator [6]
13
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The main component within the subcritical water system is water. This represents 90%
of the system, or 36 tonnes per day and thus it is important to be able to obtain such a
large volume of water. Although most of the water within the system is recycled, the
initial start-up would require the large volume of water. Also, a small percentage of the
water is not recycled to prevent build-up of unwanted waste products within the system.
Thus, the attainment of water was a major factor in deciding the plant location.
Another factor that influenced the decision of the plant location was the consumers that
would buy the product produced from the process. HMF is an intermediate used for
further processing in the polymers industry. The plant location was chosen to be at a
location that was convenient for the consumers and was close to the industry that would
buy HMF. This would reduce the shipping and transportation costs for the product,
which would appeal to the consumers in this manner. Below is a chart that illustrates the
number of establishments in the plastics and polymers industry in Canada.
Table 1. Provincial Data of Plastics Industrial Establishments in 2007 [7]
Table 1. Provincial data for 2007
NAICS 3261
Establishments
Shipments
$ billion
Employment
Canada 2 527 20.7 90 779
Newfoundland 11 n/a n/a
Prince Edward Island 5 n/a n/a
Nova Scotia 28 n/a n/a
New Brunswick 41 n/a n/a
Quebec 638 4.9 21 443
Ontario 1 201 12.0 51 455
Manitoba 91 0.61 2 996
Saskatchewan 35 n/a n/a
Alberta 204 n/a n/a
British Columbia 273 n/a n/a

Another industry that uses HMF is the pharmaceutical industry. HMF is an important
intermediate in many pharmaceuticals and thus it is important to be able to service this
industry as well in Canada. Below are two tables that illustrate the pharmaceuticals
industry by regions, as well as the location of the top pharmaceutical companies in
Canada.

14
Table 2. Percentage of the Pharmaceuticals Industry by Region [8]
Distribution of Canadian R&D Expenditures By Region
Region R&D Distribution (%)
Ontario 47.00%
Quebec 42.78%
West 8.62%
Maritimes 1.59%

Table 3. Leading Pharmaceutical Companies in Canada [8]
Leading Pharmaceutical Companies in Canada in 2009
Rank
Leading
Companies
R&D Location in
Canada
Total
Purchases
($ Billions)
Market Share
(%)
1 Pfizer Montreal 2.94 13.4
2 Apotex Toronto 1.55 7.0
3 AstraZeneca Montreal 1.44 6.6
9 Schering-Plough Montreal 1.33 6.0
4 Johnson & Johnson Toronto 1.16 5.3
6 Novopharm Toronto 0.92 4.2
7 Novartis Toronto 0.89 4.0
5 GlaxoSmithKline Toronto 0.88 4.0
8 Abbott Montreal 0.85 3.9
10 Roche Montreal 0.68 3.1

With the information in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 as well as the abundance of
freshwater, the final plant location will be in Ontario, near the Great Lakes region. In this
15
region, the Great Lakes are a source of freshwater. Also, there are many groundwater
sources in this region as well. Below is a figure displaying the groundwater sources in
the Ontario Great Lakes region.

Figure 4. Groundwater sources in Ontario (shown by the blue) [9]
From both of these factors, it was decided that this region would be the best location for
the process. It is a convenient location for all of the consumers of HMF, which are both
the pharmaceutical companies and polymers and plastics industries. Furthermore, there
are sufficient sources of freshwater needed in the process. Therefore, this region is the
prime location for this process and for the plant.
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The main feed into the system includes a 10% fructose solution in water. The price of
fructose at 98% purity is $29.10/kg [10] and the water will be obtained from a
groundwater source.
16
The main product obtained from the process is 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. This product
can be sold at 99% purity for $37,200.00/kg [10]. There are also many other side-
products formed from the reaction, but they are considered waste products and will be
disposed of.

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The main utility required within the plant is water. Water comprises 90% of the system
at a flow rate of 1298.7 kg/hr. This is a substantial amount of water that needs to be
taken into the system, especially during the start-up of the plant. Although the water is
recycled within the system, a small portion of it is released as wastewater. This is done
to prevent build-up of unwanted by-products within the system. Thus, water is the major
utility needed.
Another utility that will be needed is electricity. Electricity is used within the plant to
power the pumps within the system, as well as for the control systems. It is also needed
for general lighting purposes within the plant, outside the plant as well as in the office
building located on site. The electricity cost used in this study was taken as $0.065/kWh
[11].
A last utility that will be required is natural gas. Natural gas will be needed to heat the
steam required for several of the heat exchangers in the system. It will also be needed
to provide general heating within the plant and for the office buildings. The natural gas
was taken at a price of $0.1181/m
3
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HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) is quite unstable and reactive, making it an important
intermediate for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, thermo resistant polymers, and
macrocyclic compounds [2] [3] As well, HMF can act as a substitute for many organic
compounds currently used in the fine chemicals and plastics industries [13].
There are various methods that have been developed for the production of HMF on an
industrial scale. Generally, HMF can be formed from the decomposition of various
hexose sugar structures. These can be derived from renewable biomass-derived
carbohydrates [13]. Fructose and glucose are the main reactants used, but other
polysaccharides have also been used [3]. The formation of HMF is complicated, and
involves several side reactions and intermediate products. Figure 5 illustrates all of
these reactions:
18


Figure 5. Reaction Mechanism for the Decomposition of Fructose [3]
To form HMF, glucose (or another hexose sugar) undergoes dehydration, where three
water molecules are stripped from the initial molecule. This reaction is commonly acid
catalyzed [14].
Generally, using fructose as a reactant provides higher yields and has a better
selectivity than using glucose. However, from an economic standpoint, using glucose is
more effective. The yields are lower, but it is more available and cheaper. Cellulose has
also been used as a reactant [15]. While cellulose follows a similar reaction mechanism
to fructose and glucose, it is less readily available.
19
The use of acid catalysts in subcritical water for the decomposition reaction to form
HMF has been shown to have significant yields. However, problems with the use of
subcritical water have also arisen. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas and other products are
formed, which remain soluble within the water solution due to the high temperature. As
well, several compounds with high molecular weights can form, resulting in tarring within
the reactor [16].
The reactions and by-products formed in the decomposition of fructose in subcritical
water have been studied in literature. The yields of all of the different compounds vary,
with many of them having insignificant yields. Below is a table of the yields of the
different products.

20
Table 4. Yields of Compounds from Fructose Decomposition at 530 K and
residence time of 120 seconds
Compound Name Yields (% of fructose reacted)
HMF 27
Furfural 10
Fructose 12
Formaldehyde 1.3
Pyruvaldehyde 6.0
Glyceraldehyde 1.6
Glycoaldehyde 4.5
Glucose 2.2
Erythrose 2.6
Dihydroxy Acetone 1.5
Lactic Acid 2.5
Formic Acid 6.5
Acetic Acid 2.5
Glycolic acid 1.5
Pyruvic Acid 1.5
Levulinic acid 1.6
Humin 8.9
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Subcritical water has proven to be a useful reaction medium. The critical point of water
occurs at a temperature of 374 C and a pressure of 218 atm. Between the boiling point
and the critical point, water begins to express interesting characteristics. As the
temperature of water is increased, the hydrogen bonding network between the
molecules is weakened by the thermal motion of the molecules. This results in higher
21
concentrations of both hydroxide and hydrogen ions in the water [16]. This leads to a
lowered solvent viscosity, surface tension, and dielectric constant [17] [18]. The
lowering of the permittivity makes water more soluble to polar compounds, to the extent
where near the critical point they become completely miscible. As well, the solubility of
non-polar solvents increases due to the increase in thermal energy, but not to the same
extent. For the reaction of sugars in subcritical water, the increased hydrogen ion
content within the water aids in the catalysis of the reaction.
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Reaction yields were determined from the experimental data of numerous papers. The
Arrhenius constant and activation energy are shown in Table 5 along with the source
from which that data was obtained.


22
Table 5: Reaction kinetics and activation energy from various sources
Reaction Reactant Product A (s
-1
)
Ea
(kJ/kmol)
[a] Fructose [19] HMF
(4.597*10
9
)*10
(-
0.427*pH)
86330
[b] HMF [19]
Levulinic Acid,
Formic Acid
(4.318*10
7
*10
(-
0.973*pH)
56950
[c] Fructose [19] Humin (1.2*10
23
)*10
(-0.119*pH)
209500
[e] Fructose [20]
Furfural,
Formaldehyde 69+(9.2*10
3
)*10
(-pH)
42000
[f] Fructose [21]
Erythrose ,
Glycolaldehyd
e 1.7997*10
10
123494
[j] Fructose [22]
Dihydroxyacet
one 4.99*10
8
106410
[l]
Dihydroxyacetone
[21] Pyruvaldehyde 1.8074*10
7
88605


23
)345!67&Q9&52'A%,,&@%$%A+.'*&

The process was divided into two main sections; the reactor network and the separation
section. The various unit operations are described in more detailed in subsequent
sections.
Q?8&7%"A+'2&=%,.0*&@%$%A+.'*&

& 1#"#"!I3*/(*=3='!F/(5!J7*K!A&7./35!LIFJAM!0&5'='!64=)!>43?!A&7./35!L6>AM&

In order to decide whether a plug flow or continuous stirred tank reactor is used in the
process, it is important to look at the ideal characteristics of flow necessary for both.
The CSTR works on 6 basic characteristics [23]:
1. Flow through the vessel is continuous. However, inlet flow does not necessarily
equal outlet flow, and both can vary over time
2. The system mass inside each vessel is fixed
3. The fluid inside each vessel is perfectly mixed, resulting in uniform properties at
any given point in time
4. The density of the system is not constant
5. The system may operate at steady or unsteady state
6. A heat exchanger may be added to control temperature
A PFR is also restricted to the following characteristics [23]:
1. The flow is continuous, and the flow inside the reactor follows plug flow dynamics
2. The mass inside the system is not fixed
3. There is no axial mixing within the vessel
4. There is complete radial mixing within the vessel, allowing the properties to be
the same throughout a particular plane
5. The density of the system may vary axially, but not radially
6. The system may operate at steady or unsteady state
7. Heat transfer may occur through the walls of the reactor
One of the reasons a PFR was selected over a CSTR was the ability to more accurately
control the reaction residence time, and therefore more accurately control the extent to
which the reaction occurs. This is important because the main product of interest is
HMF, which is an intermediate in the process. The composition exiting the reactor is
equal to that within the reactor because a CSTR assumes perfect mixing. This would
24
result in a larger amount of fructose that would not be reacted, as well as a larger
proportion of HMF that would be reacted to reach the final product of levulinic acid and
formic acid. A CSTR must be maintained at a high temperature and pressure in order to
ensure proper reaction kinetics and a purely liquid phase. A higher pressure would be
needed throughout this section of the facility to ensure phase consistency because of
the potential for a pressure drop at the entrance to the CSTR.
A PFR allows for a consistent residence time, allowing for optimization of the reaction
for the production of HMF. It also results in fewer inconsistencies in flow diameters and
speeds, allowing for more consistent and lower pressure drops [24]. It was deemed
unnecessary to have multiple tubes for the PFR because of the low flow rate in the
process. The need for adequate mixing within the reactor results in the need for
turbulent flow. In order to assume radial mixing, a high velocity and Reynolds number
must be maintained. With a low mass flow of only 1443 kg/hr, one tube was deemed
sufficient.
& &
& 1#"#$!A&7./35!+5(&*/7/(3*&

Originally, a design was proposed which used three reactors in series. This
configuration, seen in Figure 6, was designed because of its use of a preheat tank and
its ability to bypass reactors when necessary for maintenance.


Figure 6: Initial configuration of reactors
The use of a pre-heat tank was introduced in order to heat up the mixture prior to entry
into the reactor. The temperature increase at this point (to approximately 200C) would
not be sufficient for the reaction to occur to any significant degree [13]. However, it
would reduce the amount of time needed for the flow to reach reactivity temperatures
once in the reactor. A similar design has been maintained, but with slight modifications.
Currently, a steam heat exchanger is used to heat the feed flow to reaction
25
temperatures, allowing the reduction of heat input into the reactors in order to maintain
the flow temperature rather than increase it.
Two PFRs in series were considered because it allowed for the bypassing of one unit,
when necessary, to undergo maintenance. This design was changed, introducing a
parallel configuration for the reactors. The main reason for this was to reduce the
disturbance caused by the bypassing of a reactor. If two reactors are used in series, a
very large flow rate change would have to occur in the process to ensure an appropriate
residence time when reactor maintenance was required. This change in flow rate would
affect the pressure within the system, possibly resulting in vapour formation within the
reactor. This can significantly alter the reactor conditions.

The use of two reactors in parallel allows for one reactor to be used at a time. This
decreases the disturbance caused by a change in reactor, and allows for a more
consistent pressure and temperature regime within the process. The current reaction
process is shown in Figure 7. Because of the formation of a significant amount of humin
in the reactor, regular maintenance is a requirement to ensure system functionality, and
prevent fouling or clogging.


Figure 7: Reactor Configuration
&
& 1#"#1!65&H&7/!I3*'(9&57/(3*'&

Two methods were considered for the heating of the feed prior to the reaction. The first
proposed a mixed fructose and water feedstock being heated prior to the reactor. The
second proposed method heated the water separately from the fructose, and then
26
combined the two feedstocks together at high pressure prior to the reactor. There are
benefits and drawbacks to both methods.
The method of premixing fructose and water at low temperatures and pressures results
in problems in the preheat system. Due to the increase in temperature for the fructose in
the preheat system, the reaction will begin to occur prematurely, resulting in fouling of
the piping prior to the reactors as well as an inaccuracy of reactor sizing for residence
time. The first proposed method of heating is shown in Figure 8.


Figure 8: Mixing of fructose and water feed stocks at regular temperatures and pressures
The heating of water prior to the introduction of fructose into the feed stream would
allow the reaction to be more controlled, and would prevent premature reactivity and
fouling of the piping prior to the reactor [25]. Additionally, the mixing of the two streams
would result in proper mixing of the flows, which increases reactivity. This mixing would
need to occur immediately prior to entrance into the reactor. This method is shown in
Figure 9. This method would result in a more accurate measure of the reaction, as well
as reduce the fouling in the system.

27

Figure 9: Mixing of fructose and water feed stocks at high pressures
The first method was selected for this process; this was done purely on a cost basis.
The separation of the feeds results in the need to have two high-pressure pumps. The
expense of these pumps makes it more desirable to premix the feedstocks, requiring
the use of only one high-pressure pump.
The production of solid by-products is significant, and would eventually result in fouling.
Maintenance due to fouling can be reduced by minimizing the length of piping between
the heating of the feedstock and the reactors. Regular maintenance will still be required
in order to reduce clogging. Minimal settling of humin is expected due to its aggregation
time, as well as the low concentration over the initial length. The results of the reaction
of humin are shown in Figure 10.


Figure 10: Reaction of humin over the first 0.9m of length, with the expectation of minor reaction occurance
in piping prior to the reactor

28
& 1#"#<!E&/H39!3N!D&7/(*)!A&7./35'&

It is essential to heat the reactors because of the nature of the reactions. Since the
reactions within the reactor are endothermic, additional energy must be supplied to
make up for the energy lost to reactions and maintain the temperature of the flow.
Two methods of heating the reactors were considered; an oil/salt water bath or electrical
heating rods. Electrical heating allows for variances on the heating rate depending on
the reactor length, whereas an oil/salt water bath provides even heating to the entire
reactor length.
The use of an oil bath would allow for heat integration with other elements in the
system. Heat used by the reactors could be recycled from a heat source elsewhere in
the system. This type of heat integration would save costs, and allow for less energy
consumption. However, due to difficulties with process control that would have
occurred, this was not implemented. With the use of electrical heating, a portion of the
power needed is supplied by the water turbine, which is used further downstream in the
process.
The rate of reaction varies along the length of the reactor, causing the heat input into
the system to vary. The electrical method of heating was selected because of its ability
to heat the reactor to the desired temperature at specific locations. This takes into
account the faster rate of fructose decomposition at the beginning of the reactor, and
the lower rates of reaction further downstream.

& 1#"#@!63/&*/(74!E&/H39'!N35!A&7./(3*&

There are many other methods that should be considered prior to development of this
process industrially. In general, the production of HMF requires more research,
specifically in the mass and energy conversions that occur during the reaction. Some
potential variances in the methodology of the design would include using supercritical
water instead of subcritical water, adding acid catalysts, or looking at the application of
enzymes for the break-up of fructose.
&
Supercritical Water
Supercritical water has been tested as a solvent for the decomposition of fructose. Both
sub and supercritical water have shown promise, reaching high conversion rates [21].
Supercritical water is water that has surpassed the critical point of 374C and 22.064
29
MPa. This fluid has properties that vary from those of subcritical water, resulting in a
discontinuity in the reaction kinetics. Further research could prove the use of
supercritical water to produce higher yields of HMF. Additionally, the formation of humin
has been seen to decrease at these conditions.

Acid Catalyst
The process currently in use does not use an acid as a catalyst. Because of the use of
subcritical water, the need for an acid catalyst is decreased. However, the addition of an
acid catalyst under subcritical conditions would result in an increased yield of HMF [19].
This would be beneficial for the yield of the product, but was not used for this design
due to the extra purification steps needed downstream. Additionally, the use of an acid
catalyst increases the environmental impact of this process.
Several types of acids have been tested as catalysts for the decomposition of fructose,
with varying results. The use of sulfuric acid has shown significantly higher yields of
HMF [19].

Enzyme Addition
Fructose is a common molecule found in nature and consumed by the human body.
Because of this, there may be an enzyme that occurs in nature that allows for the
decomposition of fructose in order to produce an HMF bi-product. If these enzymes
could be isolated, they could be used in the process. This would decrease or eliminate
the needs for high temperatures and pressures. This would significantly decrease the
economic costs associated with fructose decomposition.

! "#"#O!A&7./(3*!P(*&/(.'!
Since no acid was used to catalyze the reaction, the pH level is dependent on the auto
ionization of water. Since this is not modeled within VMG Sim, the pH had to be
calculated separately. The auto ionization of water was found to be dependent on the
Gibbss Free Energy [26] through the following equations:
!! ! !!!"!!"!
!

!!
!
! !!"#!!!
!
!
!! ! !! !!!!
!

30
Since water dissociates into H
+
and OH
-
, the pH and pOH values are equal. This can be
seen in the equation below.
!!
!
! !" !!"# ! ! ! !"
Therefore the pH can be found by dividing the pK
w
by 2. VMG Sim calculates the
entropy and enthalpy of the system, allowing the Gibbs free energy and the pH to be
calculated.
Literature has stated that a pH between 2 and 4 [27] is optimal for the decomposition of
fructose and depending on the temperature used, the pH of subcritical water can fall in
this range. Specifically, the pH used was 4.
After graphing the kinetics within MATLAB as a function of time, it was found that the
trends were different than those observed in literature. There are several reasons as to
why the kinetics differ from the experimental values. Discrepancies between the many
resources are likely the cause for errors with slightly varying conditions, different
temperature ranges and varying concentrations of acid.
Kinetics for HMF, levulinic acid and humin were taken from a source that used an acid
catalyst [19]. This paper compared various mass percents of H
2
SO
4
in a batch reactor
at temperatures of 170C, 190C, and 210C. In order to apply these kinetics, the
Arrhenius constants were plotted as a function of acid concentration. The values were
then extrapolated to an acid concentration of zero. This curve is shown in Figure 11.
This article was the only source that considered humin formation quantitatively.
Therefore, if humin was to be modeled using published kinetics, the effects of acid
concentration could not be ignored.

31

Figure 11: Arrhenius constants plotted as a function of acid concentration for HMF, levulinic acid and humin
formation
Furfural formation kinetics were taken based on a batch experiment conducted at pH
ranges of 1-4 and temperature ranges of 170C to 230C [27]. Not only was the
temperature range of this experiment low, but the pH was controlled by the addition of
sodium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, and butyric acid. Because of this, the kinetic results
use acid as a catalyst, resulting in lower constants.
Erythrose and pyruvaldehyde have the opposite problem in terms of kinetics. Their
kinetics are based on a continuous reactor experiment varying in temperature from
300C to 400C [25], which exceeds the temperature of the reactor in use for the
process. Additionally, a pressure range of 25-40MPa is used, which far exceeds the
5MPa present within the reactors. While pressure has a negligible effect on reaction
kinetics over small ranges, the effect would be more pronounced over a pressure
difference of 20 MPa.
The kinetics for dihydroxyacetone were determined by calculating the Arrhenius
constant and activation energy based on two kinetic constants (k
rxn
) at varying
temperatures [22]. The conditions of this experiment were done at the same conditions
as those of erythrose and pyruvaldehyde.
There is a heightened possibility that the combination of the kinetics will not produce
proper fructose decomposition trends because of the differences in temperature,
pressure, acid concentration and experimental procedure. MATLAB was used to test
the results of these kinetics.
v = 1.1337L+09x + 3.6214L+09
v = 4.0883L+07x + 2.3634L+06
v = 6.3328L+21x + 1.1303L+23
0
2L+22
4L+22
6L+22
8L+22
1L+23
1.2L+23
1.4L+23
1.6L+23
0.0000L+00
1.0000L+09
2.0000L+09
3.0000L+09
4.0000L+09
3.0000L+09
6.0000L+09
7.0000L+09
8.0000L+09
9.0000L+09
1.0000L+10
0 1 2 3 4 3 6
A
r
r
h
e
n
|
u
s

C
o
n
s
t
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Ac|d Concentranon ()
alucose-PMl
PMl-Lev A
Clucose-Pumln
Llnear (alucose-PMl)
Llnear (PMl-Lev A)
Llnear (Clucose-Pumln)
32
Q?C&/$",M&@%S"2"+'2,&

Flash separators (or flash drums) operate by separating the phases in a vapour-liquid
stream. In this case, the stream coming from the heater will be composed of mainly
water, HMF, and fructose. The most volatile component in this mixture is water. By
separating the vapour phase, which consists mainly of water, downstream operations
will experience less load. This results in a higher purity of the product. Below is a
general diagram of a vapour-liquid flash separator.


Figure 12: A Vapour-Liquid Flash Separator


In this process, the feed enters into the drum where it is passed through a distributor,
which acts as a preliminary means of mechanical separation. A demister at the top of
the drum will help remove liquid droplets in the vapour stream to ensure that only
vapour leaves through the top of the tower. It is possible to separate most of the water
out through the top of the drum at close to 100% purity, which is why the flash drum was
chosen.
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Vacuum separation uses a reduced pressure to extract unstable chemical compounds
or volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Many organic compounds such as HMF start to
33
decompose at higher temperatures, making separation at atmospheric pressure
unviable [28].
The boiling point of a liquid is the thermodynamic state where the vapour pressure
approaches atmospheric pressure. By lowering the vessel pressure, the boiling point is
also lowered. Thus, using vacuum separation, VOCs can be brought down to a
temperature where they will not decompose.
At first, tray vacuum distillation columns were considered, which were evacuated using
mechanical centrifugal vacuum pumps. However, since the operating pressure is very
low, and there are two vacuum towers operating in series, the pressure drop per tray
may drop the process stream pressure to inoperably low levels. Thus, packed towers
were considered because the pressure drop was less than that of trays. As such,
packing type, nominal packing sizes and packing factor were determined for this
system. A simple diagram is shown below:

Figure 13: Packed Distillation Column Diagram

The packed tower will operate with an entirely packed column and a spray nozzle to
distribute the reflux over the bed. Additionally, a demister will be installed to help further
purification of the top product along with a vortex breaker at the bottoms outlet to break
any turbulence leaving the column.
34
Two packed towers are used in this design. The first column takes the liquid stream
leaving the flash separator as its feed, and separates HMF and water in its distillate,
leaving aqueous fructose coming out of the bottoms to be either recycled or fed to a
waste plant. The HMF and water is then fed into a second column, where the water
comes out the top of the tower, and a 99.1% pure aqueous HMF product comes out as
a bottoms product.
The waste components from the reactor remain present in the separation stages as
impurities. Due to their low concentrations, they have little effect on the separation
process.
Q?T&/.$+%2,&

Filters are a simple means of mechanical separation and will be used in this design to
separate solid compounds from a liquid process stream. Since humin is insoluble with
water and is solid [24], it can easily be removed by passing the process stream through
a cross-flow filter. The filter needs to be cleaned once a maximum amount of solid has
accumulated on it in order to maintain liquid flow. The filter also needs to be able to
withstand the high pressure associated with the process.
Micro filters are fine filters used in industry to filter small particulates (less than 10
-5
m)
out of a liquid stream [29]. They can be used in the chemical or biochemical industry for
analysis or refining of an aqueous solution.

Figure 14: Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) photograph of a microfiltration membrane. The scale
represents 5 micrometers [30]

35
The micro filter can either act as a size or shape restricting medium, mechanically
separating according to a certain defined property of the particle. Realistic micro filters
can be thought of as a collection of channels or conduits, which allow fluid to pass while
restricting the desired particulate [29]. Once the process stream is defined, a particle
size analysis must be done to determine what kind of filter must be used. Literature
values were taken in order to determine the required filter size.
Dynamic light scattering (also known as photon correlation spectroscopy) is a popular
method to determine the size of particles. It is done by passing the sample under a
monochromatic light beam and observing the wavelength change the light undergoes as
it strikes the particulate. This wavelength change (also known as the Doppler Shift) is
related to the particle size. The particle distribution can be found by measuring the
diffusion coefficient of the particles and using the autocorrelation function. The
autocorrelation function is a mathematical tool used to determine repeating patterns
through the comparison of observed signals. Dynamic light scattering is a favourable
procedure because it is quick, cheap, and fully automated, making extensive experience
unnecessary [31].
Once the particle distribution is determined, a proper high-pressure filter can be
selected. These filters are generally made of glass fibre SM-X [32] and can be put
directly into the pipe.
Q?G&!12#.*%,&

Following the reaction stage, the pressure of the flow is 4750 kPa. In order to move the
flow successfully into the distillation region, the pressure must be substantially lowered.
The use of a valve and a turbine were considered.

Valve
The use of a valve to lower pressure works by limiting the flow on one side of the valve
and lowering pressure. Additionally, a larger pipe diameter could be introduced on the
far side of the valve in order to encourage further pressure drop. Due to the large
pressure drop (over 4MPa) and the ability to use that pressure drop for energy gain, this
method was not used.

Turbine
36
The use of a turbine for a pressure drop is beneficial. Not only does it allow for good
control of the pressure drop, it also uses the potential difference within the high
pressure stream to generate power. This is beneficial because that power can be used
elsewhere in the process.
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& 1#O#"!63'(/(0&!%('Q47.&;&*/!6=;Q'&

Three different types of pumps were considered for the design: positive displacement,
impulse, and velocity pumps. A positive displacement pump was chosen because it can
handle the high pressures associated with the process and it typically has a longer life
than the other two pump types [28].
Positive displacement pumps operate by trapping a fixed amount of fluid in a vessel
before pushing it through an exit stream. A screw pump was chosen to increase the
feed flow pressure to 5201.3 kPa before being fed to the reactor networks, while 4
centrifugal pumps were placed on various streams throughout the system.

& 1#O#$!E&.H7*(.74!R7.==;!6=;Q'&

To create the necessary vacuum in the separator and distillation towers, a mechanical
pump was chosen. The pump is connected directly to a reflux drum that collects the
condensate from the condenser. The mechanical pump was chosen for its simplicity
and its lack of added component streams. The pump must also be sized accordingly to
be able to achieve the level of vacuum and to counteract air seepage into the column.
A steam jet ejector was also considered. These operate by ejecting steam through an
orifice and subsequently, an expander. The sudden change in pressure creates a
suction that can be used to evacuate a vessel. However, mechanical pumps were
chosen because they tend to be 8 to 10 times more efficient than steam jet ejectors
[33].
&
37
Q?V&3%"+&6KAM"*0%2,&

Four different types of heat exchangers were used in developing the process; heaters,
coolers, condensers, and reboilers. It was found that shell and tube heat exchangers
were the most economical option for the process being considered. The shell and tube
heat exchangers simplicity was also a desirable attribute that was taken into
consideration. All of the heat exchangers were designed with a single pass because of
the small flows and duties required for the process. Also, counter-current flow was used
for all of the heat exchangers.
Q?W&!"*X&Y%,,%$,&

This process requires five different vessels. These include knockout pots, which
maintain a suction level to prevent pumps from running dry. Also, a mixing tank with an
agitator was added to the process to blend the reactants before entering the reactor. All
tanks were designed using stainless steel to avoid corrosion problems.
Q?Z&[%*%2"$&5.S.*0&

All of the piping in the process was commercial stainless steel, which was chosen over
carbon steel because of its resistance to pitting and corrosion. The added cost was
found to be offset by the savings in maintenance, labour, and downtime costs
associated with corrosion and pitting in carbon steel. For more information on this, refer
to the economics section.
&
& Q#S#"!T*'=47/(3*!

Although insulation provides a small amount of heat loss prevention, its main objective
is to protect workers from dangerous temperatures on the piping. This is a health and
safety consideration and is discussed in more detail in that section. Two different types
of piping insulation were used. Hot insulation was made of calcium silicate as per the
guidelines defined in the literature. The cold insulation was composed of urethane,
which was a guideline set out by Ludwig. The thickness of all the insulation was
determined to be 32 mm [33].
38
)345!67&T9&52'A%,,&=%,A2.S+.'*&"*J&@.L1$"+.'*&
T?8&52'S%2+I&5"AX"0%&@%$%A+.'*&

Before beginning to build a simulation, it was necessary to select a property package (or
several) in order to increase the expected accuracy of the results. Within the process,
water is used as the solvent. Many other components within the system are polar.
Because of this property, only certain property packages can be used [34]. Additionally,
the process involves two distinct sections. The reaction must occur at high pressures to
ensure water remains a liquid solvent, while the separation must be performed at a low
pressure in order to control temperatures below decomposition temperatures. Because
the high pressure section only involves the reactors, the thermodynamic equations
within the property package are unnecessary. Therefore, the low-pressure property
package was used for the entire system.
Initially, two property packages were considered for the high-pressure section: Gibbs-
Excess Peng Robinson (GEPR) and Mathias-Soave-Redlich-Kwong (MSRK). These
property packages were considered due to their ability to accurately model polar
compounds at higher-pressure ranges [34].
The separation section of the process occurs at a low-pressure to allow for separation
of components without the decompositions of the products or reactants. For this section
of the process, two property packages were considered: NRTL and Wilson. Both of
these packages are recommended for processes involving lower operating pressures
with polar compounds [34]. The ideal property package was also considered.
!
<#"#"!653Q&5/G!67.K7)&!R74(97/(3*!

The options for property packages were compared with experimental data using
ThermoExplorer, and the most accurate chosen. Because of the lack of experimental
data for the main products, the binary mixtures of water-furfural, water-formic acid, and
water-levulinic acid were used. While these are not the key components of the process,
they have known properties and are included within the separation.
Comparison of experimental data was done for both the high-pressure and low-pressure
cases. For both cases, only the water-furfural and water-formic acid cases were fully
compared. This is because the experimental curve for water-levulinic acid showed a
39
peculiar trend. At high pressure, the comparisons for water-furfural and water-formic
acid are shown in Figure 15 and Figure 16 respectively.

Figure 15: Comparison of XY data for water-furfural system for various property packages at high-pressure

Figure 16: Comparison of XY data for water formic acid system for various property packages at high-
pressure

[
f
u
r
f
u
r
a
|
]

k [furfura|]
LxperlmenLal
CL8
MS8k
?=x

[
f
o
r
m
|
c

a
c
|
d
]

k [form|c ac|d]
LxperlmenLal
CL8
MS8k
?=x
40
While the trend for GEPR is not exact, it does follow the experimental trends far better
than the MSRK property package.
The low-pressure property package testing was also done. Comparisons of NRTL,
Wilson, and Ideal property packages were done, and are represented for furfural-water
and formic acid-water in Figure 17and Figure 18 respectively.

Figure 17: Comparison of XY data for water-formic acid system for various property packages at low-
pressure

[
f
u
r
f
u
r
a
|
]

k [furfura|]
n81L
LxperlmenLal
Wllson
ldeal
?=x
41

Figure 18: Comparison of XY data for water-formic acid system for various property packages at low-
pressure
For the low-pressure system, NRTL and Wilson both showed a good representation of
the trends observed. NRTL was chosen as the property package used within the
simulation because of its slightly better fit for the furfural-water comparison.
In addition to property package selection, interaction parameters were found for the
compounds present within the simulation. Because of the lack of data for the majority of
the compounds present within the system, only certain binary interaction parameter sets
could be found. The data found is shown in Figure 19.

Figure 19: Known binary interaction parameters

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f
o
r
m
|
c

a
c
|
d
]

k [form|c ac|d]
n81L
LxperlmenLal
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?=x
42
From this, it was discovered that azeotropes do exist in the process, specifically in the
water-formic acid and water-furfural mixtures. This is also shown in the property
package comparison figures. UNIFAC was used within UniSim in order to approximate
further interaction parameters. These results have not been included because of a lack
of convergence, specifically for formaldehyde. These estimated interaction parameters
did predict two azeotropes between water and formaldehyde. However, these results
could not be verified. The use of all the components resulted in one distillation region,
resulting in no differences in the separation with or without the use of the predicted
interaction parameters.

T?C&7%"A+'2&=%,A2.S+.'*&"*J&@.L1$"+.'*&

The reactor design has been created and tested using two methods. The first involves
the use of VMGSim, and models the reactor as a structure, measuring the change in
concentration, pressure, temperature and other properties over the length. A secondary
method was used to test the reaction kinetics present within the reactor. A MATLAB
model was created in order to test the rates of reaction as a function of length. This
was done in order to compare the results obtained from VMGSim, MATLAB, and
literature.
&
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There are two plug flow reactors in the system. The reactors are set up in series in
order to reduce the disruption that occurs when one tank is needed to be shut down for
maintenance, which is necessary because of the large amount of solid material that is
formed and will clog or foul the reactor. Only one of the reactors is in use at any given
time.

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Before modelling the reactor in the simulation, kinetics were required for all relevant
reactions. These reactions are shown in Figure 20. The most important product of the
system is HMF, with furfural as a secondary product. However, due to the low yield and
43
difficulties associated with separating furfural, it was deemed to be economically
unjustified. Furfural was still included as a component within the simulation.
It is important to represent the formation of side products in order to control the kinetics
of HMF formation. Because of this, the reactions for the formation of humin, furfural,
erythrose, glycolaldehyde, dihydroxyacetate and pyruvaldehyde are included.


Figure 20: Reactions considered for the decomposition of fructose
Certain reactions were ignored in order to simplify the system. An overview of the
ignored reactions and respective reasoning is presented in Table 6.
44
Table 6: Reasoning for ignoring reactions of fructose decomposition

The composition of humin is unknown. In order to model humin, it was assumed to be a
polymer of only fructose. In reality, humin consists of polymers of HMF and fructose.
The isomerization of glucose to fructose is reversible. Because fructose is being reacted
to form other products, Le Chateliers Principle states that the equilibrium will shift to
produce more fructose. Literature has shown that when both glucose and fructose are
present, fructose decomposes to HMF more readily. Additionally, under the conditions
present in the reactor, glucose has a higher tendency to isomerize into fructose [22].
Additionally, including the formation of glucose would result in the need to consider the
decomposition reactions of glucose. Because of the minor yields of glucose [3], these
side reactions are deemed negligible.
Minor acid by-products (glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, acetic acid) are observed, but are
ignored due to low yields. Although the decomposition of fructose is acid- catalyzed,
the acids formed were not found to auto-catalyze the reaction [25]. Gases such as CO
2
,
CO, and H
2
have been shown to form as well, but in low quantities [25].
The yield for pyruvaldehyde was far more significant than the yield of lactic acid [3],
suggesting a much lower reaction rate for lactic acid formation. Therefore, the reaction
was assumed to stop at a final product of pyruvaldehyde. Dihydroxyacetone favours
pyruvaldehyde formation over glyceraldehyde formation [22]. Glyceraldehyde formation
was ignored because of its low yield. Thus, dihydroxyacetone was assumed to only
form pyruvaldehyde.

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Humin is a group of molecules that is produced through the polymerization of fructose
and HMF. It represents a variety of components, ranging in molecular weight from 500-
1000 g/mol [25]. In order to accurately model this group of components within the
reaction, various assumptions were made.
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45
The first assumption made was that humin was a polymer of only fructose. This
assumption allows for a structure to be assumed, and also allows for the kinetics of
humin formation to be represented by only one reaction.
The structure used for humin was chosen as seen below in Figure 21. This structure
results in the molecular formula of C
36
H
62
O
31
and a molar mass of 990.84 g/mol. The
high molecular weight will result in an over-estimation of the fructose used for humin
formation. This will decrease the HMF formation, resulting in a more conservative
result.


Figure 21: Assumed structure of humin
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Final reaction kinetics were obtained based on data available within one literature
source [3]. This source does not provide reaction kinetics, but shows resulting
concentrations at varying temperatures and residence times. In order to determine the
kinetics as a function of temperature, two temperatures were evaluating to find the rates
of reaction. From this, the Arrhenius constant and activation energy were calculated.
An example of the data used from literature is shown in Figure 22.
46

Figure 22: Example of data used from literature to determine reaction rates, showing yield at varying
temperatures for a residence time of 120 seconds [3]

The two temperatures selected from literature were 530K and 540K at a residence time
of 120 seconds. The resulting yields are shown in Table 7. In order to determine the
yield of humin, the yields were converted into mass fractions, and a material balance
was done. Any mass not accounted for by other components was assumed to be
humin. This assumption was necessary in order to be able to calculate kinetics.

47
Table 7: Yields of products from fructose decomposition at temperatures of 530K and 540K and a residence
time of 120 seconds

Yield (%) (mol/mol reactant)

Molar Mass (g/mol) 530K 540K
HMF 126.11 27 24.4
furfural 96.089 10 8.9
fructose 180.16 12 6.7
formaldehyde 30.03 7.6 7.8
pyruvaldehyde 72.0627 6 4.4
glyceraldehyde 90.08 1.6 0.4
glycolaldehyde 60.052 4.5 5
glucose 180.16 2.2 1.5
erythrose 120.1 2.6 3
dihydroxy
acetone 90.078 1.5 0.9
lactic acid 90.08 2.5 5.5
formic acid 46.03 6.5 7.7
acetic acid 60.05 2.5 3.4
glycolic acid 76.05 1.5 1.5
pyruvic acid 88.06 1.5 1.5
levulinic acid 116.11 1.6 1.6
humin 950.91 8.9 15.8
water 18.01 N/A N/A

Reaction kinetics for the decomposition of fructose were found to be pseudo-first order
[25]. Therefore, the reaction rates can be expressed using the equation below.
r = [Reactant]*k
rxn

In order to determine reaction rates, the reaction equations were derived, both in their
differential and analytical forms. The reactions are presented below, and resulting
equations are shown in Table 8.

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48

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49

Table 8: Differential and analytical solutions to rate equations
D|fferent|a| Lquat|on Ana|yt|ca| Lquat|on
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Due to the non-linearity of these reactions, the reaction constants were determined
using an analytical analysis along with excel solver. The resulting reaction constants
are shown in Table 9.
Table 9: Reactionrate constants determined at two temperatures with a residence time of 120 seconds

Temperature (K)

530 540
k1 0.01219 0.01598
k2 0.00201 0.00215
k3 0.00064 0.00075
k4 0.00052 0.00072
k5 0.00220 0.00303
k6 0.00029 0.00034
k7 0.02424 0.02481
kf 0.01767 0.02253

50
From these reaction constants, the Arrhenius constant and activation energy were
calculated in order to develop a kinetic equation dependant on temperature. A sample
calculation is shown in the appendix.
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The Arrhenius equations for the reactions, based on the calculations above, are shown
in Table 10.
Table 10: Arrhenius equations for all reactions

Ea (J/mol) A (s)
k1 64554.492 28073.464
k2 16139.435 0.078
k3 38743.127 4.212
k4 77918.640 24964.351
k5 76056.571 68970.309
k6 34021.019 0.656
k7 5479.924 0.084

The values calculated are very different than those previously used from literature
papers. The large discrepancies seen in the Arrhenius constants suggest that some of
the assumptions made may not be completely valid. There is a limit to the level of
accuracy than can be achieved from reading the data from graphs in the literature.
Because of the small range of temperatures selected, the accuracy of the kinetics
cannot be verified. However, the introduction of the kinetics into both VMG and
MATLAB has resulted in fairly accurate representations of concentration rates through
the reactor length for VMG and over time for MATLAB. These results are presented
below.
MATLAB Simulation
In order to check the kinetics calculated and to compare those kinetics with those
expected based on literature, a MATLAB simulation was created. This simulation does
not take into account temperature differences, and is designed to model concentrations
or percent conversion as a function of time for a given temperature. The MATLAB
Simulink model is shown in Figure 23.
51


Figure 23: MATLAB simulation of reaction kinetics over time

This model was used to analyze both the kinetics from the combination of literature and
those calculated based on yields at varying temperatures. For the results based on
kinetics found in literature, the reaction was found to occur too quickly, as seen in
Figure 24. The results for the kinetics calculated based on yield charts are shown in
Figure 25 and better follow expected trends.

52

Figure 24: Decomposition of fructose at 530K using kinetics found in literature


Figure 25: Decomposition of fructose at 530K using calculated kinetics

One thing to notice with regards to the first kinetic model is that fructose is reacted very
quickly. Within 0.2 seconds, all of the fructose has reacted. Additionally, the formations
53
of all components other than humin were low, and deemed negligible. HMF shows the
next highest yield. However, this is still significantly lower than the 30% expected [3].
The second kinetic model shows far better results. The HMF yield reaches
approximately 40% at the goal time of 120 seconds. This is higher than expected
considering the source from which the kinetics is calculated reaches a yield of
approximately 20% [3]. This discrepancy could be due to the introduction of humin, and
the assumption of this component making up the remaining material. Humin is the
second largest product for the decomposition of fructose according to the kinetics used.
The production and quantity of humin varies throughout literature [3, 27]. Because of
this, it is difficult to come up with a concrete expected value of this product.
While both kinetic models show variances from what is expected based on literature,
the second kinetic model shows a trend that more closely follows literature values [3].
Therefore, this is the model that is used when simulating the reactor in VMGSim.

VMG Simulation
The simulation of the reactor within VMGSim was done using two plug flow reactors in
series. Two reactors are needed within VMGSim in order to model the temperature
gradients. The heat input into the system is not distributed equally throughout the
length, and further details regarding the energy balance of the reactor are shown in the
energy balance section below.
The results of the simulator follow the trends observed within MATLAB quite well. HMF
is the main product, resulting in a yield of approximately 31.5%, as shown in Figure 26.
The yield is calculated on a mole basis. When the concentrations are converted to
mass, humin has the highest mass fraction of any product, as shown in Figure 27.
Differences occur between the VMG simulation and the MATLAB simulation due to the
slight variances in temperature that occur along the reactor length.

54

Figure 26: Concentration of components over the length of the reactor


Figure 27: Mass fraction of components leaving the reactor. The 'In' column represents the mass fraction at
0.9 m in reactor
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0 0.3 1 1.3 2 2.3 3 3.3 4 4.3 3
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
n
o
n

(
k
m
o
|
/
m
3
)

Length (m)
[PMl]
[lru]
[vr]
[lor A]
[Lev A]
[Pum]
[uvh]
[Clvcol]
[LrvLh]
55

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The energy balance was mainly performed using VMGSim. The heats of reaction were
additionally calculated in order to verify the values that VMG calculates. Large
differences were found between the heats of reaction from VMG and those calculated
manually. However, the energy balance could not be completely calculated manually
due to lack of information because the heat capacities and heats of vaporization of
certain components are unknown.

VMGSim Calculated Heats of Reaction
The methodology behind how the heats of reaction are calculated within VMGSim is not
shown, and the values cannot be altered. For hypothetical components, where the
heats of formation were not available, it was found that adding a value for the heat of
formation within the property package did not alter the heat of reaction represented by
the reactor. The calculated values for the heats of reaction are shown in Table 11.

Table 11: Heats of reaction as calculated by VMGSim

Heat of Reaction
(kJ/kmol)
k1 11024
k2 -12053.5
k3 635565.8
k4 635573.3
k5 462089.3
k6 -265088.6
k7 -376412.4

Manually Calculated Heats of Reaction
In order to check the heats of reaction calculated by VMGSim, the heats of reaction
were calculated based on the heats of formation. The heats of formation were taken
from VMG for known components, found in literature, or estimated using the Benson
estimation method [35]. Heats of formation for all the components are shown in Table
12. The Benson estimation method works by summing the heats of formation required
56
for each of the bonds within a molecule. Sample calculations for the estimation of the
heat of formation of HMF are shown in the appendix.

Table 12: Heats of Formation
Component
Heat of Formation
(kJ/kmol)
Fructose -973900
HMF [35] -278440
Pyruvaldehyde -303410
Glycolaldehyde [36] -316310
Erythrose [35] -692070
Dihydroxyacetone
[37] -523000
Levulinic Acid [38] -613100
Furfural -151020
Formic Acid -378599.8
Formaldehyde -108599.8
Water -241818
Humin [35] -4750410

Using the heats of formation, the heats of reaction can be calculated. The resulting
heats of reaction are shown in Table 13. The heats of reaction are calculated using the
equation below. Sample calculations are shown in the appendix.
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Table 13: Heats of reaction calculated using heats of formation

Calculated heat of reaction
(kJ/kmol)
k1 -29994
k2 -11173.8
k3 -410240
k4 -34480
k5 367536
k6 -229624
k7 -22228

57
The calculation of the heats of reaction varied drastically from the heats of reaction
estimated by VMG. Some of the reactions went from being exothermic to being
endothermic. Because no methodology regarding how VMG estimates the heat of
reaction is available, no hypothesis as to the reasons for these differences could be
found. The differences in heats of reaction are shown in Table 14.

Table 14: Comparison of VMG heats of reaction and calculated heats of reaction

Heat of Reaction (kJ/kmol)

Calculated From VMG
Absolute difference
(kJ/mol)
Percent
Difference (%)
k1 -29994 11024 41018 137
k2 -11173.8 -12054 880 8
k3 -410240 635566 1045806 255
k4 -34480 635573 670053 1943
k5 367536 462089 94553 26
k6 -229624 -265089 35465 15
k7 -22228 -376412 354184 1593

Simulation
Heats of formation are generally given for gases at 298K (25C). Because the reaction
is occurring as a liquid at a higher temperature, further calculations would have to be
performed in order to accurately model the heat of reaction based on calculations. For
several components, especially humin, no specific heat or heat of vapourization is
available. Because these values are not present, a heat of reaction at the conditions
present within the reactor cannot be calculated. Therefore, the assumed heats of
reaction from VMGSim must be used.
The goal of the heating put into the reactor is to maintain the temperature of the flow at
257C. Due to the high rates of reaction, heat must be input into the reactor.
Additionally, the higher conversion rates occur at a high fructose concentration, which
occurs at the beginning of the reactor. Therefore, in order to maintain the temperature,
an uneven distribution of heat must be applied, with more heat being added at the
beginning of the reactor and less at the end.
The reactor has been modeled within VMG using two separate reactors. The first
reactor has a length of 0.9m, while the second makes up the remaining needed length.
The temperature profiles within the reactors are shown in Figure 28 and Figure 29 for
the two sections of the reactor.
58


Figure 28: Temperature profile of the reactor from 0 to 0.9m


Figure 29: Temperature profile of the reactor from 0.9 to 4.723m

Both of the reactor sections do have a slight temperature drop. The first section of the
reactor ranges in temperature from 249 to 259C, whereas the second reactor varies in
temperature from 242 to 262C. These temperature gradients are based on the
addition of 3.7*10
5
W of energy into the first reactor and 4.2*10
5
W of energy into the
second reactor. While the separation of the reactor into two regions helps maintain the
temperature, there are still significant fluctuations.
59
T?Q&/$",M&@%S"2"+'2&=%,A2.S+.'*&&

The flash separator was chosen to separate the water vapour out of the stream exiting
the heat exchanger. This stream flows at 1378.07 kg/hr and is comprised of mainly
HMF, water and fructose. The majority of the water (1330.82kg/hr) is separated, leaving
the separator at 99.5% purity. The bottoms product flows at 47.25 kg/hr. A screenshot
of the flash separator is shown below:

Figure 30: Simulation screenshot of flash separator
The flash drum will have a demister to prevent liquid from entering the top stream,
which will affect sizing calculations. The liquid percent level inside the drum will be
controlled using a level controller that varies the valve opening position of the bottoms
liquid stream. This is illustrated below:
60

Figure 31: Heat exchanger and flash separator
T?T&E"A11L&5"AX%J&)'$1L*&=%,A2.S+.'*&

Two packed vacuum columns are used to purify the liquid stream leaving the flash
separator to obtain a purer HMF product for sale. These columns operate in series, and
employ packed beds consisting of ceramic Raschig rings with a nominal packing size of
12.7 mm and a packing factor of 580 [39]. The column has a liquid re-distributor above
the packed bed to distribute the reflux evenly. Random packing bed supports are used
to hold up the bed while hold-down grids cap the top of the bed. Vortex breakers are
installed into the bottom of the tower to prevent vortex formation in the liquid leaving the
bottoms. The Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP) used is 2 feet or 0.67
meters. This value is the theoretical height of a tray corresponding to the packing used.
This value can be directly multiplied with the amount of theoretical trays to obtain the
tower height [39]. The pressure drop per theoretical tray was first assumed to be 0.32
kPa, which is equivalent to 0.107 kPa per foot of packing. Both towers are constructed
out of 18/8 stainless steel and have wall thicknesses of 0.5 inches.
The first packed column (T-101) takes a feed of 104.18 kg/hr and separates the HMF
and water from the heavy fructose with a specified reflux ratio of 3. The tower height
61
was calculated to be 7.37 meters and the diameter was found to be 0.15 meters
(sample calculations will be shown in the appendix). The L/D ratio of the column was
subsequently calculated as 50. The reason for such a large L/D value is because of the
small flows within the tower. The compositions of the distillate and bottoms streams are
shown below:

Figure 32: Vacuum packed tower T101 simulation results

The operating profile taken from the simulation is presented below:
62

Figure 33: Temperature and pressure profile for T101

The distillate stream is then fed to the second tower (T102), which takes a feed of 28.25
kg/hr with a specified reflux ratio of 3.5. The tower height was calculated to be 4.02
meters and the diameter was found to be 0.14 meters with an L/D ratio of 28. The
compositions of the distillate and bottoms streams are shown below:

Figure 34: Vacuum packed tower T102 simulation results
63

From the above figure, it can be seen that HMF has been optimized to 99.1%, making it
suitable for sale. The operating profile taken from the simulation is presented below:

Figure 35: Temperature and pressure profile of T102

T?T&O.A2'&/.$+%2&=%,A2.S+.'*&&

Two cross-flow micro filters are used in this design directly following the cooled reactor
outlet stream. The filters are placed in parallel, where only one filter is operational at a
time, allowing one filter to be cleaned while the other maintains operation.

Figure 36: Diagram of two filters in parallel

Humin has been found to have particle sizes in the range of 50 to 200 nm, when
analyzed in samples using dynamic light scattering [40]. Thus, a micro filter must be
chosen that can filter particles as small as 50 nm as well as withstand the 4800 kPa
64
pressure. A glass fibre SM-X [32] filter with a pressure drop of 50 kPa is housed in 18/8
stainless steel. This filter is used to remove 100% of the humin from the process
stream. The amount of humin to be filtered is 64.93 kg/hr and the filter needs to be able
to have the capacity to filter 1443 kg/hr of material. Below is a screenshot of the filter
screen in the simulation. The filter operates at 154.4 C.

Figure 37: Simulation screenshot of filter

65
T?G&!12#.*%&=%,A2.S+.'*&

A turbine was used in order to create a pressure drop between the reactor and
separation sections of the system. This turbine does not provide the entire pressure
drop necessary. However, it provides a sufficient drop in order for an initial separation
to be done. Additionally, the specifications of the turbine are selected in order to
prevent vapour formation within the turbine.
When simulated in VMG, the results shown in Figure 38 were obtained. The overall
pressure drop in the turbine is 4348.7 kPa, resulting in the production of 18680 W of
power. While this is very little power, it is still beneficial and can be integrated into the
system, providing energy needed for heating the reactors.

Figure 38: Turbine design in VMGSim

The efficiency of the turbine was underestimated for the calculations. Efficiencies for
turbines can vary, reaching values of up to 90% [41].
66
Additionally, a schematic of the general construction of the turbine is shown in Figure
39.

Figure 39: Schematic for turbine [41]

T?U&51LS&=%,A2.S+.'*&

There are many pumps distributed throughout this design. The first is a screw pump (P-
101 in the process flow diagram), which increases the feed stream pressure by 5.1 MPa
before the reactor network. This is the only reciprocating pump in the system with a
capacity of 1.40 m
3
/hr, a required duty of 1854.5 W and a shaft speed of 1400 rpm. The
shaft speed is controlled with a speed controller, which is hooked up to a pressure
controller. The pressure controller reads the pressure of the outlet feed stream and
cascades a signal back to the speed control.

Figure 40: Diagram of the screw pump
67

The first centrifugal pump (P-102 in the process flow diagram) is placed on the top
product stream of the flash separator and serves to pump the water stream to a sewer.
It provides a pressure increase of 150 kPa, with a capacity of 7906.99 m
3
/hr and a
required duty of 103.58 W.
The next pump is also a centrifugal pump placed on the bottoms product stream of the
first distillation column (P-103 in the process flow diagram). The pressure increase is
necessary so that pressure drops in subsequent valves and heat exchangers wont
produce a negative pressure. It provides a pressure increase of 337.3 kPa, with a
capacity of 0.015 m
3
/hr and a required duty of 0.47 W.

Figure 41: Diagram of P-103

The next pump is to be placed downstream from P-103 (P-107 on the process flow
diagram) and is used to pump the outlet stream of a surge tank either to a waste
treatment facility or to a recycle stream. The fructose concentration is monitored using a
concentration controller. The pump provides a pressure increase of 200 kPa, with a
capacity of 0.014 m
3
/hr and a required duty of 0.71 W.
68

Figure 42: Diagram of pump P-107

The last process stream pump is placed on the bottoms outlet stream of the second
distillation column (P-105 in the process flow diagram) and is used to pump the final
HMF product. The pump provides a pressure increase of 192.3 kPa, with a capacity of
0.014 m
3
/hr and a required duty of 17.51 W.

Figure 43: Diagram of product HMF pump

The pumps, along with their pressure drops, capacities and duties are summarized
below.



69
Table 15: Summary of pump pressure changes, capacities and duties
ump Number ressure Change
(ka)
Capac|ty (m
3
/hr) Duty (W)
-101 3100.0 1.400 1834.30
-102 130.0 7906.990 103.38
-103 337.3 0.013 0.47
-105 192.3 0.014 17.31
-107 200.0 0.014 0.71

Two vacuum pumps are also used to evacuate the packed columns. These are
centrifugal pumps attached to the reflux drums of each column and pump air out of the
column to achieve vacuum. For column T-101, the pump (P-104) needs to maintain a
condenser pressure of 9 kPa while pumping to the atmosphere. The capacity was
determined and the duty was simulated. More information regarding how this is done is
presented in the appendix. The capacity was found to be 0.068 m
3
/hr with a duty of
0.052 W.

The second vacuum pump for T-102 (P-106) needs to maintain the condenser at 6 kPa
while pumping to atmosphere. Once again, from sizing calculations and simulation, the
pump capacity was found to be 0.040 m
3
/hr with a duty of 0.0094 W.

Table 16: Summary of vacuum pump pressure changes, capacities and duties
ump Number ressure Change
(ka)
Capac|ty (m
3
/hr) Duty (W)
-104 92.30 0.068 0.032
-106 93.30 0.040 9.40 (10
-3
)
&



70
T?V&3%"+&6KAM"*0%2,&

<#V#"!D&7/&5'!

The exchangers with equipment tags E-101 and E-104 are both steam-powered
heaters. Steam was chosen for its resistance to fouling and accessibility, and is used
on the shell side of the heat exchanger [33]. The configuration of the heaters was a
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA) layout known as D/L/E. A TEMA
D front head was chosen because it is capability to withstand high [42]. A diagram of the
TEMA D head can be seen below in Figure 44.

Figure 44: TEMA D front head [42]
For the shell, a TEMA E-type was chosen because of the opposite entrance and exit
nozzle locations. Using a single tube made it an ideal shell to eliminate temperature
crosses, the biggest faux pas of heat exchanger design [42]. A schematic of the E-type
shell can be seen below in Figure 45.

Figure 45: TEMA E shell [42]
The rear head was chosen to be TEMA L-type because the head can be bolted directly
to the tubesheet or to a mating shell flange. The bolted flat cover permits access to the
71
tubes without interfering with the piping connections [42]. This is ideal for cleaning the
tubes of the exchanger. A TEMA L-type rear head can be seen below in Figure 46.

Figure 46: TEMA L-type rear head [42]
No baffles or weirs were used for the design of the heaters. This was for simplicity of
design and to lower the cost of construction. A standard tube pitch of 1.25 was used
with a triangular tube configuration.

<#V#$!A&,3(4&5'!

Reboilers use steam to heat the process medium, but have a very different mechanical
configuration from the heaters. The basic premise behind a reboiler is to heat some of
the bottoms liquid back into vapour and then feed this into the bottom tray. This is done
to increase boil-up and maintain a higher vapour content in the tower. The exchangers
with the label E-107 and E-110 are reboilers.
With the process fluid changing from a liquid to a vapour, a different mechanically
configured shell and tube exchanger is required. Although the front head of the
exchanger remains the same as the heater (TEMA D), both the shell and rear head
change substantially. The main reason for this design change is due to the fact that the
process fluid would now be located in the shell and the steam would be located in the
tube side.
A shell of TEMA J-type was used for both of the reboilers. This configuration was used
because with the vacuum towers, a large pressure drop could not be afforded. The J-
type allows for a very small pressure drop to be achieved in the shell side of the
exchanger where the boil-up resides [42]. A diagram of the J-type reboiler can be found
in Figure 47 below.
72

Figure 47: TEMA J-type exchanger shell [42]
A TEMA U-type rear head was also used in this application. Although the tubes become
more difficult to clean, the steam will reside in the tube side, thus making cleaning
almost unnecessary. The cost of fabrication is also decreased because there is no
necessary head [42]. Instead the tubes are simply bent into a U shape and the tube
fluid comes back out of the same side that it was sent in on. A TEMA U-type rear head
can be seen below in Figure 48.

Figure 48: TEMA U-type rear head [42]
A weir was designed in the shell of the reboilers. The weir will prevent some of the
process fluid from flowing back out of the reboiler and will instead be heated into a
vapour.
!
<#V#1!I334&5'!7*9!I3*9&*'&5'!

The coolers and condensers were designed on much of the same premise as the steam
heaters mentioned above. They also have a TEMA configuration of D/L/E and have the
process fluid on the tube side due to fouling considerations. The only difference is that
cold water is fed into the shell instead of steam.
73
T?W&!"*X,&

"#$#"!E(W(*)!J7*K!!

Since the mixing tank didnt involve any reactions, agitator selection was fairly simple. A
simple agitator with a blending capacity of 0.5 hp per 100 gallons [33] was used. The
proportions of the agitator were also set by literature with the following rule of thumb:

Proportions of a stirred tank relative to the diameter D: liquid level = D; turbine impeller
diameter = D/3; impeller level above bottom = D/3; impeller blade width = D/15; four
vertical baffles with width = D/10. [33]

The mixing tank was assumed to be vertical for ease of mixing. A smaller agitator blade
was required for this type of design. As the mixing occurs at atmospheric pressure, the
tank was designed to be open. A weir was designed around the tank in order to mitigate
any issues related to tank overflow.
!
<#X#$!F=5)&!J7*K'!

Surge tanks or knockout pots are used to maintain a liquid level and prevent running
pumps dry. Some of these vessels can also be used to slightly lower the temperature of
the exiting stream. A horizontal orientation was used for these tanks as the literature
suggests that liquid tanks should be horizontal [33].
&

74
)345!67&G9&@:\:;[&</&6]>:5O6;!&
G?8&7%"A+'2&@.^.*0&

The reactors are made of ANSI schedule 40 18/8 stainless steel piping, with an inner
diameter of 128.2 mm. Stainless steel piping and schedule were chosen for their
resistance to corrosion and ability to withstand high pressure and temperature [24]. The
reactor was further sized as shown in Figure 49. The length was calculated at 4.723 m
based on the need for a residence time of 120 sec [3] and a turbulent flow regime inside
the reactor [23]. The pressure drop within the reactor is calculated to be 0.51 Pa.
Calculations for the reactor sizing are shown in the appendix. The Reynolds number
within the reactors is 27065, resulting in a turbulent flow.


Figure 49: Sizing of Reactors
G?C&!12#.*%&@.^.*0&

The sizing of the turbine was done based on data provided by General Electric for
turbo-expander generators. Based on the flow through the turbine, a direct drive system
was selected. This is because this system is the simplest, and requires the least
amount of external equipment.
4.723m
1
2
8
.
2

m
m

1
4
1
.
3

m
m

75
Another consideration to make with regards to selecting a turbine is the frame size.
This value is dependent on the flow rate [41], and results in a frame 20 unit. The size of
the turbine is presented as shown in Figure 50.

Figure 50: Turbine Sizing [41]
G?Q&/$",M&@%S"2"+'2&@.^.*0&

Sizing of the flash drum was done using the Souders Brown correlation. The height of
the drum was found by using a height to diameter (L/D) ratio of 3 since separators must
have an L/D ratio that is a between 3 and 8 [44]. This restraint is due to consideration of
fabrication costs and material costs.
The diameter was obtained using the equation below:
!
!"
!!
!!!
!
!"
!
!"
!!! !!"#!
!
!
!!
!
!
!

Where C
sc
= Cas llow 8aLe (MMSClu)
d = urum ulameLer (lnches)
k = k-value (0.117 for verLlcal separaLors w/ mlsL exLracLors
= ressure (psla)
Z = Z-lacLor
1 = 1emperaLure (l)
o
L
= Llquld uenslLv (lb/fL
3
)
o
C
= Cas uenslLv (lb/fL
3
)

With all other variables specified, drum diameter can be solved. The separator diameter
was found to be 95.60 inches or 7.97 feet.
76
For temperatures above 100 F such as this one, retention times fall between 5 and 10
minutes [44]. A retention time of 9 minutes is used for this separator. This is used to
calculate the liquid settling volume as:
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!""#!"#!!"#

Where v
L
= Llquld SeLLllna volume (bbl)
C
L
= Llquld llow CapaclLv (bbl/dav)
1 = Llquld 8eLenLlon 1lme (mln)

This value was found to be 3.31 bbl. The liquid settling volume for a vertical separator
can also be defined as:
!
!
! !!!"##!
!
!
Where v
L
= Llquld SeLLllna volume (bbl)
d = urum ulameLer (fL)
h = urum PelahL (fL)

Once drum diameter and height are known, the L/D ratio can be found. In this case, the
height was found to be 0.78 feet and the L/D obtained was 0.0978. Since this value is
below the minimum acceptable value of 3, the drum height will need to be corrected so
that this value holds true. This is done using the following formula:
!
!"##$!%$&
!
! !
The subsequent corrected height was calculated as 23.90 ft. All sample calculations can
be found in the appendix.
G?T&E"A11L&5"AX%J&)'$1L*&@.^.*0&

The process used for sizing these packed vacuum columns follows the Sherwood
correlation. Since packed towers do not have trays, the pressure drop per foot of
packing must be determined from a theoretical pressure drop per tray. Also, since the
diameters of the columns are unknown, a pressure drop assumption must be made. In
this case, a pressure drop of 0.32 kPa per tray was assumed. The diameter can then be
calculated using the following chart:
77

Figure 51: Graph of the Sherwood Correlation [39]

This graph is used by calculating a pressure drop per foot of packing (marked on each
line of the graph) and a value for
!
!
!
!
!
!
, which is read off the x-axis. Once these two
values are known, the value of
!!
!
!!
!!!
!
!
!!
!
!!
!
!
can be read off the y-axis. If all other variables
are known, the design gas flow rate, G, can be obtained. This process is specifically
outlined below.

Using the Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP) of 2 feet, the pressure drop
per foot of packing can be found by dividing the pressure drop per tray by the HETP.
!"
!"
!
!!!"!!"#
!!!"
! !!!!"!
!"#
!"
! !!!"!
!"!!
!
!
!"!!"#$%&'


Next, the value of the chart x-axis must be found:
78
!
!
!
!
!
!


Where L = Llquld Mass 8aLe (ka/hr)
v = vapour Mass 8aLe (ka/hr)
o
L
= Llquld uenslLv (ka/m
3
)
o
v
= vapour uenslLv (ka/m
3
)


Reading these values from Figure 51, a numerical value of
!!
!
!!
!!!
!
!
!!
!
!!
!
!
was found.!

!!
!
!!
!!!
!
!
!!
!
!!
!
!

Where C = ConsLanL (10.764)
C = ueslan Cas 8aLe (ka/m
2
s)
l = acklna lacLor
v = klnemaLlc vlscoslLv of Llquld (cenLlsLokes)
o
L
= Llquld uenslLv (ka/m
3
)
o
v
= vapour uenslLv (ka/m
3
)

If all other values are known, the design gas rate can be found and related to tower area
using the following formula:
! !
!
!
!
!!!!
!"##!!

Where A = 1ower Area (m
2
)
v = vapour Mass llow (ka/hr)
C = ueslan Cas 8aLe (ka/m
2
s)

Finally, the tower diameter is found from the area of a circle:
! !!
!!
!
!!!

Where A = 1ower Area (m
2
)
u = 1ower ulameLer (m)
79

The diameters obtained for T-101 and T-102 were found to be 0.15 meters and 0.14
meters respectively.
The height of the column was found by multiplying the theoretical number of stages with
the HETP. This is shown below:
! ! !"#$ !!!!!"#$%!!
Where L = Height of Tower (m)
The heights of T-101 and T-102 were found to be 7.37 meters and 4.02 meters
respectively.

Under the low flow conditions determined, the L/D ratio was deemed acceptable and
thus a different guess of the pressure drop was not necessary. A sample calculation for
T-101 is included in the appendix.

@#@#"!I74.=47/(*)!65&''=5&!R&''&4!Y744!JH(.K*&''!

Calculating an operable pressure vessel thickness is an extremely important aspect of
this design. The columns need to be built properly with the right specifications to
withstand operating pressures. In this case, for the vacuum towers, the tower thickness
needs to be able to withstand a vacuum pressure as well as minimize air seepage.
The following formula was used for the calculation of the flash drum and both packed
distillation column wall thicknesses [45].
!
!
!
!"
!" !!!!!

Where L
s
= Mlnlmum 8equlred 1hlckness (lnches)
= ueslan ressure (psl)
8 = lnslde 8adlus (lnches)
S = Maxlmum Allowable SLress for MaLerlal (psl)
L = Weld !olnL Lfflclencv lacLor

lor 18/8 sLalnless sLeel, Lhe maxlmum allowable sLress ls 80 000 psl [46]. lor Lhe flash drum and
boLh dlsLlllaLlon columns, Lhe weld efflclencv facLor ls 1. 1hus, once Lhe vessel has been slzed,
80
Lhe Lhlckness can be found uslna Lhe formula above. 1he Lhlckness for all pressure vessels were
calculaLed Lo be exLremelv small, wlLh Lhe flash drum havlna a Lhlckness of approxlmaLelv 0.02
lnches, and 1-101 and 1-102 havlna a Lhlckness of 1.0(10
-4
) lnches. Addlna a Lhlckness allowance
of 0.3 lnches, all pressure vessels wlll essenLlallv have a Lhlckness of 0.3 lnches.

Table 17: Summary of vacuum distillation sizing
1ower L (he|ght) (m) D (d|ameter) (m) L/D
5ugar ur|f|cat|on 7.37 0.13 30
nMI ur|f|cat|on 4.02 0.14 28
G?G&51LS&@.^.*0&

The centrifugal pumps were sized in the simulator. When stream specifications were
input, the simulation was able to calculate pump capacity, duty, pressure change, and
pump head. These values are presented in the pump description section and all pump
specification can be found on the pump spec sheets in the appendix.
The vacuum pumps needed to be sized to find capacity and simulated to find duty. The
sizing process is described below.
The first step in vacuum pump sizing is the specification of a pump down time, or the
time required for the pump to evacuate the column to desired pressure. The pump down
time was chosen to be 5 minutes. The following equation can then be used to find the
pump down capacity [33]:
!
!"#$
! !!!
!
!"#
!"
!
!
!
!

Where L
evac
= ump uown 1lme (mln)
v = 1ank volume (fL
3
)
cfm = Mechanlcal ump CapaclLv (Acfm)

1
= lnlLlal ressure (aLmospherlc aL 29.92 ln Pa)

2
= llnal vacuum ressure (ln Pa)

Next, the rate of air seepage into the column must be calculated. The mass rate of air
into the column can be found using [33]:
!
!"#$!%&
!"#
! !!!!"#$!
!!!"
!
!!!
!"#$!%
!"!!"
!!
!"!!"!

81
Where W = Molar Alr llow (lbmoles/mln)
= Column vacuum ressure (ln Pa)
v = 1ank volume (fL
3
)

This rate can be converted to volumetric flow rate per minute using the ideal gas law:
! !!
!"#$
!

Where ! = 1oLal volumeLrlc Alr Seepaae (Acfm)
z = CompresslblllLv (1.0)
W = Molar Alr llow (lbmoles/mln)
8 = Cas ConsLanL (10.73 psla fL
3
/lbmole 8)
1 = 1emperaLure (8)
= ressure (psla)

Thus using these equations, the pump can be sized and configured for a specific pump
down and to counteract air seepage.
G?U&3%"+&6KAM"*0%2&@.^.*0&&

@#O#"!D&7/!UW.H7*)&5'!Z!Y(/H3=/!6H7'&!IH7*)&'!

All of the heat exchangers that did not experience any phase changes were sized in the
same manner. First, an overall heat transfer coefficient was assumed based on the type
of system [33]. These values can be seen below in Table 18.
Table 18: Overall heat transfer coefficients for different systems [47]

82

Next, a correction factor (F
t
) was assumed to be 0.9 [47]. A steady state simulation in
VMG Sim (v6.0) was used to find values of heat capacity, mass flow of the cooling or
heating utility, molar flow rates of the tube and shell side fluid, and the temperatures of
the streams. The steady state simulation also showed that E-102 and E-103 would have
to be put into series because of the rule of thumb that process cooling water cannot
leave the heat exchanger at a temperature higher than 55
o
C. The values from the
simulation can be seen below in Table 19.

83

Table 19: Values of heat exchanger obtained from the steady state simulation

An average value of the heat capacity was used to calculate the area of the heat
exchanger. The average heat capacity values were obtained by plotting the heat
capacity of the process fluid with respect to temperature. A sample plot for E-101 can
be found below in Figure 52.

1ag # kCCL55 U1ILI1
U )S_.*& )S_'1+& !.*& !'1+& *& !.*& !'1+& *&
F`L
C
`
'
)& kI/kmo|*k kI/kmo|*k *C *C kmo|/h *C *C kmo|/h
L-101 1419.33 71.783 97.387 23 237 72.89 330 270 41.93
L-102 283.91 408.726 341.238 237 211 73.37 3 33 333.03
L-103 283.91 341.238 268.74 211 134.4 73.37 3 33 333.03
L-104 831.73 80.248 38.177 143.7 134.4 73.3 234 160 72.22
L-106 831.73 274.333 831.73 132.3 33.3 28.16 3 33 12.38
L-107 1419.33 43.796 383.479 246.3 306.2 0.11 330 320 0.03
L-108 283.91 383.331 380.743 306.2 203 0.11 3 33 0.06
L-109 831.73 43.883 87.331 99.3 37.2 0.36 3 33 24.43
L-110 1419.33 1663.393 1679.121 192.2 194.4 0.13 234 247 0.01
L-111 283.91 1681.393 441.231 194.3 23 0.13 3 33 6.02
84

Figure 52: Heat capacity as a function of temperature for exchanger E-101
The equation above is in the form of a linear relationship with the general form:

! ! !" !!

This equation was then used to find the average heat capacity values from the formula
below:

!
!!!"#
!
!
!
!"
!!
!"#
! !
!
!
! !
!"
!
!!
!"#
!
!! ! !
!"
!!
!!"
!

The values obtained for C
p,avg
can be found in Table 20 below.

v = 0.1104x + 38.893
8 = 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 100 200 300 400 300 600
C
p
,

k
!
/
k
m
o
l
*
k

1, k
85
Table 20: Values obtained for Cp,avg
1ag # C
p,avg

(kI/kmo|*k)
L-101 84.61
L-102 373.00
L-103 304.98
L-104 39.24
L-106 232.17
L-107 213.39
L-108 382.06
L-109 66.72
L-110 1671.42
L-111 1061.33

From these values of C
p,avg
the duty (Q) could be calculated from the equation:

! ! ! ! !
!!!"#
! !!
!"
!!
!"#
!

The values for the various duties can be found in the specification sheets for the
respective heat exchanger. These values were verified by calculating duty from the
following two equations and making sure that they were within 10 percent of one
another.
! ! ! ! !!
!!"


! ! ! ! !!
!"#$


The log mean temperature difference was also calculated from the following equation:
!"#$ !
!!
!"#$%#"
!!!
!"#$%
!"!!
!!
!"#$%#"
!!
!"#$%
!


86
The log mean temperature difference can also be found on the heat exchanger
specification sheets. Area of the heat exchanger was then calculated from the following
equation:

! !
!"#$
! ! !
!
! !


The values for area can be found in the specification sheets as well. An outside
diameter for each tube was assumed to be equal to 19 [33]. The total length of the
tubes was then calculated from the equation below.

!"#$%!!"#$%!!!"!!"#$% !!
!
! ! !"


The number of tubes was calculated by dividing the total length of tubes by the heat
exchanger length. The length of the heat exchanger was assumed to be 4.9 meters
[33]. The shell diameter was assumed based on the same source. Also, the number of
tubes was always rounded up to the nearest whole number. The diameter differs based
on the surface area required for heat transfer. These values for each heat exchanger
can be found in the specification sheets.

@#O#$!D&7/!UW.H7*)&5'![!Y(/H!6H7'&!IH7*)&&

The only exchanger that experienced a phase change was E-105. The sizing
calculations were the same as for the exchangers without this type of phase change,
but were done in three stages. Figure 53 is from the steady state simulation and shows
the three regions that are being discussed.

87

Figure 53: Temperature profile of E-105
The process stream underwent a cooling of superheated vapour, a condensation, and
finally a cooling of the liquid. The average heat capacity values can be seen below in
Table 21.


Table 21: Average heat capacity values for water condensation


&
&
G?V&!"*X&@.^.*0&

The sizing was fairly simple for the tanks. For all of the tanks, a holdup time of ten
minutes was assumed. The following equation was then used to determine the volume
of the tanks.
!"#$%& ! !"#$!!"#$ ! !"#$%&!!"#$
Where the flow rate was determined from the steady-state simulation. After finding
volume, an aspect ratio of 2.0 was assumed [33]. For a horizontal tank, the following
equations governed the calculation of diameter and length.
hase 1ype C
p,avg

(kI/kmo|*k)
coollna of vapor 73.41
condensaLlon 73.41
coollna of llquld 76.67
88
! ! ! ! ! !
!

! ! !!!
For vertical vessels, simply reverse the L and D in the above equations.
G?W&5.S.*0&@.^.*0&

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) pipe schedule information was used
for sizing [43]. First of all, a minimum schedule number was determined from the
equation below.

!"!!"#$! !
!""" ! !
!


where P is the internal pressure (psig) and S is the allowable working stress. The
pressure was determined using the steady state simulation. The allowable working
stress was determined from the literature and was found to be equal to 36 000 psi for
stainless steel [33]. After a schedule was determined, the inner diameter, outer
diameter, and thickness were determined by assuming a pressure drop of 1.52 Pa per
100 feet. The calculations were done using the steady-state simulation software VMG
Sim (v6.0) and can be found in the pipe schedule in the appendix. Basic piping
information is also present on the process and instrumentation diagram.

89
)345!67&U9&6)<;<O:)@&
U?8&O"2X%+&@12Y%I&

& O#"#"!E75K&/!

Currently, the main suppliers of HMF are overseas in China, South Korea and Japan
[48]. There is also one supplier in North America, which is situated in California. HMF is
an important intermediate for many pharmaceuticals and polymers.
The current demand for pharmaceuticals is high, as the need for pharmaceuticals in
both present drugs and research continues to grow. Researchers in the pharmaceutical
industries are continually striving towards finding new treatments and cures for all types
of diseases. Many of these currently do not have a cure or have limited treatments.
HMF is also important in the polymer industry. As oil resources continue to decline, the
search for renewable resources that are able to replace these are becoming
increasingly important. The polymers formed from HMF have shown to have similar
properties to those derived from petroleum products. The derivatives of HMF are
suitable starting materials for polymeric materials such as polyesters, polyamides and
polyurethanes [49]. The polyurethanes show high resistance to thermal treatment, while
the polyamides are similar to Kevlar and have exhibited liquid crystal behaviour. The
polyesters were seen to be photo reactive and have been used in printing ink
formulation [49]. Due to its ability to replace many polymers, the potential for HMFs
market growth is high.
HMF is derived from renewable resources such as glucose and fructose. Studies have
shown that HMF can also be derived from cellulose as well as general biomass feeds.
Due to its availability, the resource will not decline in the same manner as the oil
resources. Therefore, HMFs potential for growth in the future is not limited by the
natural resource.

&& O#"#$!A7?!E7/&5(74'!

The two raw materials needed for this process are fructose and water. The quantity of
water needed per day is 36 metric tonnes. This water will be obtained from a
groundwater source. Since the plant is located in Ontario, there are many groundwater
90
resources available. The transport of the groundwater to the plant can be accomplished
through an underground pipeline. The storage of water is not needed within the
facilities, as it is continuously used and recycled throughout the process. The
wastewater generated from the plant does contain some hazardous substances such as
acids and formaldehyde. The wastewater would be treated using a wastewater
treatment facility located on site.
The other raw material needed for the plant is fructose. The price of this raw material is
$29.10/kg at a purity of 98%. Fructose is readily available and can be purchased from
many vendors. The main fructose suppliers in the world are situated in China and the
United States [48]. Thus, the fructose will have to be shipped from these countries to
the plant location. The risks of handling fructose are also quite minor and can be seen in
the MSDS for fructose in Appendix 12.
& &
& O#"#1!I3;Q&/(/35'!

The main competitors for the production of HMF currently exist in China, Korea and
Japan. There is also one HMF production plant in California, USA. These plants have
been shown to produce HMF, but the main products from these plants include other
pharmaceutical intermediates, as well as various products such as bottle caps [48]. The
quality of HMF sold on the markets is of 98-99% purity.
Since the plant location for this process is in Ontario, it is ideal to be able to service both
the pharmaceutical companies and plastics industry in Canada. The reduced costs of
shipping and transport of HMF from the plant to the customers is desirable. This is a
competitive advantage compared with the current HMF production plants.
U?C&)',+.*0&'(&O"B'2&6a1.SL%*+&

O#$#"!:QQ53W(;7/&!I3'/(*)!N35!E7-35!UB=(Q;&*/!

The unit costs of each piece of equipment for this process were determined using
Guthries Method of Capital Cost Estimating [50]. This included using a scaling factor for
equipment such as filters. Once the costs were calculated using these methods, they
were converted from 1968 USD to 2010 CAD. A contingency factor of 15 % was added
in order to add a cushion for any additional costs that may be encountered.
91
O#$#$!C'(*)!\=/H5(&]'!E&/H39!3N!I7Q(/74!I3'/!U'/(;7/(*)!

In order to find the Base Cost of a particular unit, specifications for that unit must be
known and subsequently used in conjunction with a plot (given in Guthries paper) to
determine the appropriate value. These specifications vary from unit to unit, but the
method of determining the actual cost in the desired year and currency is generally the
same. The size of the units was obtained from the sizing calculations performed in
previous sections. A sample calculation for the cost of one of the units is given below.
Sample Calculation for Cost
Expected Cost (EC) in 2009 = (Base Cost) *(F
m
)*(F
0
)*(Index)

F
m
= material factor;
F
0
= operating factor;
O#$#1!C'(*)!/H&!F.74(*)!>7./35!

The method of using a scaling factor assumes that the cost of a particular unit at one
size is proportional to the cost of a similar unit at a different size. For the calculations,
the scaling factor was taken from Guthries paper. The equation used when the scaling
factor method was applied in the calculations was:

Where: Cost
b
is the desired cost of unit b;
Cost
a
is the known cost of unit a;
Size
b
is the size of the desired unit b;
Size
a
is the size of the known unit a;

O#$#<!Y35K(*)!I7Q(/74!

Working capital is that which is required in order to maintain operation of the necessary
equipment that makes the overall operation possible and is not a depreciable amount.
In the first year, it is incurred as an expense but is recovered in the final year of
operation. The working capital was assumed to be 20% of the fixed capital investment.
92
&
O#$#@!C/(4(/(&'!I3'/'!

The utilities costs were calculated from both the operating costs of each piece of
equipment, as well as the cost of the cooling oil. The operating cost of the equipment
was calculated based on the cost of electricity and the amount of energy each piece of
equipment used (as calculated from the energy balance from the simulation).

O#$#O!>(W&9!I7Q(/74!T*0&'/;&*/!L>ITM!

Fixed capital investment is that which is required in order to purchase the equipment for
the overall operation. This includes any units required for the processing of fructose into
HMF and separations thereafter. The land purchased and working capital does not form
a part of the FCI.
!
O#$#V!%&Q5&.(7/(3*!

Depreciation is considered a legitimate cost of doing business. It represents the costs
incurred due to the usage of a piece of equipment, meaning that the value of the
equipment decreases with increasing use. For the purpose of this report, a simple
straight-line depreciation was used. This would be calculated as follows.

Where: d is the depreciation per year;
V
i
is the initial value of the equipment;
V
s
is the salvage value of the equipment;
n is the service life of the equipment.

It was assumed that 90 % of the value of the plant can be salvaged and is depreciated
equally each year.

93
U?Q&6A'*'L.A&6Y"$1"+.'*&O%+M'J,&

O#1#"!A7/&!3N!A&/=5*!3*!T*0&'/;&*/!LA+AM!

The rate of return on investment is a calculation used to determine the amount of profit
over the total investment. To calculate this, the amount of profit must first be known.
The profit of each year is calculated, using the equation below.


Where: R is the Revenue for that year.
E is the Expenses for that year.
t is the tax rate.
d is the depreciation.

The profit values of each year are then averaged to find the average profit per year over
the lifetime of the project. All calculations were done on an after tax basis. The equation
for ROR is shown below.


O#1#$!%('.3=*/&9!I7'H!>43?!A7/&!3N!A&/=5*!

The next calculation determined was the discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFRR).
For this, the after tax cash flow per year is needed, and is found by the following
method.

The investment term only appears at the beginning of the project, with the investment of
the total module cost (TMC), and at the completion of the project, with salvage value
and the recovery of working capital.
94
O#1#<!^&/!65&'&*/!Y35/H!L^6YM!

Net present worth (NPW) is calculated in a similar way to DCFRR, where the value for
is set to minimum acceptable rate of return (MARR) of 20%. This is a strong
indication of the profitability of the venture. If the NPW is a positive value, this means
that the venture will give a greater return than the value assumed for i. The equation
used to calculate NPW is given below.


O#1#@!67G3=/!6&5(39!

Payout period (POP) is the minimum length of time necessary to regain the initial capital
investment. This means that, in order for a venture to be considered economically
viable, the POP must be less than the actual project lifetime. The equation used for
POP is given below.

Where: V
i
is the initial value of the equipment
V
s
is the salvage value of the equipment
TMC is the total module costs

U?T&7%,1$+,&(2'L&6A'*'L.A,&6Y"$1"+.'*&

All of the results from the economic evaluation can be seen below in Table 22. Youll
notice the DCFRR is approximately 275%, which is much greater than the MARR of 20
%. Also, all of the other indications show that the system is profitable and would be
seen as a good investment.


95
Table 22: Economics Evaluation of HMF production process
Parameter Value
Average ROR 274.93 %
DCFRR 274.93 %
NPW $11,276,832,648.38
POP [years] 0.301 years
Avg. Profit $2,611,732,916.27
U?G&@%*,.+.Y.+I&4*"$I,.,&'*&6A'*'L.A,&

Following the economic evaluation, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on several
different parameters. These parameters included the price of HMF, the amount of HMF
produced, the price of utilities and the fixed capital investment (FCI). The amount of
HMF produced was conducted to show the effect that the demand for HMF would have
on the economics evaluation. All of the sensitivity analyses were conducted using a
fluctuation of 15%.
& &
O#@#"!65(.&!3N!DE>&

The price of HMF had a significant impact on the amount of profit generated by the
process. The numbers fluctuated greatly when the price of HMF was changed. It was
seen that the average profit had a $400 million difference between the economics
calculated based on current prices. In Table 23, a summary is given on the different
values when the price of HMF was changed to 15% above the current price and 15%
below the current price.
Table 23. Sensitivity Analysis Impact of the price of HMF
Parameter Original Values Values after 15%
decrease in HMF price
Values after 15%
increase in HMF price
Average ROR 274.93 % 233.73% 316.20%
DCFRR 274.93 % 233.73% 316.20%
NPW $11,276,832,648.38 $9,336,758,100.91 $13,109,672,984.10
POP [years] 0.301 years 0.354 years 0.262 years
Avg. Profit $2,611,732,916.27 $2,220,312,692.60 $3,003,744,692.60
96
& &
O#@#$!%&;7*9!N35!DE>_6539=./(3*!3N!DE>!
The demand for HMF could fluctuate. This would result in a higher or lower production
rate of HMF that would be needed from the plant. This factor was also seen to have a
significant impact on the economics evaluation of the plant. The values from the
sensitivity analysis are summarized in Table 24.
Table 24. Sensitivity Analysis for the fluctuations in HMF demand
Parameter Original Values Values after 15%
decrease in HMF
production
Values after 15%
increase in HMF
production
Average ROR 274.93 % 233.73% 316.20%
DCFRR 274.93 % 233.73% 316.20%
NPW $11,276,832,648.38 $9,446,758,100.91 $13,109,672,984.10
POP [years] 0.301 years 0.354 years 0.262 years
Avg. Profit $2,611,732,916.27 $2,220,312,692.60 $3,003,744,692.60

& O#@#1!>4=./=7/(3*'!(*!C/(4(/(&'!I3'/'!

The prices of utilities were examined as the process needed to be maintained at high
pressures and temperatures for the reactions. However, the costs of the utilities did not
have an impact on the overall values in the economics evaluation. Instead, only minor
changes were seen. Therefore, the plant costs and economics are not sensitive to
fluctuations in utility costs. Below is a summary of the sensitivity analysis.
Table 25. Sensitivity Analysis on the fluctuation of Utility costs
Parameter Original Values Values after 15%
decrease in utility
costs
Values after 15%
increase in utility costs
Average ROR 274.93 % 274.96% 274.92%
DCFRR 274.93 % 274.96% 274.92%
NPW $11,276,832,648.38 $11,278,290,842.99 $11,276,549,913.78
POP [years] 0.301 years 0.301 years 0.301 years
Avg. Profit $2,611,732,916.27 $2,612,044,798.03 $2,611,672,444.40

97
& O#@#<!>(W&9!I7Q(/74!T*0&'/;&*/!F&*'(/(0(/G!:*74G'('&
&
The fixed capital investment (FCI) was also varied to view the impact of the prices of the
equipment had on the overall economics. It was seen that there was a significant effect
on the ROR and DCFRR values, but not much fluctuation in the NPW. Below is a
summary of the analysis done.
Table 26. Sensitivity Analysis on the FCI changes
Parameter Original Values Values after 15%
decrease in FCI
Values after 15%
increase in FCI
Average ROR 274.93 % 322.77% 239.55%
DCFRR 274.93 % 322.77% 239.55%
NPW $11,276,832,648.38 $11,404,265,624.23 $11,152,165,460.78
POP [years] 0.301 years 0.256 years 0.346 years
Avg. Profit $2,611,732,916.27 $2,609,196,947.04 $2,614,860,438.16

& O#@#@!I3*.4='(3*!N53;!F&*'(/(0(/G!:*74G'('&

From the results obtained, it was seen that the price of HMF, as well as the production
of HMF had the greatest effect on the economics of the plant. The price of utilities had
little effect on the economics, while the FCI changes impacted the plant as well.

98
)345!67&V9&6*Y.2'*L%*+"$&:LS"A+&4,,%,,L%*+&

Although the subcritical water process for the production of HMF is an environmentally
friendly alternative to traditional methods, the process still has an impact on the natural
environment surrounding the plant facilities. These include the freshwater usage for the
plant, corrosion, waste products generated within the system and the use of land.
V?8&>,%&'(&/2%,Mb"+%2&&

Water is the main component of the system and represents 90% of the feed. The flow
rate of water in the system is 1278 kg per hour. Since this is such a large volume of
water, a Permit to Take Water (PTTW) is needed. According to Ontarios freshwater use
Act [51], this license is needed if greater than 50,000 litres of water per day are taken
from a freshwater source. This act aims to protect the ecosystems and prevent
interference with other water users [51].
The water will essentially remain uncontaminated from the process. Separations will be
needed in order to obtain pure water from the other products of the reactor.
A majority of water used in the industrial processing of the fructose will be recycled from
the separation processes after the reactor. A vacuum distillation column will be used to
recycle the water from the reaction back into the feed; this can be seen from the
process flow diagram in the appendix.
V?C&)'22',.'*&

Water in itself is a fairly corrosive compound, causing rust in metal vessels such as
pipes and heat exchangers. Subcritical water processing drastically reduces the pH of
the water in the reactor. As seen in Figure 54, the corrosion rate increases drastically
around approximately a pH of 3 (in an iron pipe).
99

Figure 54: The effect of pH on iron corrosion rate in water [52]
Figure 54 also illustrates that iron would be a poor choice for a subcritical water unit as
it corrodes very quickly in an acidic environment. After extensive investigation, it was
determined that stainless steel 304L corroded the least in subcritical water conditions
[52].
If the precautions mentioned above are not put into place for the process, there could
be potentially dangerous consequences. For example, a subcritical water process was
being used at the Indian Point 2 plant in Buchanan, New York. A U-bend in the heat
exchanger was made of the incorrect material and corroded through, causing
radioactive material to be released into the atmosphere [53].
The subcritical nature of the water will also affect the solubility of other ions that are
present in the source water. As the temperature and pressure of the water rises, the
solubility of the ions in the water will drop [54]. These ions will then begin to precipitate
and can lead to caking on the walls of the pipes and the reactors. This will be taken into
account and will be cleaned off at specified time intervals.
V?Q&F",+%&S2'J1A+,&

During the reaction process, many by-products are generated within the reactor. These
products include various acids, humin and formaldehyde. From the MSDS sheets in
100
Appendix 12, it is seen that some of these products can be toxic. This is especially true
for formaldehyde, which is toxic to both the environment and to humans.
The amount of toxic waste products generated from the system is at low concentrations,
due to the large volume of water within the system. However, to achieve the acceptable
environmental standards for the levels of the various toxins, they must be treated before
re-entering the natural groundwater sources. This will be done using a wastewater
treatment facility, which is located on the plant itself. The treated water will have the
levels of toxins reduced to acceptable environmental standards.
V?T&-"*J&1,"0%&

To build the plant for the process, land will need to be cleared. This has a definite
impact on the immediate environment at this location, as well as the surrounding areas.
The subcritical water process plant only requires 1200 square meters of land itself. This
is a small land area, especially compared with other traditional chemical plants whose
land areas are well over 10000 square meters [55]. Therefore, the impact of the land
area occupied is comparatively less as well.
V?G&)'*A$1,.'*,&(2'L&6*Y.2'*L%*+"$&4,,%,,L%*+&

Overall, the subcritical water process is an environmentally friendly alternative to
traditional methods for the synthesis of HMF. It employs water as the reaction medium
and solvent. The waste products generated from the plant will be treated with the
wastewater treatment facilities on site.



101
)345!67&W9&@"(%+I&4*"$I,.,&

W?8&7%"A+'2&@"(%+I&

The reactors in the system are operated at high temperatures and pressures. The main
concern with the reactor would be a build-up of pressure within them. This could be
caused from a failure in the pressure control loop for the reactor. There is also a
combustible gas analyzer, to monitor the amount of combustible gases within the
reactors. These are then sent to the flare to be able to dispose of these.
The reactor is heated using electric heating coils. To protect the workers from the
excess heat, insulation is required around the reactor to prevent harm. Also, the reactor
is located far from the rest of the equipment.
&W?C&!12#.*%&@"(%+I&

The turbine in the system is used to reduce the pressure within the system. The
pressure drop would then be used to generate power within the plant. One main
possible failure that could happen is if the filters upstream from the turbine start
becoming clogged. This would change the pressure drop at the turbine. Therefore, the
pressure must be controlled at this point to be able to control the pressure within the
reactor network.
The turbine is situated in an isolated room, as power is generated from the potential
difference.
W?Q&/$",M&@%S"2"+'2&@"(%+I&

The flash separator is used to separate a large quantity of water from the remainder of
the products obtained from the reactor. The flow of the distillate and bottoms products
are both controlled. The bottoms product flow must be controlled to ensure sufficient
flow in the distillation columns following.
There is also a combustible gas analyzer on the vapour stream to be able to send any
combustible gases to the flare.
102
W?T&E"A11L&=.,+.$$"+.'*&)'$1L*,&@"(%+I&

The vacuum distillation columns both include a combustible gas analyzer on the vapour
streams. Another concern with the vacuum distillation columns is not being able to
maintain the required pressure within the columns. The pressure is maintained using
the vacuum pumps. If the pressure becomes too low, there is a risk of implosion of the
distillation towers. Therefore the pressure must be tightly controlled.
The level within the tower is also maintained to prevent the tower from running dry. This
can be affected by the flow rate coming from the flash separator.
As well, the flow rates of both streams are controlled. The flow from the bottoms is
important as it is the feed into the second distillation column.

W?G&3%"+&6KAM"*0%2,&@"(%+I&

The main hazard for the heat exchangers is the temperatures at which the heat
exchange occur at. Some of the temperatures on either the shell or tube side are well
over 100 C. The pipes to these exchangers are insulated to protect plant workers from
the high temperatures.
High pressure steam is also used in many of the heat exchangers. Overpressure can be
a safety issue in the heat exchangers. Therefore, pressure relief valves are present to
prevent this from occurring.
W?U&51LS&@"(%+I&&

The main risk for the pumps is running them dry. Therefore, the flow within these
pumps, as well as the pressures are controlled. Another factor considered was that a
pump could not be operated against a closed valve. This was considered in the design.


103
W?V&[%*%2"$&5.S.*0&

The pipes used in the plant must be insulated, as the temperatures of the process
stream are above 100 C. The insulation will provide protection for the workers that
maintain and operate the plant.
W?W&3"^"2J'1,&O"+%2."$,&

There are several hazardous materials generated within the system, which include
various acids and formaldehyde. The MSDS sheets are presented in Appendix 12.
However, the concentrations of many these substances are low and do not present
much of a hazard to the workers. However, the waste water from the plant must still be
treated using the waste water treatment facility on site.




104
)345!67&Z9&)'*A$1,.'*&

The use of subcritical water as a solvent for industrial reactions is becoming more and
more of a feasible and environmentally viable option compared to other commonly used
organic solvents. The aim of this design was to create a process for the continuous
production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from the dehydration of fructose in
subcritical water. The reactions involved in the dehydration of fructose were studied
extensively and the properties of HMF were researched.
The many different types of equipment used in the design as well as their operating
conditions took a considerable amount of research and simulation to finalize. After a
process flow diagram was finalized, sizing calculations were undertaken for each piece
of equipment. It was found that with the use of the separation equipment outlined in the
report that 390 kg of HMF can be produced each day at a purity of 99 percent.
A further design of the storage tanks for the utilities and feed-stocks should be
undertaken. As well, recycling warmed water back into the process should be designed
in order to decrease energy loss. A design for a wastewater treatment facility and a
process for obtaining fructose from raw bio-mass should be done.
From literature research, the price of HMF (at 99% purity) was found to be $37200/kg.
The D-fructose needed for the process was determined to cost $29.10/kg at 98% purity.
The economic evaluation showed that an annual profit of $2.6 billion was obtainable.
Looking at the economics alone can be misleading and all the other factors outlined in
this report should be taken into consideration, especially the market survey.
One major implication of this project, especially with regards to the economic
evaluation, is the limited market of HMF. The global demand for HMF is very low
because most users of the product are capable of producing in-house. The practical use
of HMF is usually realized downstream from the production of the product. The plot plan
in the appendix contains space for a future production plant. This plant will allow for
production of a more marketable product that will allow for the design outlined in this
report a feasible option.
A design for a downstream plant should be completed before construction of this plant
begins. An economic evaluation should also be done for this plant design to truly
determine the feasibility of this design.

105
7%(%2%*A%,&
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[36] J. Espinosa-Garcia, S. Dobe. Theoretical enthalpies of formation for atmospheric
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2005.

[37] O. Dorofeeva et al., Molecular Structure and Conformational Composition of 1,3-
Dihydroxyacetone Studied by Combined Analysis of Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction
Data, Rotational Constants, and Results of Theoretical Calculations. Ideal Gas
Thermodynamics Properties of 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone. J. Phys.Chem, vol.111, pp.
6434-6442, 2007.
[38] D. Reichert et al. Conformational and Thermodynamic Properties of Gaseous
Levulinic Acid. J. Phys. Chem., vol.114, pp. 12323-12329, 2010.
[39] Packed Column Design. [Online]. Available:
http://www.cheresources.com/packcolzz.shtml, [Accessed: March 30, 2011].
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Sources by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique: 97-
104 (1987).
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[43] ANSI/ASME Standard 36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe
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Separation Systems. Calgary: University of Calgary, 2011, pp. 27-30.

[45] E. Livingston and R. J. Scavuzzo, Pressure Vessels The Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000.

[46] Materials: Stainless Steel. [Online]. Available:
http://www.marfas.com/mechanical.html, [Accessed: April 10, 2011].
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st
ed. New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1988.
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2011 [Mar. 6, 2011].

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109
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[51] Ontario Ministry of Environment. (Nov, 2010). Permits to Take Water. [Online].
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aking/STDPROD_075554.html [Accessed: March 28, 2011].

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649-654 (June 2003).

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March 2000.

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Heights: Elsevier, pp.60, 2007.

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http://wxfuan.lookchem.com/ [Accessed: April 2, 2011].

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TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER PLANT
BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM
REVISION NO.
5
SHEET
1 OF 1
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LOCATION
Ontario
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS DAWING NO. REV REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
MIXING TANK
FRUCTOSE
T = 25*C
P=101.3kPa
M=144.3kg/h
WATER
T = 25*C
P=101.3kPa
M=1299kg/h
SCREWPUMP
+
HEATER
FRUCTOSE + WATER
T = 25*C
P=101.3kPa
M=1443kg/h
REACTOR
FRUCTOSE + WATER
T = 257*C
P=5051kPa
M=1443kg/h
COOLER
PRODUCTS
T = 257*C
P=5000kPa
M=1443kg/h
FILTER
PRODUCTS
T = 151.4*C
P=4800kPa
M=1443kg/h
SOLID HUMIN
T = 151.4*C
P=4800kPa
M=65kg/h
TURBINE
PRODUCTS
T = 151.4*C
P=4750kPa
M=1378kg/h
FLASH SEPARATOR
WATER
T = 88.9*C
P=201.3kPa
M=1331kg/h
PRODUCTS
T = 151.4*C
P=251.3kPa
M=1378kg/h
VACUUM DISTILLATION
COLUMN #1
VACUUM DISTILLATION
COLUMN #2
PRODUCTS
T = 151.4*C
P=251.3kPa
M=47kg/h
FRUCTOSE
T = 205*C
P=201.3kPa
M=19kg/h
PRODUCTS
T = 53*C
P=9kPa
M=28.25kg/h
PURE HMF
T = 25*C
P=101.3kPa
M=16.25kg/h
WATER
T = 101.6*C
P=101.3kPa
M=12kg/h
!""#$%&'()!"!"#$$%&'()*!
o Project Name : HMF Plant Design
o Project Description : Designing a subcritical water plant to process 1 ton/day of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
o Project Length : 31 weeks
o Start Date : 13-Sep-10 # End Date 15-Apr-11
# Number of Weeks 31 31
o Working Days : Monday - Sunday 3 PIC = Person in Charge
o Today's Marker : Yes 1 DC = Days Completed
o Holiday's Marker : Yes 1 DR = Days Remaining
WD = Working Days
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ###
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 ###
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1
1.1 10-Sep-10 17-Sep-10 8 217 -209
1.2 10-Sep-10 17-Sep-10 8 217 -209
1.3 17-Sep-10 01-Oct-10 15 210 -195
1.4 01-Oct-10 07-Oct-10 7 196 -189
1.5
1.5.1 10-Oct-10 15-Oct-10 6 187 -181
1.5.2 21-Feb-11 28-Feb-11 8 53 -45
1.5.3 08-Mar-11 15-Mar-11 8 38 -30
2
2.1
2.1.1 15-Oct-10 21-Mar-11 158 182 -24
2.2
2.2.1 15-Jan-11 07-Mar-11 52 90 -38
2.2.2 15-Jan-11 07-Mar-11 52 90 -38
2.2.3 07-Mar-11 21-Mar-11 15 39 -24
2.3 21-Mar-11 28-Mar-11 8 25 -17
2.4 21-Mar-11 28-Mar-11 8 25 -17
3
3.1 01-Nov-10 15-Nov-10 15 165 -150
3.2
3.2.1 01-Feb-11 21-Mar-11 49 73 -24
3.2.2 18-Mar-11 27-Mar-11 10 28 -18
3.2.3 19-Mar-11 28-Mar-11 10 27 -17
3.2.4 19-Mar-11 28-Mar-11 10 27 -17
3.2.5 27-Mar-11 05-Apr-11 10 19 -9
3.2.6 28-Mar-11 05-Apr-11 9 18 -9
3.3
3.3.1 06-Mar-11 07-Mar-11 2 40 -38
3.3.2 01-Apr-11 06-Apr-11 6 14 -8
3.4
3.4.1 22-Mar-11 25-Mar-11 4 24 -20
3.4.2 25-Mar-11 29-Mar-11 5 21 -16
3.4.3 05-Apr-11 08-Apr-11 4 10 -6
4
4.1
4.1.1 01-Nov-10 07-Nov-10 7 165 -158
4.1.2 07-Nov-10 08-Nov-10 2 159 -157
4.1.3 08-Nov-10 24-Nov-10 17 158 -141
4.2 07-Mar-11 25-Mar-11 19 39 -20
4.3 07-Apr-11 12-Apr-11 6 8 -2
4.3.1 07-Apr-11 08-Apr-11 2 8 -6
4.3.2 08-Apr-11 09-Apr-11 2 7 -5
4.3.3 10-Apr-11 12-Apr-11 3 5 -2
5
5.1
5.1.1 01-Dec-10 04-Dec-10 4 135 -131
5.1.2 04-Dec-10 06-Dec-10 3 132 -129
5.2
5.2.1 29-Mar-11 31-Mar-11 3 17 -14
5.2.2 01-Apr-11 03-Apr-11 3 14 -11
5.2.3 04-Apr-11 10-Apr-11 7 11 -4
5.3 09-Apr-11 12-Apr-11 4 6 -2
6
6.1 15-Oct-10 15-Oct-10 1 182 -181
6.2 22-Oct-10 22-Oct-10 1 175 -174
6.3 10-Dec-10 10-Dec-10 1 126 -125
6.4 07-Mar-11 07-Mar-11 1 39 -38
6.5 11-Mar-11 11-Mar-11 1 35 -34
6.6 15-Apr-11 15-Apr-11 1 0 1 Final Report
Design Basis Memorandum
Midterm Report 2
Midterm Report 1
Midterm Presentation
Long term environmental impact of plant Chris
Presentations and Reports
Midterm Presentation
Note Potential design hazards and mitigation Chris
Health, Safety, and Environment
Pre-liminary Safety Report
Safety and evacuation plans Jess
Address health and safety laws Jess
In-depth Safety Analysis
Required maintenance Jess
Cost in winter and summer utilities Chris
Sensitivity analysis with different market factors Chris
Final Feasability Report (+/- 10%) Chris
Cost of Equipment Chris
Analyze the threat from the materials used Chris
Pre-liminary Feasability Report (+/- 25%) Chris
Add Signals and Controls Chris
Add Equipment Specification Chris
Calculate revenue from product Chris
Market Analysis Chris + Jess
Calculate cost of Equipment Chris
Calculate cost of feed stock Chris
Process and Instrumenation Diagram
Draw the Process Chris
Choose a Location Jess
Draw a Plot Plant Jess
Economics
Piping Monika
Sizing of Equipment
Reactor Monika + Jess
Distillation Columns Monika
Plant Location
Heat Exchangers Chris + Jess
Flash Drum Ben
Mechanical Flow Sheet
Selection of Equipment Everybody
Optimizing Flows Jess
Vacuum System Ben
Pumps Ben
Kinetics Monika + Jess
Diagram with Controls Chris
Simulation
Flash Drum Chris
Heat Exchanger Network Chris
Separation Systems
Disitllation Columns Ben
Basic Process Flow Chris
Diagram with Duties Ben
Block Flow Diagram Chris
Process Flow Diagram (PFD) Chris + Ben
Reactor Monika + Jess
Level Task Start Date PIC
Research Previous Process Designs Chris + Monika
Research Equipment for Process Ben + Chris
Process Flow Sheet
Research Chemistry of Process Jess + Ben
WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6
Finish Date WD DC DR
WEEK 15 WEEK 16 WEEK 17 WEEK 18 WEEK 7 WEEK 8 WEEK 9 WEEK 10 WEEK 11 WEEK 12 WEEK 31
(10/11/10 - 10/17/10) (10/18/10 - 10/24/10) (10/25/10 - 10/31/10) (11/1/10 - 11/7/10) (11/22/10 - 11/28/10) (11/29/10 - 12/5/10) (12/6/10 - 12/12/10) (12/13/10 - 12/19/10)
WEEK 25 WEEK 26 WEEK 27 WEEK 28 WEEK 29 WEEK 30 WEEK 19 WEEK 20 WEEK 21 WEEK 22 WEEK 23 WEEK 24 WEEK 13 WEEK 14
(12/20/10 - 12/26/10) (12/27/10 - 1/2/11) (1/3/11 - 1/9/11) (1/10/11 - 1/16/11) (1/17/11 - 1/23/11) (1/24/11 - 1/30/11) (9/13/10 - 9/19/10) (9/20/10 - 9/26/10) (9/27/10 - 10/3/10) (10/4/10 - 10/10/10) (11/8/10 - 11/14/10) (11/15/10 - 11/21/10) (3/14/11 - 3/20/11) (3/21/11 - 3/27/11) (3/28/11 - 4/3/11) (4/4/11 - 4/10/11) (4/11/11 - 4/17/11) (1/31/11 - 2/6/11) (2/7/11 - 2/13/11) (2/14/11 - 2/20/11) (2/21/11 - 2/27/11) (2/28/11 - 3/6/11) (3/7/11 - 3/13/11)
!""#$%&'()!"!"#$%&&'()#*'+,-."-/!
FRESH WATER FEED
FROM FRUCTOSE TANK
E-101
TK-101 P-101 R-101 R-102 E-102 U-101 V-101 V-102 E-105 P-102
Steam Heat
Exchanger
Mixing Tank Screw Pump
Reactor 1 Reactor 2 Cold water cooler Solids Filter Flash Drum Surge Drum Wastewater Pump
LC
SC
M
TC
TC
LC
PC LC
FI
FI RC
FC
TC
TC
LC
PC SC
TC
TC
LC
FI
RC FC
LC
TC
FI
PC SC
TC
LC
S-101
S-102
PC
CWS
CWR
CWS
TC
Water to Sewer
CWR
CWR
CWS
CWR
CWS
Water to Sewer
HMF PRODUCT TO TANK
CWR
CWS
CWR
CWS
HPS
UW
MPS
U
W
TK-101
P-101
R-101
R-102
E-103 U-103
U-101
U-102
V-101
E-105
V-102
T-101
T-102
V-103 V-104
E-106
E-107
E-108
E-109
E-110 E-111
P-102
P-103
P-104
P-105
P-106
U-102
Solids Filter
U-103
Water Turbine
T-101
Packed Vacuum
Distillation Column
Cold water cooler
TC
CWR
CWS
E-102
To Fructose Tank
CC
LC
CC
To Sewer
S-103
S-104 S-105
S-106
S-106a
S-106b
S-107 S-108 S-109
S-109a
S-109b
S-110
S-111
S-112
S-113 S-114
S-115
S-116
S-122
S-117
S-118
S-119 S-120
S-121a
S-123
AIR
AIR
S-124
S-125
S-126 S-127
S-128 S-129
S-130
E-103
Cold water cooler
V-105
P-107
E-106
Condenser
E-107
Reboiler
P-103
Bottoms Pump
V-103
Reflux Drum
P-104
Vacuum Pump
T-102
Packed Vacuum
Distillation Column
E-108
Cold water cooler
E-109
Condenser
E-110
Reboiler
P-105
Bottoms Pump
V-104
Reflux Drum
P-106
Vacuum Pump
E-111
Cold water cooler
V-105
Surge Tank
P-109
Fructose Pump
HPS
UW
E-101
TC
E-104
S-121b
MPS
UW
E-104
Steam Heat
Exchanger
TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER PLANT
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
REVISION NO.
5
SHEET
1 OF 2
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LOCATION
Ontario
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS DAWING NO. REV REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
Name S-101 S-102 S-103 S-104 S-105 S-106 S-107 S-108 S-109 S-110 S-111 S-112 S-113 S-114 S-115 S-116
Description Fresh Water Feed Fructose Feed Waste Water Stream
Upstream Op Water Storage Fructose Storage S-101 and S-102 TK-101 P-101 E-101 R-101 or R-102 E-102 E-103 U-101 or U-102 U-103 E-104 V-101 E-105 V-102 P-102
Downstream Op TK-101 P-101 E-101 R-101 or R-102 E-102 E-103 U-101 or U-102 U-103 E-104 V-101 E-105 V-102 P-102 Sewer
VapFrac 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.98906 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T [C] 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 257.0 257.0 211.0 154.4 154.4 143.7 154.4 154.4 88.9 88.9 88.9
P [kPa] 101.30 101.30 101.30 101.30 5201.30 5051.00 5000.00 4900.00 4800.00 4750.00 401.30 251.30 251.30 101.30 101.30 201.30 !"#$%#
MoleFlow/Composition Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h &$#!'$
HMF* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00282 0.21 0.00282 0.21 0.00282 0.21 0.00282 0.21 0.00282 0.21 0.00282 0.21 0.001 0.07 0.001 0.07 0.001 0.07 0.001 0.07 !'(#"'
WATER 1.00 72.09 0.00 0.00 0.98901 72.09 0.98901 72.09 0.98901 72.09 0.98901 72.09 0.99069 72.88 0.99069 72.88 0.99069 72.88 0.99162 72.88 0.99162 72.88 0.99162 72.88 0.99513 72.34 0.99513 72.34 0.99513 72.34 0.99513 72.34 $)'
D-fructose 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.80 0.01099 0.80 0.01099 0.80 0.01099 0.80 0.01099 0.80 0.00125 0.09 0.00125 0.09 0.00125 0.09 0.00125 0.09 0.00125 0.09 0.00125 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 *&!'$ #+
FURFURAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00104 0.08 0.00104 0.08 0.00104 0.08 0.00104 0.08 0.00104 0.08 0.00104 0.08 0.00102 0.07 0.00102 0.07 0.00102 0.07 0.00102 0.07 *&!'# !)#%!
pyruvic aldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00063 0.05 0.00063 0.05 0.00063 0.05 0.00063 0.05 0.00063 0.05 0.00063 0.05 0.00063 0.05 0.00063 0.05 0.00063 0.05 0.00063 0.05 *&!', -%$
FORMIC ACID 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00068 0.05 0.00068 0.05 0.00068 0.05 0.00068 0.05 0.00068 0.05 0.00068 0.05 0.00068 0.05 0.00068 0.05 0.00068 0.05 0.00068 0.05 *&!') )!'
LEVULINIC ACID 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00017 0.01 0.00017 0.01 0.00017 0.01 0.00017 0.01 0.00017 0.01 0.00017 0.01 0.00009 0.01 0.00009 0.01 0.00009 0.01 0.00009 0.01 !"!#$%&'!() ,!)$)
HumicAcid* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00093 0.07 0.00093 0.07 0.00093 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
FORMALDEHYDE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00079 0.06 0.00079 0.06 0.00079 0.06 0.0008 0.06 0.0008 0.06 0.0008 0.06 0.0008 0.06 0.0008 0.06 0.0008 0.06 0.0008 0.06 NOTE: NEGATIVE DUTY MEANS WORK GENERATED
Dihydroxyacetone1* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00026 0.02 0.00026 0.02 0.00026 0.02 0.00026 0.02 0.00026 0.02 0.00026 0.02 0.00017 0.01 0.00017 0.01 0.00017 0.01 0.00017 0.01
Glycolaldehyde* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00047 0.03 0.00047 0.03 0.00047 0.03 0.00047 0.03 0.00047 0.03 0.00047 0.03 0.00046 0.03 0.00046 0.03 0.00046 0.03 0.00046 0.03
Erythrose* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00027 0.02 0.00027 0.02 0.00027 0.02 0.00027 0.02 0.00027 0.02 0.00027 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
n-DECANE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 1.00 72.09 1.00 0.80 1.00 72.89 1.00 72.89 1.00 72.89 1.00 72.89 1.00 73.57 1.00 73.57 1.00 73.57 1.00 73.50 1.00 73.50 1.00 73.50 1.0000 72.69 1.0000 72.69 1.0000 72.69 1.0000 72.69
MassFlow [kg/h] 1298.70 144.30 1443.00 1443.00 1443.00 1443.00 1443.00 1443.00 1443.00 1378.07 1378.07 1378.07 1330.82 1330.82 1330.82 1330.82
VolumeFlow [m3/hr] 1.304 0.099 1.403 1.403 1.402 1.742 7482.528 7843.892 8048.937 8048.287 8048.287 6834.730 6773.249 8095.255 8095.255 8095.255
StdLiqVolumeFlow [m3/hr] 1.300 0.101 1.401 1.401 1.401 1.401 1.380 1.380 1.380 1.369 1.369 1.369 1.330 1.330 1.330 1.330
StdGasVolumeFlow [SCMD] 4.0987E+4 4.5541E+2 4.1443E+4 4.1443E+4 4.1443E+4 4.1443E+4 4.1828E+4 4.1828E+4 4.1828E+4 4.1789E+4 4.1789E+4 4.1789E+4 4.1332E+4 4.1332E+4 4.1332E+4 4.1332E+4
Name S-117 S-118 S-119 S-120 S-121 a/b S-122 S-123 S-124 S-125 S-126 S-127 S-128 S-129 S-130
Description
Upstream Op V-101 T-101 P-103 E-107 P-107 T-101 E-105 V-103 T-102 P-105 E-110 T-102 E-108 V-104
Downstream Op T-101 P-103 E-108 V-105 Fructose Tank or Sewer E-105 V-103 T-102 P-105 E-109 HMF Product Tank E-108 V-104 Water Sewer
VapFrac 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.74193 0.00 0.00
T [C] 154.4 306.2 306.2 205.0 205.0 152.3 53.3 53.3 194.2 194.5 25.0 99.3 37.2 101.6
P [kPa] 251.30 14.00 201.30 101.30 201.30 9.32 9.00 9.00 9.00 201.30 101.30 6.32 6.00 101.30
MoleFlow/Composition Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h Fraction kgmole/h
HMF* 0.16695 0.13 0.00424 0.00 0.00424 0.00 0.00424 0.00 0.00424 0.00 0.19332 0.00 0.19332 0.00 0.19332 0.13 0.99121 0.13 0.99121 0.13 0.99121 0.13 0.01066 0.01 0.01066 0.01 0.01066 0.01
WATER 0.67366 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.78283 0.00 0.78283 0.00 0.78283 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.96204 0.54 0.96204 0.54 0.96204 0.54
D-fructose 0.11435 0.09 0.81993 0.09 0.81993 0.09 0.81993 0.09 0.81993 0.09 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
FURFURAL 0.00309 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00359 0.00 0.00359 0.00 0.00359 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00441 0.00 0.00441 0.00 0.00441 0.00
pyruvic aldehyde 0.00032 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00037 0.00 0.00037 0.00 0.00037 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00045 0.00 0.00045 0.00 0.00045 0.00
FORMIC ACID 0.00035 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00041 0.00 0.00041 0.00 0.00041 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0005 0.00 0.0005 0.00 0.0005 0.00
LEVULINIC ACID 0.00739 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00859 0.00 0.00859 0.00 0.00859 0.01 0.00857 0.00 0.00857 0.00 0.00857 0.00 0.00859 0.00 0.00859 0.00 0.00859 0.00
HumicAcid* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
FORMALDEHYDE 0.00002 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00003 0.00 0.00003 0.00 0.00003 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00003 0.00 0.00003 0.00 0.00003 0.00
Dihydroxyacetone1* 0.00832 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00967 0.00 0.00967 0.00 0.00967 0.01 0.00001 0.00 0.00001 0.00 0.00001 0.00 0.01189 0.01 0.01189 0.01 0.01189 0.01
Glycolaldehyde* 0.00099 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00115 0.00 0.00115 0.00 0.00115 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00142 0.00 0.00142 0.00 0.00142 0.00
Erythrose* 0.02456 0.02 0.17583 0.02 0.17583 0.02 0.17583 0.02 0.17583 0.02 0.00004 0.02 0.00004 0.02 0.00004 0.00 0.00021 0.00 0.00021 0.00 0.00021 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
n-DECANE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.11 1.00 0.11 1.00 0.11 1.00 0.11 1.00 0.11 1.00 0.11 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.13 1.00 0.13 1.00 0.13 1.00 0.56 1.00 0.56 1.00 0.56
MassFlow [kg/h] 47.25 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 113.00 113.00 28.25 16.25 16.25 16.25 12.00 12.00 12.00
VolumeFlow [m3/hr] 61.494 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.014 247.764 247.764 61.941 0.014 0.014 0.013 62.014 62.014 61.552
StdLiqVolumeFlow [m3/hr] 0.039 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.024 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012
StdGasVolumeFlow [SCMD] 4.5735E+2 6.3783E+1 6.3783E+1 6.3783E+1 6.3783E+1 6.3783E+1 6.3783E+1 3.9357E+2 7.3314E+1 7.3314E+1 7.3314E+1 3.2025E+2 3.2025E+2 3.2025E+2
*+*,-( .#$#+/*
*&!'!
.&!'(
*&!'+
*&!'(
&'!(
012
'+3! !#- 4
TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER PLANT
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
REVISION NO.
5
SHEET
2 OF 2
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LOCATION
Ontario
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS DAWING NO. REV REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
!""#$%&'()!"!"#$%&&'()*'
!"#$%&'("$)$*+",-(#*."!
FRUCTOSE TANK
E-101
Steam Heat Exchanger
TK-101
Mixing Tank
P-101
ID: 0.53 m
Height: 1.06 m
Pressure: 101.3 kPa
Temperature: 25*C
Material: Stainless Steel
Insulation: No
Screw Pump
TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER PLANT
PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM
REVISION NO.
1
SHEET
1 OF 6
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LT
101
M
TT
104 FT
105
168.3mm-W-5S-N-S101
168.3mm-FR-5S-N-S102
TK-101
P-101
LOCATION
Ontario
CT
101
168.3mm-P-5S-N-S103
E-101
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS DAWING NO. REV REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
FC
168.3mm-P-5S-N-S104
0.5 m
90.1mm-P-40S-N-S105
PT
102
SY
102
HPS
UW
381mm-P-40S-H-S106
Duty: 397.4 kW
Pressure(shell/tube): 12.9/5 MPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 330/257*C
Passes: 1
LIC
101
LAH
101
LAL
101
D/P
CIC
101
CAH
101
CAL
101
FY
101
I
P FIC
101
PIC
102
PAH
102
PAL
102
SAH
102
SIC
102
FV
101
168.3mm
FRESH WATER FEED
HL: 0.85 m
NL: 0.53 m
LL: 0.21 m
FI
105
SAL
102
168.3mm 168.3mm
168.3mm
Flow: 1.40 m^3/h
Delta P: 5100 kPa
Duty:1854.50 W
Material: Stainless Steel
FV
104
FC
85.4mm-HPS-80S-H-E101
85.4mm 85.4mm
85.4mm
Shell and Tube
TEMA D/L/E
One Pass
FAH
105
FAL
105
FIC
104
TIC
104
FY
104
I
P
TAL
104
TAH
104
77.9mm-UW-40S-H-E101
381mm
381mm 381mm
381mm
R-101/R-102
Plug Flow Reactors
Delta P: 5 kPa
Flow Rate: 8048.3 m^3/h
ID: 128.2 mm
OD: 141.3 mm
Length: 4.723 m
Material : Stainless Steel
R-101
R-102
381mm-P-40S-H-S107
TO E-102
PAGE 2
0.5 m
0.5 m
ACT
106
AE
106
AI
106
AAH
106
COMBUSTIBLE GAS
TT
107
TI
107
TAH
107
TAL
107
PT
108
PI
108
PAH
108
PAL
108
PE
108
PE
108
FAH
101
FAL
101
FT
101
FT
104
ST
102
TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER PLANT
PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM
REVISION NO.
1
SHEET
2 OF 6
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LOCATION
Ontario
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS DAWING NO. REV REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
FROM R-101/102
PAGE 1
TT
202
FT
201
E-102 381mm-P-40S-H-S108
FI
201
Shell and Tube
TEMA D/L/E
One Pass
FAH
201
FAL
201
FIC
202
TIC
202
FY
202
I
P
TAL
202
TAH
202
CWS
381mm-P-40S-H-S107
CWR
E-102
Cold Water Cooler
Duty: 352 kW
Pressure(shell/tube): 101.3/5000 kPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 5/257*C
Passes: 1
TT
204
FT
203
E-103 477.8mm-P-40S-H-S109
FI
203
Shell and Tube
TEMA D/L/E
One Pass
FAH
203
FAL
203
FIC
204
TIC
204
FY
204
I
P
TAL
204
TAH
204
CWS
CWR
266.2mm-CWR-5S-N-E102
266.2mm-CWS-5S-C-E102 266.2mm FO
266.2mm
266.2mm
266.2mm
FV
202
266.2mm-CWS-5S-C-E103
266.2mm
266.2mm 266.2mm FO
266.2mm
FV
204
266.2mm-CWR-5S-N-E103
E-103
Cold Water Cooler
Duty: 352 kW
Pressure(shell/tube): 101.3/4900 kPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 5/211*C
Passes: 1
U-101
U-102
477.8mm
477.8mm 477.8mm
477.8mm
U-101/U-102
Inline Microfilter
Pressure: 4737 kPa
Delta P: 50 kPa
Temperature: 154.30 *C
Flow Rate: 8048.94 m^3/h
Material: Stainless Steel
477.8mm-P-40S-H-S110
U-103
U-103
Liquid Turbine
Efficiency: 75%
Pressure In/Out: 4750/401 kPa
Delta P: 4349 kPa
Temperature in/out: 154.40/127.5 *C
Flow Rate: 8048.3 m^3/h
Power Generated: 45104 W
Material: Stainless Steel
TO E-104
PAGE 3
PT
205 PIC
205
PAH
205
PAL
205
596.9mm-P-10S-H-S111
Multi-stage
Insulation: Hot
Frame: 20
FT
204
FT
202
PE
205
TT
301
E-104
MPS
UW
FV
301
FC
154.1mm-MPS-40S-H-E104
154.1mm
154.1mm
Shell and Tube
TEMA D/L/E
One Pass
FIC
301
TIC
301
FY
301
I
P
TAL
301
TAH
301
97.4mm-UW-5S-H-E104
TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER PLANT
PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM
REVISION NO.
1
SHEET
3 OF 6
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LOCATION
Ontario
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS DAWING NO. REV REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
E-104
Steam Heat Exchanger
Duty: 12.94 kW
Pressure(shell/tube): 4245/401.3 kPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 254/143.7*C
Passes: 1
FROM U-103
PAGE 2
154.1mm
154.1mm
1.02 m
V-101
Flash Separator
ID: 2.43 m
Height: 7.28 m
Pressure: 251.3 kPa
Temperature: 154*C
Insulation: Heat Insulated
Materials: Stainless Steel
V-101
HL: 5.824 m
NL: 3.64 m
LL: 0.728 m
596.9mm-P-10S-H-S111 596.9mm-P-10S-H-S112
LT
302
LIC
302
LAH
302
LAL
302
D/P
FY
302
I
P
FIC
302
213.6mm-P-5S-H-S117
266.2mm-UW-5S-H-S113
FC
213.6mm 213.6mm
213.6mm
213.6mm
FO
266.2mm
266.2mm
266.2mm 266.2mm
PT
303
PIC
303
PAH
303
PAL
303
FIC
303
FY
303
I
P
LV
302
FV
303
TT
304
E-105
Shell and Tube
TEMA D/L/E
One Pass
FIC
304
TIC
304
FY
304
I
P
TAL
304
TAH
304
CWS
CWR
316mm-CWS-5S-C-E105
316mm
FO
FV
304
316mm-CWR-5S-N-E105
316mm
316mm
316mm
E-105
Cold Water Cooler
Duty: 881 kW
Pressure(shell/tube): 101.3/251.3 kPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 5/154.4*C
Passes: 1
V-102
HL: 0.42 m
NL: 0.26 m
LL: 0.10 m
MW
LT
305 LIC
305
LAH
305
LAL
305
D/P
FY
305
I
P
FIC
305
LV
305
266.2mm-UW-5S-H-S114
FC
266.2mm-UW-5S-H-S115
266.2mm
266.2mm
266.2mm
266.2mm
V-102
Surge Drum
Height: 0.52 m
Width: 1.04 m
Pressure: 101.3 kPa
Temperature: 88.9*C
Insulation: Heat Insulated
Materials: Stainless Steel
M
M
PHS
306
PHS
307
266.2mm 266.2mm
266.2mm 266.2mm
TO SEWER
P-102A/B
Centrifugal Pump
Flow: 7906.99 m^3/h
Delta P: 150 kPa
Duty: 103.58 W
Material: Stainless Steel
P-102A
P-102B
PSH
307
PHS
306
PAH
306
PAH
307
PMZ
306
PMY
306
PMZ
307
PMY
307
FO
307
FO
306
PSV
308
2
6
6
.2
m
m
266.2mm-GAS-5S-H-FLARE
TO WARM FLARE
2
6
6
.2
m
m
2
6
6
.2
m
m
TO WARM FLARE
266.2mm-GAS-5S-H-FLARE
TO T-101
PAGE 4
ACT
309
AE
309
AI
309
AAH
309
COMBUSTIBLE GAS
FT
301
FT
304
FT
302
FT
303
FT
305
TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER PLANT
PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM
REVISION NO.
1
SHEET
4 OF 6
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LOCATION
Ontario
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS DAWING NO. REV REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
FROM V-101
PAGE 3
213.6mm-P-5S-H-S117
FT
401
RC
401
FY
401
I
P
FY
404
I
P
FIC
404
LV
404
FC
M
M
PHS
402
PHS
403
213.6mm
P-103A
P-103B
PSH
403
PHS
402
PAH
402
PAH
403
PMZ
402
PMY
402
PMZ
403
PMY
403
FO
403
FO
402
TO WARM FLARE
213.6mm-GAS-5S-H-FLARE
213.6mm-FR-5S-H-S118
213.6mm
213.6mm 213.6mm
2
1
3
.6
m
m
2
1
3
.6
m
m
213.6mm
213.6mm 213.6mm
213.6mm
213.6 x 97.4mm
97.4mm-FR-5S-H-S119
FC 18.9mm 18.9mm-HPS-80S-H-E107
18.9mm
18.9mm
TO CONDENSATE
13.8mm-UW-80S-H-E107
TT
405
E-108
Shell and Tube
TEMA D/L/E
One Pass
FIC
405
TIC
405
FY
405
I
P
TAL
405
TAH
405
CWS
CWR
18mm-CWS-5S-C-E108
18mm
FO
FV
405
18mm-CWR-5S-N-E108
135.8mm-FR-5S-H-S120
E-107
TEMA D/J/U
U-tube
18mm 18mm
18mm
V-105
HL: 0.091 m
NL: 0.057 m
LL: 0.023 m
LT
406 LIC
406
LAH
406
LAL
406
D/P
FY
406
I
P
FIC
406
LV
406
FC
135.8mm-FR-5S-H-S21
M
M
PHS
407
PHS
408
135.8mm 135.8mm
P-107A
P-107B
PSH
408
PHS
407
PAH
407
PAH
408
PMZ
407
PMY
407
PMZ
408
PMY
408
FO
408
FO
407
1
3
5
.8
m
m
1
3
5
.8
TO WARM FLARE
135.8mm-GAS-5S-H-FLARE
E-107
T-101 Reboiler
Duty: 330 W
Pressure(shell/tube): 14/12910.45 kPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 246.3/330*C
Passes: 1
P-103A/B
Centrifugal Pump
Flow: .02 m^3/h
Delta P: 337.30 kPa
Duty: 0.47 W
Material: Stainless Steel
FV
401
LT
404
D/P
LIC
404
LAH
404
LAL
404
E-108
Cold Water Cooler
Duty: 1100 W
Pressure(shell/tube): 101.3/201.3 kPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 5/306.2*C
Passes: 1
V-105
Surge Drum
Height: 0.114 m
Width: 0.228 m
Pressure: 101.3 kPa
Temperature: 205*C
Insulation: Heat Insulated
Materials: Stainless Steel
135.8mm 135.8mm
135.8mm 135.8mm
135.8mm
135.8mm
FC
135.8mm
135.8mm 135.8mm
135.8mm
CT
409
CIC
409
CAL
409
FIC
409
FY
409
I
P
FV
409
TO FRUCTOSE
TANK
TO SEWER
P-107A/B
Centrifugal Pump
Flow: 0.014 m^3/h
Delta P: 200 kPa
Duty: 0.71 W
Material: Stainless Steel
T-101
Packing: 25.4 mm
Ceramic Raschig
Rings
Height: 7.37 m
T-101
Packed Vacuum Distillation Column
Theoretical Trays: 11
ID: 0.15 m
Height: 7.37 m
Pressure at Condenser: 9 kPa
Pressure Drop: 5 kPa
Material: Stainless Steel
Tray 1
Tray 6
266.2mm-P-5S-H-S122
TT
408
E-106
Shell and Tube
TEMA D/L/E
One Pass
FIC
408
TIC
408
FY
408
I
P
TAL
408
TAH
408
CWS
CWR
88.9mm-CWS-5S-C-E106
88.9mm
FO
FV
408
88.9mm-CWR-5S-N-E106
88.9mm
88.9mm
88.9mm
266.2mm-P-5S-H-S123
V-103
HL: 0.17 m
NL: 0.11 m
LL: 0.04 m
LT
410
D/P
FC
TT
409
FIC
409
TIC
409
FY
409
I
P
TAL
409
TAH
409
FV
409
266.2mm-P-5S-H-S124
E-106
T-101 Condenser
Duty: 13.3 kW
Pressure(shell/tube): 101.3/9.32 kPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 5/152.3*C
Passes: 1
V-103
Reflux Surge Drum
Height: 0.22 m
Width: 0.43 m
Pressure: 9 kPa
Temperature: 53.3*C
Insulation: Heat Insulated
Materials: Stainless Steel
266.2mm
266.2mm
266.2mm
266.2mm
M
PHS
412
PMZ
412
PMY
412
TO WARM FLARE
266.2mm-GAS-5S-H-FLARE
PT
411
SY
411
PIC
411
PAH
411
PAL
411
SAH
411
SIC
411
SAL
411
P-104A
M
PHS
414
PMZ
414
PMY
414
PT
413
SY
413
PIC
413
PAH
413
PAL
413
SAH
413
SIC
413
SAL
413
P-104B
266.2mm 266.2mm
266.2mm 266.2mm
P-104A/B
Centrifugal Vacuum Pump
Duty: 0.052 W
Flow: 0.068 m^3/h
Delta P: 92.03 kPa
Material: Stainless Steel
266.2mm-P-5S-H-S124
LIC
410
LAH
410
LAL
410
FY
410
I
P
FIC
410
LV
410
FC
266.2mm 266.2mm
266.2mm
266.2mm
TO T-102
PAGE 5
0.5 m
ACT
415
AE
415
AI
415
AAH
415
COMBUSTIBLE GAS
FIC
401
FAH
401
FAL
401
FIC
401
FAH
401
FAL
401
FT
401
FT
409
FT
408
FT
410
FT
404
FT
405
FT
406
FT
409
TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER PLANT
PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM
REVISION NO.
1
SHEET
5 OF 6
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LOCATION
Ontario
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS DAWING NO. REV REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
FROM T-101
PAGE 4
FT
501
RC
501
FY
504
I
P
FIC
504
LV
504
FC
M
M
PHS
502
PHS
503
38.9mm
P-105A
P-105B
PSH
503
PHS
502
PAH
502
PAH
503
PMZ
502
PMY
502
PMZ
503
PMY
503
FO
503
FO
502
TO WARM FLARE
38.9mm-GAS-5S-H-FLARE
38.9mm-P-5S-H-S125
38.9mm
38.9mm 38.9mm
3
8
.9
m
m
3
8
.9
m
m
38.9mm
38.9mm 38.9mm
38.9mm
FC
15.8mm 15.8mm-MPS-40S-H-E110
15.8mm
15.8mm
TO CONDENSATE
12.5mm-UW-40S-H-E110
TT
505
E-111
Shell and Tube
TEMA D/L/E
One Pass
FIC
505
TIC
505
FY
505
I
P
TAL
505
TAH
505
CWS
CWR
60.3mm-CWS-5S-C-E111
60.3mm
FO
FV
505
60.3mm-CWR-5S-N-E111
84.7mm-P-5S-N-S127
E-110
TEMA D/J/U
U-tube
60.3mm 60.3mm
60.3mm
E-110
T-102 Reboiler
Duty: 133 W
Pressure(shell/tube): 9/4245 kPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 192.2/254*C
Passes: 1
P-105A/B
Centrifugal Pump
Flow: .01 m^3/h
Delta P: 192.30 kPa
Duty: 17.51 W
Material: Stainless Steel
LT
504
D/P
LIC
504
LAH
504
LAL
504
E-111
Cold Water Cooler
Duty: 6490 W
Pressure(shell/tube): 101.3/201.3 kPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 5/194.5*C
Passes: 1
T-102
Packing: 25.4 mm
Ceramic Raschig
Rings
Height: 4.02 m
T-102
Packed Vacuum Distillation Column
Theoretical Trays: 6
ID: 0.14 m
Height: 4.02 m
Pressure at Condenser: 6 kPa
Pressure Drop: 3 kPa
Material: Stainless Steel
Tray 1
Tray 4
213.6mm-UW-5S-H-S128
TT
508
E-109
Shell and Tube
TEMA D/L/E
One Pass
FIC
508
TIC
508
FY
508
I
P
TAL
508
TAH
508
CWS
CWR
97.4mm-CWS-5S-C-E109
97.4mm
FO
FV
508
97.4mm-CWR-5S-N-E109
97.4mm
97.4mm
97.4mm
213.6mm-UW-5S-H-S129
V-104
HL: 0.14 m
NL: 0.090 m
LL: 0.036 m
LT
510
D/P
FC
TT
509
FIC
509
TIC
509
FY
509
P
TAL
509
TAH
509
FV
509
162.8mm-UW-5S-H-S130
E-109
T-102 Condenser
Duty: 0.66 kW
Pressure(shell/tube): 101.3/6.32 kPa
Temperature(shell/tube): 5/99.3*C
Passes: 1
V-104
Reflux Surge Drum
Height: 0.18 m
Width: 0.36 m
Pressure: 6 kPa
Temperature: 37.2*C
Insulation: Heat Insulated
Materials: Stainless Steel
162.8mm 162.8mm 162.8mm
M
PHS
512
PMZ
512
PMY
512
TO WARM FLARE
PT
511
SY
511
PIC
511
PAH
511
PAL
511
SAH
511
SIC
511
SAL
511
P-106A
M
PHS
514
PMZ
514
PMY
514
PT
513
SY
513
PIC
513
PAH
513
PAL
513
SAH
513
SIC
513
SAL
513
P-106B
P-106A/B
Centrifugal Vacuum Pump
Duty: .0094 W
Flow: 0.040 m^3/h
Delta P: 95.30 kPa
Material: Stainless Steel
LIC
510
LAH
510
LAL
510
FY
510
I
P
FIC
510
LV
510
FC
266.2mm-P-5S-H-S124
FIC
501
FAH
501
FAL
501
FY
501
I
P
FV
501
I
162.8mm-UW-5S-H-S130
162.8mm-GAS-5S-H-FLARE
162.8mm
162.8mm
162.8mm
162.8mm
162.8mm
162.8mm
162.8mm 162.8mm
162.8mm
TO WATER SEWER
0.5 m
38.9mm-P-5S-H-S126
TO PRODUCT TANK
ACT
515
AE
515
AI
515
AAH
515
COMBUSTIBLE GAS
FIC
501
FAH
501
FAL
501
FT
501
FT
508
FT
510
FT
509
FT
504
FT
505
TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER PLANT
PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM LEGEND
REVISION NO.
1
SHEET
6 OF 6
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LOCATION
Ontario
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS DAWING NO. REV REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
LINE DESIGNATION
AAAmm-BB-CC-D-EEEE
AAA
BB
CC
D
EEEE
Nominal Line Size
Commodity Type
Pipe Schedule Number
Insulation Type
Line Number
INSULATION
C
H
N
Cold Insulation (Urethane)
Hot Insulation (Calcium Silicate)
No Insulation
LINE COMMODITIES
CWR
CWS
FR
GAS
HPS
MPS
P
UW
W
CLASS TYPE
CODE SERVICE
Cold water return
Cold water supply
Fructose
Gas
High Pressure Steam
Medium Pressure Steam
Process Fluid
Utility Water
Fresh Water
INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION
AAH
ACT
AE
AI
CAH
CAL
CIC
CT
D/P
F.C.
FI
FIC
F.O.
FO
FY
FV
I/P
LAH
LAL
LIC
LT
LV
PAH
PAL
PE
PHS
PI
PIC
PMY
PMZ
PT
PSH
RC
SAH
SAL
SIC
SY
TAH
TAL
TIC
TT
Analyzer Alarm High
Analyzer Combustible Transmitter
Analyzer Element
Analyzer Indicator
Concentration Alarm High
Concentration Alarm Low
Concentration Indicating Controller
Concentration Transmitter
Differential Pressure Transducer
Fail Close Valve
Flow Indicator
Flow Indicating Controller
Fail Open Valve
Flow Orrifice
Flow Relay
Flow Valve
Current/Pneumatic Transducer
Level Alarm High
Level Alarm Low
Level Indicating Controller
Level Transmitter
Level Valve
Pressure Alarm High
Pressure Alarm Low
Pressure Element
Pump Local Hand Switch
Pressure Indicator
Pressure Indicating Controller
Manual Pump Relay
Manual Pump Speed Actuator
Pressure Transmitter
Pressure Switch High
Ratio Controller
Speed Alarm High
Speed Alarm Low
Speed Indicating Controller
Speed Relay
Temperature Alarm High
Temperature Alarm Low
Temperature Indicating Controller
Temperature Transmitter
MICELLANEOUS SYMBOLS
MAIN PROCESS LINE
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
PNEUMATIC LINE
SOFTWARE LINK
SIGNAL
ELECTRICALLY TRACED
LINE
LINE CONTINUATION
ARROW
SECONDARY PROCESS
LINE
A FUNCTION RESIDENT
IN THE DCS
LOCAL MOUNTED
INSTRUMENT
GATE VALVE
GLOBE VALVE
BALL VALVE
CHECK VALVE
SPRING LOADED
PRESSURE RELIEF
VALVE
DIAPHRAGM ACTUATED
VALVE
ORIFICE PLATE
STEAM TRAP
EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS
PIPE REDUCER
OPEN TANK
AGITATOR
SCREW PUMP
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT
EXCHANGER
TUBULAR PLUG FLOW
REACTOR
IN-LINE FILTER
M
ELECTRIC MOTOR
ELECTRIC GENERATOR
TURBINE
VERTICAL PRESSURE
VESSEL
DE-MISTER
EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS
HORIZONTAL
PRESSURE VESSEL
IN-LINE CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
TOWER PACKING
LIQUID DISTRIBUTOR
U-TUBE STEAM
REBOILER
CENTRIFUGAL
VACUUM PUMP
EQUIPMENT TAGGING
TOWERS T-XXX
PRESSURE VESSELS V-XXX
EXCHANGERS E-XXX
PUMPS & DRIVERS P-XXX
TANKS TK-XXX
REACTORS R-XXX
MICELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT U-XXX
!""#$%&'()!"!"#$%!"&'!
TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER
OVERALL PLANT
PLOT PLAN
REVISION NO.
1
SHEET
1 OF 2
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LOCATION
Ontario
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS COMMENTS REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
NORMAL WIND
DIRECTION: NW
FLARE
FLARE RADIUS
PARKING LOT
HMF PLANT WASTEWATER TREATMENT
SHIPPING/RECEIVING AREA
POTENTIAL FUTURE PLANT SITE
POTENTIAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION SITE
OFFICE
TWO GUYS, TWO GIRLS, AND A
CHEM PROJECT
HMF SUBCRITICAL WATER
PLANT PLOT PLAN
REVISION NO.
1
SHEET
2 OF 2
DATE
2011/04/08
DRAWING NO.
1
CLIENT
DR. NADER MAHINPEY
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
LOCATION
Ontario
ENGINEERING AND PERMIT STAMPS COMMENTS REVISIONS DATE BY CHKD APPD DRAWING ISSUE RECORD BY DATE
ISSUE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process
Mech
Struct
Elect.
Client
Client
Review and Comments
Approval
Construction
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY REVIEW
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING
ISSUED FOR DETAIL DESIGN
NORMAL WIND
DIRECTION: NW
UTILITIES ROOM
FRESH WATER BATTERY
FRUCTOSE BATTERY
HIGH PRESSURE STEAM
MEDIUM PRESSURE STEAM
UTILITY WATER
COLD WATER
PRODUCT STORAGE
HMF TANK
HMF TANK
HMF TANK
CONTROL ROOM
CANTEEN
TK-101 TK-101
REACTION ROOM
P-101 E-101
R-102
R-101
E-102
E-103
U-101 U-102
TURBINE/GENERATOR
ROOM
U-103 V-101
E-104
E-105
V-102 P-102A
OVERFLOWWEIR
T-101
E-107
E-106
V-102
E-108
P-103A
V-105
P-103B
P-102B
P-107A
P-107B
P-104A
P-104B
T-102
E-110
E-109
V-103
E-111
P-105A
P-105B
P-106A
P-106B
!""#$%&'()*(+#,-(.'/0,$1#2(
!"#$%&%$'(%)*+!,##(-!
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Shell Side Tube Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean/Service : / W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In / Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. kPa
48 Vapor Pressure kPa In / Out In / Out
49
50 *For condensing duties, supply heat release curve if available and latent heats
51 **For non-Newtonian fluids, supply apparent viscosity data or consistency index and flow behavior index
52
53
54
55
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
373.946
22060
12910
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
0.98 0.108
0.588 0.588
1029 828.42
71.78 97.387
N/A
N/A
84.22
0.026
0.133
77.22 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A 0.0975
0.5959 N/A
N/A 764.66
N/A 105.2
331 92.54
1420 N/A 3.361
1
150
0.9
N/A
0.9
Process Stream
330
270
12910.45
25
257
5201.3
1.402 1443
755.74
0
7411
0
0
0
1.402 1443
0
CHRIS
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.5 m Long
High Pressure Steam
9.787 755.74
1 m Wide
1
E-101
E-101 Heater
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59 Test Pressure kPa :
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell : In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel : In Out Type Rating kPa
69
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
Heats Process stream up to temperature needed for the reaction to take place
D/L/E
300 mm 320 mm
TEMA E 12910
5210
HPS
S-105
UW
S-106
E-101 Heater
TEMA L TEMA D
4.9 m 1.25
Stainless Steel
330
Stainless Steel 12 19 mm
1
5210
5210
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Shell Side Tube Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean/Service : / W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In / Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. bara
48 Vapor Pressure bara In / Out In / Out
49
50 *For condensing duties, supply heat release curve if available and latent heats
51 **For non-Newtonian fluids, supply apparent viscosity data or consistency index and flow behavior index
52
53
54
55
5.5 m Long
1
E-102
CHRIS
E-102 Cooler
Cold Water
6.006 6000
1 m Wide
0
0
0
0
0
6.006 6000
0
0
1.38 1443
0
1.38 1443
0
0
100
0.9
Process Stream
5
55
201.3
257
211
5000
352 203.993
283.91 N/A 6.763
1
100
0.9
N/A
1.58 0.5
0.6493 0.57
1000 984.473
77.15 75.405
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
0.1 0.1
0.598 0.64
0.193 0.184
408 341.258
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59 Test Pressure kPa :
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell : In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel : In Out Type Rating kPa
69
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
257
Stainless Steel 24 19 mm
1
5000
5000
E-102 Cooler
TEMA L TEMA D
4.9 m 1.25
Stainless Steel 300 mm 320 mm
TEMA E 101.3
5000
CWS
S-107
CWR
S-108
D/L/E
Cools the proecss stream after the reaction, two needed in series to avoid violating the 55*C temperature max
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Shell Side Tube Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean/Service : / W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In / Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. bara
48 Vapor Pressure bara In / Out In / Out
49
50 *For condensing duties, supply heat release curve if available and latent heats
51 **For non-Newtonian fluids, supply apparent viscosity data or consistency index and flow behavior index
52
53
54
55
5.5 m Long
1
E-103
CHRIS
E-103 Cooler
Cold Water
6.006 6000
1 m Wide
0
0
0
0
0
6.006 6000
0
0
1.38 1443
0
1.38 1443
0
0
100
0.9
Process Stream
5
55
201.3
211
154.4
4900
352 152.7
283.91 N/A 9.042645
1
100
0.9
N/A
1.58 0.5
0.6493 0.57
1000 984.473
77.15 75.405
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
0.1 0.2
0.64 0.66
0.18 0.1793
341.3 268.74
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59 Test Pressure kPa :
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell : In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel : In Out Type Rating kPa
69
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
211
Stainless Steel 31 19 mm
1
4900
4900
E-103 Cooler
TEMA L TEMA D
4.9 m 1.25
Stainless Steel 300 mm 320 mm
TEMA E 201.3
4900
CWS
S-107
CWR
S-108
D/L/E
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Shell Side Tube Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean/Service : / W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In / Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. kPa
48 Vapor Pressure kPa In Out In / Out
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
1 m Wide
E-104 Heater 1
E-104
0
CHRIS
1301.3
0
1362.91
0
0
5 m Long
8068.78 1378.07
0
Medium Pressure Steam
1.302 1301.3
0
474
0
0
0
1301.3
0.9
Process Stream
254
194.2
4245
143.7
154.4
401.3
8068.78 1378.07
12.94 46.02
851.73 N/A 0.37
1
150
0.9
N/A
4245
N/A 0.11
0.62 N/A
N/A 801.7
N/A 95.7
N/A
43.6
0.02
0.062
20.89 N/A
N/A
N/A
0.19 0.19
0.65 0.65
0.17 0.17
80.25 80.2
N/A 0.015
N/A 0.038
N/A 0.2
N/A 38.18
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
373.946
22060
N/A
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell : In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel : In Out Type Rating kPa
69
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
254
Stainless Steel 2 19 mm
1
4245
E-104 Heater
TEMA L TEMA D
4.9 m 1.25
Stainless Steel 300 mm 320 mm
TEMA E 4245
401.3
MPS
S-111
UW
S-112
D/L/E
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Shell Side Tube Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean 1419.55/851.73/283.91 W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. bara
48 Vapor Pressure bara In / Out In / Out
49
50 *For condensing duties, supply heat release curve if available and latent heats
51 **For non-Newtonian fluids, supply apparent viscosity data or consistency index and flow behavior index
52
53
54
55
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.01
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.32
0.03
0.66
0.197
0.1644
36.54
76.517
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
1.58 0.5
0.6493 0.57
1000 984.473
77.15 75.405
881 70.6/68.04/40.82
17.2875
1
150
0.9
N/A
100
0.9
Process Stream
5
55
201.3
154.4
89.9
251.3
0
1330.82
1.33 1330.82
0
0
0
0
0
1330.82
0
6.006 6000
0
0
0
CHRIS
Cold Water
15 15011.8
N/A
1 m Wide
5.5 m Long
N/A
E-105 Cooler 1
E-105
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59 Test Pressure kPa :
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell : In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel : In Out Type Rating kPa
69
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
D/L/E
600 mm
TEMA E 201.3
251.3
CWS
S-107
CWR
S-108
E-105 Cooler
TEMA L TEMA D
4.9 m 1.25
Stainless Steel
154.4
Stainless Steel 60 19 mm
1
251.3
251.3
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Shell Side Tube Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean/Service : / W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In / Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. bara
48 Vapor Pressure bara In / Out In / Out
49
50 *For condensing duties, supply heat release curve if available and latent heats
51 **For non-Newtonian fluids, supply apparent viscosity data or consistency index and flow behavior index
52
53
54
55
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.01 N/A
0.06 N/A
0.092 N/A
274 N/A
N/A 1.16
N/A 0.3071
N/A 0.454
N/A 189.8
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
1.58 0.5
0.6493 0.57
1000 984.473
77.15 75.405
13.3 69.96
851.73 N/A 3.35
1
0.32
0.9
N/A
100
0.9
Process Stream
5
55
201.3
152.3
53.3
9.32
0
28.16
305.524 28.16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.226 226.58
0
0
0
Cold Water
0.226 226.58
1 m Wide
CHRIS
E-106 Condenser
5.5 m Long
1
E-106
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell : In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel : In Out Type Rating kPa
69
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
D/L/E
300 mm 320 mm
TEMA E 201.3
9
CWS
S-122
CWR
S-123
E-106 Condenser
TEMA L TEMA D
4.9 m 1.25
Stainless Steel
152.3
Stainless Steel 12 19 mm
1
201.3
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SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Tube Side Shell Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean/Service : / W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In / Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. kPa
48 Vapor Pressure kPa In Out In / Out
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
1 m Wide
E-107 Reboiler 1
E-107
0
CHRIS
0.95
0
0
0
0
1 m Long
0.015 18.63
0
High Pressure Steam
0.012 0.95
0
1587
0
0
0
0
0.9
Process Stream
330
320
12910.45
246.3
306.3
14
0.015 18.63
0.33 38.78
1420 N/A 0.00789
1
0.43
0.9
N/A
12910
N/A 0.0975
0.5959 N/A
N/A 764.66
N/A 105.2
N/A
84.22
0.026
0.133
77.22 N/A
N/A
N/A
3.24 1.25
0.14 0.13
1311 1265
43.8 383
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
373.946
22060
N/A
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell : In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel : In Out Type Rating kPa
69
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
330
Stainless Steel 1 19 mm
1
12910
E-107 Reboiler
TEMA U TEMA D
0.1322 1.25
Stainless Steel 300 mm 320 mm
TEMA J 14
12950
S-117
HPS
To T-101
UW
D/J/U
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Shell Side Tube Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean/Service : / W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In / Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. bara
48 Vapor Pressure bara In / Out In / Out
49
50 *For condensing duties, supply heat release curve if available and latent heats
51 **For non-Newtonian fluids, supply apparent viscosity data or consistency index and flow behavior index
52
53
54
55
1
E-108
E-108 Cooler
1 m Long
Cold Water
0.001 1.06
1 m Wide
CHRIS
0
0
0
0
0
0.001 1.06
0
0
0.015 19
0
0.015 19
0
0
100
0.9
Process Stream
5
55
201.3
306.2
205
201.3
1.1 224.63
283.91 N/A 0.02058
1
100
0.9
N/A
1.58 0.5
0.6493 0.57
1000 984.473
77.15 75.405
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
1.25 7.16
0.13 0.16
1264 1333
383 381
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell : In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel : In Out Type Rating kPa
69
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
306.2
Stainless Steel 1 19 mm
1
201.3
E-108 Cooler
TEMA L TEMA D
.344 m 1.25
Stainless Steel 300 mm 320 mm
TEMA E 201.3
201.3
CWS
S-118
CWR
S-119
D/L/E
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www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Shell Side Tube Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean/Service : / W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In / Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. bara
48 Vapor Pressure bara In / Out In / Out
49
50 *For condensing duties, supply heat release curve if available and latent heats
51 **For non-Newtonian fluids, supply apparent viscosity data or consistency index and flow behavior index
52
53
54
55
1
E-109
E-109 Condenser
1 m Long
Cold Water
0.125 125.12
1 m Wide
CHRIS
0
0
0
0
0
0.1245 125.12
0
0
0 0
11.93
318.2 11.93
0
0
100
0.9
Process Stream
5
55
201.3
99.3
37.2
6.32
0.644 37.93
851.73 N/A 0.0222
1
0.32
0.9
N/A
1.58 0.5
0.6493 0.57
1000 984.473
77.15 75.405
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A 0.744
N/A 0.466
N/A 0.19
N/A 87.531
0.01 N/A
0.025 N/A
0.04 N/A
45.9 N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel In Out Type Rating kPa
69 Stainless Steel
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
99.3
1 19 mm
1
201.3
E-109 Condenser
TEMA L TEMA D
0.37 m 1.25
300 mm
TEMA E 201.3
9
CWS
S-128
CWR
S-129
D/L/E
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www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Tube Side Shell Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean/Service : / W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In / Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. kPa
48 Vapor Pressure kPa In Out In / Out
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
1 m Wide
E-110 Reboiler 1
E-110
0
CHRIS
0.24
0
0
0
0
1 m Long
0.014 16.38
0
Medium Pressure Steam
0.012 0.24
0
474
0
0
0
0
0.9
Process Stream
254
194.2
4245
192.2
194.2
9
0.014 16.38
0.133 57.08
1420 N/A 0.0018
1
0.47
0.9
N/A
4245
N/A 0.11
0.62 N/A
N/A 801.7
N/A 95.7
N/A
43.6
0.02
0.062
20.89 N/A
N/A
N/A
1.64 1.6
0.19 0.19
1153 1152
1664 1679
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
373.946
22060
N/A
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell : In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel : In Out Type Rating kPa
69
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
254
Stainless Steel 1 19 mm
1
4245
E-110 Reboiler
TEMA U TEMA D
.0305 m 1.25
Stainless Steel 300 mm 320 mm
TEMA J 9
4245
S-125
MPS
To T-102
UW
D/J/U
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Service Series/Parallel
4 Area/Unit Inquiry No.
5 Quote No.
6 Size & Type P.O. No.
7 Supplier Job No.
8 Manufacturer Serial No.
9
10
11
12 PERFORMANCE PER PARALLEL TRAIN OR PER UNIT
13 Shell Side Tube Side
14 Fluid Circulated
15 Total Fluid Entering m
3
/h - kg/h - -
16 Vapor kg/h
17 Liquid m
3
/h - kg/h - -
18 Steam kg/h
19 Non-Condensibles kg/h
20 Fluid Vaporizer/Cond kg/h
21 Steam Condensed kg/h
22
23 Temperature In C
24 Temperature Out C
25 Operating Pressure kPa
26 Number of Pass Per Shell
27 Velocity m/s
28 Pressure Drop kPa
29 Fouling Coefficient m
2
K /W
30
31 Heat Exchanged : kW LMTD (corrected) : C
32 "U" Value - Clean/Service : / W/m
2
K Surface Area/Unit : m
2
33
34 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
35 Shell Side Tube Side
36 Liquid Properties
37 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
38 Heat Capacity kJ/kmol K In / Out In / Out
39 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
40 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
41 Vapor Properties
42 Density kg/m
3
In / Out In / Out
43 Heat Capacity kJ/kg K In / Out In / Out
44 Viscosity cP In / Out In / Out
45 Thermal Cond. W/m K In / Out In / Out
46 Critical Temp. C
47 Critical Press. bara
48 Vapor Pressure bara In / Out In / Out
49
50 *For condensing duties, supply heat release curve if available and latent heats
51 **For non-Newtonian fluids, supply apparent viscosity data or consistency index and flow behavior index
52
53
54
55
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1.59 68.49
0.19 0.23
1152 1289
1681 441.2
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
1.58 0.5
0.6493 0.57
1000 984.473
77.15 75.405
6.49 61.52
283.91 N/A 0.413
1
100
0.9
N/A
100
0.9
Process Stream
5
55
201.3
194.5
25
201.3
16.25
0
0.014 16.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.108 108.41
0
0
0.014
Cold Water
0.108 108.41
1 m Wide
CHRIS
E-111 Cooler
5.5 m Long
1
E-111
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57 CONSTRUCTION
58 Design Pressure kPa :
59
60 Design Temperature C :
61
62 Tubes No. OD BWG Length Pitch
63 Shell ID OD
64
65 Front Head Rear Head Cover
66
67 Shell : In Out Type Rating kPa
68 Channel : In Out Type Rating kPa
69
70 TEMA Class
71
72
73
74
75 SKETCH
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100 REMARKS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
D/L/E
300 mm
TEMA E 201.3
201.3
CWS
S-126
CWR
S-127
E-111 Cooler
TEMA L TEMA D
4.9 m 1.25
194.5
2 19 mm
1
201.3
!""#$%&'()!"!"##"$!!"#$%&%$'(%)*+!,##(-!
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 1
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3
4 Service Inquiry No.
5 Size & Type Quote No.
6 Supplier P.O. No.
7 Manufacturer Job No.
8 Model Serial No.
9
10
11
12 DESIGN DATA
13
14 Other Specs :
15 Design Pressure : barg @ C
16 Operating Press. : barg @ C
17 Feed Rate :
18 Distillate Rate:
19 Bottoms Rate: kg/hr
20
21 Lining :
22
23
24
25 Shell :
26 Heads :
27 Support :
28 Internals :
29 Trays :
30 :
31
32 Fireproofing :
33 Insulation :
34 Ins. Support Rings :
35 Paint :
36
37
38
39
40
41
42 Manholes : Hinged
43
44
45
46
47
48
49 REMARKS (INCLUDE ANY CLIPS TO BE SUPPLIED):
50
51
52 Ladder :
53
54
55
V-101
Flash Separator 1
Ben
Demister
1.48 154.4
1.48 154.4
1378.07 kg/hr
1330.82 kg/hr
47.25
Carbon Steel
M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L
S
Low Nickel Stainless Steel
Low Nickel Stainless Steel
Low Nickel Stainless Steel
Low Nickel Stainless Steel
N/A
Yes
Yes
Yes
None
Include insulation, 3 platform and 3 ladder clips
Include demister at top of column
Yes
!"#$%&%
'"!(%&%
("$%&%
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com MIXING TANK
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3 Mounting
4 Service Inquiry No.
5 Size & Type Quote No.
6 Supplier P.O. No.
7 Manufacturer Job No.
8 Model Serial No.
9
10
11 PROCESS CONDITIONS
12
13 Class of operation :
14 Type of agitation : Degree of agitation :
15 Cycle : Batch : Smallest : m
3
Normal : m
3
16 Maximum : m
3
17 Continuous : Rate of flow m
3
/h
18
19 Feed 1 Feed 2 Mixture
20 Material
21 Quantity
22 Viscosity cP C cP C cP C
23 Specific Gravity (SG) C C C
24 Components
25
26
27
28
29 Operating conditions : Normal temperature : C Normal pressure : kPa
30
31 Vessel volume : m
3
Diameter : m
32 Height : m
33
34
35
36 Other design notes :
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
1
TK-101
Mixing Tank
TK-101
1
CHRIS
Continuous - Top Entry
Blend Medium
N/A N/A
N/A
1.403
Fructose
144.3 kg/h
Water
1298.7 kg/h
Fructose + Water
1443 kg/h
25
1.5 25
0.9 25
1 25
1
1
25
25
7063
1.06
25 101.3
0.2338 0.5299
Courtesy of:
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DATA SHEET Page 2 of 2
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
56
57
58 SKETCH
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95 REMARKS
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
1 TK-101
!"#$%&%
"'(%&%
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 1
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3
4 Service Inquiry No.
5 Size & Type Quote No.
6 Supplier P.O. No.
7 Manufacturer Job No.
8 Model Serial No.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32 DESIGN DATA
33 Volume : m^3
34 Other Specs :
35 Design Pressure : kPa @ C
36 Operating Press. : kPa @ C
37 Flow Rate: m^3/h
38 Aspect Ratio:
39
40
41
42
43
44
45 Shell :
46 Heads :
47 Support :
48 Internals :
49 Trays :
50 :
51 Fireproofing : REMARKS (INCLUDE ANY CLIPS TO BE SUPPLIED):
52 Insulation :
53 Ins. Support Rings :
54 Paint :
55
No
Yes
No
Yes
M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L
S
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
N/A
N/A
101.3 88.9
1.33
2
0.222
10 minute retention time
1
CHRIS
1
V-102
Surge Tank
V-102
!"#$%$
&!'($%$
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 1
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3
4 Service Inquiry No.
5 Size & Type Quote No.
6 Supplier P.O. No.
7 Manufacturer Job No.
8 Model Serial No.
9
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29
30
31
32 DESIGN DATA
33 Volume : m^3
34 Other Specs :
35 Design Pressure : kPa @ C
36 Operating Press. : kPa @ C
37 Flow Rate: m^3/h
38 Aspect Ratio:
39
40
41
42
43
44
45 Shell :
46 Heads :
47 Support :
48 Internals :
49 Trays :
50 :
51 Fireproofing : REMARKS (INCLUDE ANY CLIPS TO BE SUPPLIED):
52 Insulation :
53 Ins. Support Rings :
54 Paint :
55
1
V-103
Condenser Surge Tank
V-103
1
CHRIS
0.016
10 minute retention time
9 53.3
0.096
2
No
Yes
M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L
S
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
De-mister
N/A
No
Yes
!"#$%&%
!'('%&%
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 1
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3
4 Service Inquiry No.
5 Size & Type Quote No.
6 Supplier P.O. No.
7 Manufacturer Job No.
8 Model Serial No.
9
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30
31
32 DESIGN DATA
33 Volume : m^3
34 Other Specs :
35 Design Pressure : kPa @ C
36 Operating Press. : kPa @ C
37 Flow Rate: m^3/h
38 Aspect Ratio:
39
40
41
42
43
44
45 Shell :
46 Heads :
47 Support :
48 Internals :
49 Trays :
50 :
51 Fireproofing : REMARKS (INCLUDE ANY CLIPS TO BE SUPPLIED):
52 Insulation :
53 Ins. Support Rings :
54 Paint :
55
1
V-104
Condenser Surge Tank
V-104
1
CHRIS
0.009
10 minute retention time
6 37.2
0.054
2
No
Yes
M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L
S
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
N/A
N/A
No
Yes
!"#$%&%
!'()%&%
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 1
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3
4 Service Inquiry No.
5 Size & Type Quote No.
6 Supplier P.O. No.
7 Manufacturer Job No.
8 Model Serial No.
9
10
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12
13
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17
18
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20
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30
31
32 DESIGN DATA
33 Volume : m^3
34 Other Specs :
35 Design Pressure : kPa @ C
36 Operating Press. : kPa @ C
37 Flow Rate: m^3/h
38 Aspect Ratio:
39
40
41
42
43
44
45 Shell :
46 Heads :
47 Support :
48 Internals :
49 Trays :
50 :
51 Fireproofing : REMARKS (INCLUDE ANY CLIPS TO BE SUPPLIED):
52 Insulation :
53 Ins. Support Rings :
54 Paint :
55
1
V-105
Condenser Surge Tank
V-105
1
CHRIS
0.002
10 minute retention time
101.3 205
0.014
2
No
Yes
M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L
S
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
N/A
N/A
No
Yes
!""#$%$
!&&'$%$
!""#$%&'()!"!"#$"%%&$"'()*'+,-)
!"#$%&%$'(%)*+!,##(-!
!"#$$%&'"#()*&+,-).& LqulpmenL no: 1-101
/0)#121#"31,4&/5))3 uescrlpLlon (func): vacuum ulsLlllaLlon 1ower
SheeL no:
1 /()3#5 6)7184&9,4*131,47
2 acklna 1vpe: Ceramlc 8aschla Self SupporLlna: [:)7] [no]
3 8lnas
4 nomlnal acklna Slze: 12.70 mm
3 acklna lacLor: 380.00 ressure urop/meLer acklna: 0.33 ka/m
6 vacuum acklna Slze: 23.40 mm 8ed SupporL: 8andom acklna
7 PL1: 0.67 m 8ed SupporL
8 (PelahL LqulvalenL Lo a 1heoreLlcal laLe) Pold-uown 1ravs: Pold uown Crld
9
10 ;43).4"<&9,4*131,47=
11 Condensor 1vpe: 1oLal 8eboller 1vpe: keLLle
12 Condensor ressure: 9.00 ka 8eboller ressure: 14.00 ka
13 Condensor 1emperaLure: 33.30 C 8eboller 1emperaLure: 306.20 C
14 leed 8aLe: 47.23 ka/hr
13 ulsLlllaLe 8aLe: 28.23 ka/hr 8oLLoms 8aLe: 19.00 ka/hr
16 8eflux 8aLlo: 3
17 ulsLlllaLe uenslLv: 0.46 ka/m^3 8oLLoms uenslLv: 1264.33 ka/m^3
18 ulsLlllaLe vlscoslLv: 1.16L-03 a s 8oLLoms vlscoslLv: 1.23L-03 a s
19 6173.1>$3,.=
20 lnslde ulameLer: 0.13 m
21 MaLerlal: 18/8 SLalnless SLeel
22 Llquld llow: 183.82 m^3/hr Llquld uenslLv: 0.46 ka/m^3
23 1emperaLure: 132.30 C Mln. ulameLer of Access: 0.12 m
24 Speclal 8equesLs:
23
26
27
28 ?)#5"41#"<&6"3"=
29 MaLerlal: 18/8 SLalnless SLeel Maxlmum Allowable SLress: 332000 ka
30 Column PelahL: 7.37 m Weld !olnL Lfflclencv lacLor:
31 Column lnner ulameLer: 0.13 m
32 1ower 1hlckness: 12.70 mm
33
34 lnsulaLlon SupporLs: [:)7] [no]
33
36
37 laLform Cllps: [:)7] [no] number 8equlred: 3
38
39
40 Ladder Cllps: [:)7] [no] number 8equlred: 3
41
42
43
44 @)%".(7=
43
46
47
!"#$$%&'"#()*&+,-).& LqulpmenL no: 1-102
/0)#121#"31,4&/5))3 uescrlpLlon (func): vacuum ulsLlllaLlon 1ower
SheeL no:
1 /()3#5 6)7184&9,4*131,47
2 acklna 1vpe: Ceramlc 8aschla Self SupporLlna: [:)7] [no]
3 8lnas
4 nomlnal acklna Slze: 12.70 mm
3 acklna lacLor: 380.00 ressure urop/meLer acklna: 0.33 ka/m
6 vacuum acklna Slze: 0.03 mm 8ed SupporL: 8andom acklna
7 PL1: 0.67 mm 8ed SupporL
8 (PelahL LqulvalenL Lo a 1heoreLlcal laLe) Pold-uown 1ravs: Pold uown Crld
9
10 ;43).4"<&9,4*131,47=
11 Condensor 1vpe: 1oLal 8eboller 1vpe: keLLle
12 Condensor ressure: 6.00 ka 8eboller ressure: 9.00 ka
13 Condensor 1emperaLure: 37.20 C 8eboller 1emperaLure: 194.20 C
14 leed 8aLe: 28.23 ka/hr
13 ulsLlllaLe 8aLe: 12.00 ka/hr 8oLLoms 8aLe: 16.23 ka/hr
16 8eflux 8aLlo: 3.30
17 ulsLlllaLe uenslLv: 0.19 ka/m^3 8oLLoms uenslLv: 1131.46 ka/m^3
18 ulsLlllaLe vlscoslLv: 7.34L-04 a s 8oLLoms vlscoslLv: 1.60L-03 a s
19 6173.1>$3,.=
20 lnslde ulameLer: 0.14 m
21 MaLerlal: 18/8 SLalnless SLeel
22 Llquld llow: 217.03 m^3/hr Llquld uenslLv: 0.19 ka/m^3
23 1emperaLure: 99.30 C Mln. ulameLer of Access: 0.12 m
24 Speclal 8equesLs:
23
26
27
28 ?)#5"41#"<&6"3"=
29 MaLerlal: 18/8 SLalnless SLeel Maxlmum Allowable SLress: 332000 ka
30 Column PelahL: 4.02 m Weld !olnL Lfflclencv lacLor: 1
31 Column lnner ulameLer: 0.14 m
32 1ower 1hlckness: 12.70 mm
33
34 lnsulaLlon SupporLs: [:)7] [no]
33
36
37 laLform Cllps: [:)7] [no] number 8equlred: 2
38
39
40 Ladder Cllps: [:)7] [no] number 8equlred: 2
41
42
43
44 @)%".(7=
43
46
47
!""#$%&'()!"!"#$%&'(")*+,-%&'.,/'0+12-)!
!"#$%&%$'(%)*+!,##(-!
!"#$%&'#()$*+,-./%0 LqulpmenL no: -101
1%"#$2$#()$'*,13"") uescrlpLlon (func): Screw ump
SheeL no:
1 4%"&()$*+,5'*6$)$'*07
2 lluld: WaLer and lrucLose Avallable Pead: 303.36 m
3 1emperaLure: 23.00 C ulscharae ressure: 3201.30 ka
4 uenslLv: 1028.68 ka/(m^3) SucLlon ressure: 101.30 ka
3 vlscoslLv: 9.82L-04 a s ressure Chanae: 3100.00 ka
6 ueslan llow: 1.40 (m^3)/hr
7
8 8"0$+*7 5'/%'*"*)7 9()"&$(:7
9 lmpellor 1vpe: Screw CenLrlfuaal Case: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
10 ower: 1834.30 W
11 Lfflclencv: 43.00
12 ump Speed: 1400 rpm lmpellor: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
13
14 lnsulaLlon 1vpe: none
13 LubrlcaLlon: [;"0] [no]
16 Coollna: [?es] [<']
17 llush: [;"0] [no] urlvers and erlpherals: MoLor
18 Seal: [;"0] [no]
19
20
21 !"/(&=07
22
23
24
23
!"#$%&'()*+,-(./0 LqulpmenL no: -102
1/"2&'&2*$&3#,14""$ uescrlpLlon (func): CenLrlfuaal ump
SheeL no:
1 5/"%*$&#),!3#6&$&3#07
2 lluld: MlxLure Avallable Pead: 93887.37 m
3 1emperaLure: 71.70 C ulscharae ressure: 231.30 ka
4 uenslLv: 0.16 ka/(m^3) SucLlon ressure: 101.30 ka
3 vlscoslLv: 3.93L-04 a s ressure Chanae: 130.00 ka
6 ueslan llow: 7906.99 (m^3)/hr
7
8 8"0&)#7 !3./3#"#$7 9*$"%&*+7
9 lmpellor 1vpe: Lnclosed Case: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
10 ower: 103.38 W
11 Lfflclencv: 80
12 lmpellor: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
13
14 lnsulaLlon 1vpe: none
13 LubrlcaLlon: [:"0] [no]
16 Coollna: [?es] [;3]
17 llush: [:"0] [no] urlvers and erlpherals: n/A
18 Seal: [:"0] [no]
19
20
21 <".*%=07
22
23
24
23
!"#$%&'()*+,-(./0 LqulpmenL no: -103
1/"2&'&2*$&3#,14""$ uescrlpLlon (func): CenLrlfuaal ump
SheeL no:
1 5/"%*$&#),!3#6&$&3#07
2 lluld: MlxLure Avallable Pead: 27.20 m
3 1emperaLure: 306.20 C ulscharae ressure: 331.30 ka
4 uenslLv: 1264.33 ka/(m^3) SucLlon ressure: 14.00 ka
3 vlscoslLv: 1.23L-03 a s ressure Chanae: 337.30 ka
6 ueslan llow: 0.02 (m^3)/hr
7
8 8"0&)#7 !3./3#"#$7 9*$"%&*+7
9 lmpellor 1vpe: Lnclosed Case: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
10 ower: 0.47 W
11 Lfflclencv: 43
12 lmpellor: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
13
14 lnsulaLlon 1vpe: llbrealass
13 LubrlcaLlon: [:"0] [no]
16 Coollna: [:"0] [no]
17 llush: [:"0] [no] urlvers and erlpherals: n/A
18 Seal: [:"0] [no]
19
20
21 ;".*%<07
22
23
24
23
!"#$%&'()*+,-*.((/,0(/12 LqulpmenL no: -104
31".&'&.*$&4#,35""$ uescrlpLlon (func): vacuum ump
SheeL no:
1 61"%*$&#),!4#7&$&4#28
2 lluld: Alr
3 1emperaLure: 33.30 C ulscharae ressure: 101.30 ka
4 uenslLv: 1.10 ka/(m^3) SucLlon ressure: 9.00 ka
3 vlscoslLv: 2.03L-03 a s ressure Chanae: 92.30 ka
6 ueslan llow: 6.73L-02 (m^3)/hr
7
8 9"2&)#8 !4/14#"#$8 :*$"%&*+8
9 lmpellor 1vpe: Lnclosed Case: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
10 ower: 3.13L-02 W
11
12 lmpellor: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
13
14 lnsulaLlon 1vpe: none
13 LubrlcaLlon: [?es]
16 Coollna: [no]
17 llush: [?es] urlvers and erlpherals: n/A
18 Seal: [?es]
19
20
21 ;"/*%<28
22
23
24
23
!"#$%&'()*+,-(./0 LqulpmenL no: -103
1/"2&'&2*$&3#,14""$ uescrlpLlon (func): CenLrlfuaal ump
SheeL no:
1 5/"%*$&#),!3#6&$&3#07
2 lluld: MlxLure Avallable Pead: 17.03 m
3 1emperaLure: 194.20 C ulscharae ressure: 201.30 ka
4 uenslLv: 1131.46 ka/(m^3) SucLlon ressure: 9.00 ka
3 vlscoslLv: 1.60L-03 a s ressure Chanae: 192.30 ka
6 ueslan llow: 0.01 (m^3)/hr
7
8 8"0&)#7 !3./3#"#$7 9*$"%&*+7
9 lmpellor 1vpe: Lnclosed Case: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
10 ower: 17.31 W
11 Lfflclencv: 43
12 lmpellor: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
13
14 lnsulaLlon 1vpe: llbrealass
13 LubrlcaLlon: [:"0] [no]
16 Coollna: [:"0] [no]
17 llush: [:"0] [no] urlvers and erlpherals: n/A
18 Seal: [:"0] [no]
19
20
21 ;".*%<07
22
23
24
23
!"#$%&'()*+,-*.((/,0(/12 LqulpmenL no: -106
31".&'&.*$&4#,35""$ uescrlpLlon (func): vacuum ump
SheeL no:
1 61"%*$&#),!4#7&$&4#28
2 lluld: Alr
3 1emperaLure: 37.20 C ulscharae ressure: 101.30 ka
4 uenslLv: 1.14 ka/(m^3) SucLlon ressure: 6.00 ka
3 vlscoslLv: 2.00 a s ressure Chanae: 93.30 ka
6 ueslan llow: 3.99L-02 (m^3)/hr
7
8 9"2&)#8 !4/14#"#$8 :*$"%&*+8
9 lmpellor 1vpe: Lnclosed Case: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
10 ower: 9.40L-03 W
11
12 lmpellor: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
13
14 lnsulaLlon 1vpe: none
13 LubrlcaLlon: [?es]
16 Coollna: [no]
17 llush: [?es] urlvers and erlpherals: n/A
18 Seal: [?es]
19
20
21 ;"/*%<28
22
23
24
23
!"#$%&'()*+,-(./0 LqulpmenL no: -107
1/"2&'&2*$&3#,14""$ uescrlpLlon (func): CenLrlfuaal ump
SheeL no:
1 5/"%*$&#),!3#6&$&3#07
2 lluld: MlxLure Avallable Pead: 13.30 m
3 1emperaLure: 203.00 C ulscharae ressure: 301.30 ka
4 uenslLv: 1333.32 ka/(m^3) SucLlon ressure: 101.30 ka
3 vlscoslLv: 7.16L-03 a s ressure Chanae: 200.00 ka
6 ueslan llow: 1.40L-02 (m^3)/hr
7
8 8"0&)#7 !3./3#"#$7 9*$"%&*+7
9 lmpellor 1vpe: Lnclosed Case: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
10 ower: 0.71 W
11 Lfflclencv: 43
12 lmpellor: Low nlckel SLalnless SLeel
13
14 lnsulaLlon 1vpe: llbrealass
13 LubrlcaLlon: [:"0] [no]
16 Coollna: [:"0] [no]
17 llush: [:"0] [no] urlvers and erlpherals: n/A
18 Seal: [:"0] [no]
19
20
21 ;".*%<07
22
23
24
23
!"#$%&'()* LqulpmenL no: u-103
+,*-(.(-/0(1)#+2**0 uescrlpLlon (func): Llquld 1urblne
SheeL no:
1 3,*&/0()4#51)6(0(1)78
2 lluld: WaLer suaar mlxLure Avallable Pead: 960.83 m
3 1emperaLure ln: 134.4 C LnLrance ressure: 4730 ka
4 1emperaLure ouL: 127.3 C LxlL ressure: 231 ka
3 uenslLv ln: 828.37 ka/(m^3) ressure Chanae: 4499 ka
6 vlscoslLv: 1.81 *10^-4 a s
7 ueslan llow: 8048.3 (m^3)/hr
8
9 9*7(4)8 51:,1)*)08 ;/0*&(/<8
10 Model: MulLl-sLaae Case: sLalnless sLeel
11 lrame: 20
12 ower: 43104 W
13 Lfflclencv: 73 lmpellor: sLalnless sLeel
14
13 lnsulaLlon 1vpe: Calclum SlllcaLe
16 LubrlcaLlon: [?es] [no] =)0*4&/<#!*/&#">%(,:*)08
17 Coollna: [?es] [no] WelahL: 16364 ka
18 llush: [?es] [no] LenaLh: 6330 mm
19 Seal: [?es] [no] WldLh: 3638 mm
20 PelahL: 3048 mm
21
22 ?*:/&@78
23
24
23
26
hLLp://www.hvdro-Lurblnes.com/ld74.hLml
CL MulLl-sLaae conflauraLlon Lurboexpander aeneraLor hlah raLlos or hlah flow raLes - noL necessarllv needed
hLLp://www.laLurblne.com/producLs/ frame 20
lnLearal equlpmenL
lenaLh 6330mm
wldLh 3638 mm expanslon raLlo 14
helahL 3048 mm our expanslon raLlo 11.843387
welahL 16364 ka
exLernal aear for machlnerv skld
Courtesy of:
www.cheresources.com LINE FILTER
SPECIFICATION SHEET Page 1 of 1
Package No. Doc. No. Rev.
1 Tag No.
2 Unit Number of Units
3
4 Service Inquiry No.
5 Size & Type Quote No.
6 Supplier P.O. No.
7 Manufacturer Job No.
8 Model Serial No.
9
10
11
12 FUNCTION
13
14
15
16
17 SERVICE CONDITIONS
18 Fluid Flowing :
19 Flow Rate :
20 Design : m
3
/h
21 Pressure : bar
22 Temperature : C
23 Fluid Viscosity : cP @ C
24 Fluid Density : kg/m^3
25 Particle Size Analysis :
26
27
28 Solids Loading : kg/hr
29 Filter Pressure Drop : bar
30 Filter Micron Rating :
31 Type and Description :
32
33
34
35 MECHANICAL
36 Materials of Construction
37 Housing :
38 Filter Element :
39 Gaskets :
40
41 Connections
42 Inlet :
43 Outlet :
44
45 Design Pressure : bar
46 Design Temperature : C
47 Accessories :
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Process Stream
Storage Tank
47.37
18/8 Stainless Steel
154.40
Microfilter for filtering as small as 50 nm particles from fluid process stream
Photoanalysis - Dynamic Light Scattering
64.93
0.49
0.05
0.18
U-101 & U-102
Filter 2
Filters solid humin from process stream
Ben
Mixture
8048.94
18/8 Stainless Steel
Microfilter
47.37
154.40
0.18 154.4
!""#$%&'(!"!"!"#$%&'!!"#$%&%$'(%)*+
!"##$%!
!"#$%&' LqulpmenL no: 8-101/102
()"$*+*$#%*&,-(.""% uescrlpLlon (func): lua llow 8eacLor
SheeL no:
number of unlLs: 2
1 /)"'#%*,0-1&,2*%*&,34
2 lluld: WaLer suaar mlxLure LnLrance ressure: 3000 ka
3 1emperaLure ln: 237 C LxlL ressure: 4993 ka
4 1emperaLure ouL: 237 C ressure Chanae: 3 ka
3 uenslLv ln: 828.37 ka/(m^3)
6 vlscoslLv: 1.073*10^-4 a s LmpLv WelahL: ka
7 CperaLlna llow: 1.401 (m^3)/hr CperaLlna WelahL: ka
8 lnsulaLlon: Calclum SlllcaLe
9 Case MaLerlal: sLalnless sLeel
10 Schedule: 40 PeaL lnpuL: W
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
23
26 !"5#'634
27
28
29
30
4.723m
1
2
8
.
2

m
m

1
4
1
.
3

m
m

helahL
!""#$%&'(!!!"!"#"$%&'()*+,-*!
!"#$%&'()$* +,-.%/0$$1
&'()$* +*-( 2- 3*$445%67389 2$(:%6;<9 =81$*"8, ="#%/>0$?',$ />0$?',$%@4$? AB%6((9 20">7#$44%6((9 CB%6((9 C#4',81"-# 2*8>"#D B:EFGGH1%67389%I>0$*$4%$J:*',$4K L$M#-,?4%&'()$* L-'D0#$44%6>(9 N$,->"1M%6(E49
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PS 1 PS L-101 12910.43 330 SLalnless 31.60383717 80 S 101.6 8.08 83.4 P n 0.00132 119000 0.0043 0.4723
uW 1 L-101 uW 3499.43 270 SLalnless 21.74820733 40 S 88.9 3.49 77.9 P n 0.00132 33138 0.0043 0.038
CWS 1 CWS L-102 101.3 3 SLalnless 0 3 S 273 3.4 266.2 C n 0.00132 3231 0.0043 0.0299
CW8 1 L-102 CW8 101.3 33 SLalnless 0 3 S 273 3.4 266.2 n n 0.00132 3231 0.0043 0.0299
CWS 1 CWS L-103 101.3 3 SLalnless 0 3 S 273 3.4 266.2 C n 0.00132 3231 0.0043 0.0299
CW8 1 L-103 CW8 101.3 33 SLalnless 0 3 S 273 3.4 266.2 n n 0.00132 3231 0.0043 0.0299
MS 1 MS L-104 4244.34 234 SLalnless 16.69239324 40 S 168.3 7.11 134.1 P n 0.00132 134000 0.0043 0.9071
uW 1 L-104 uW 616.71 160 SLalnless 2.076497233 3 S 101.6 2.11 97.4 P n 0.00132 27197 0.0043 0.0324
CWS 1 CWS L-103 101.3 3 SLalnless 0 3 S 323.9 3.96 316 C n 0.00132 11068 0.0043 0.0331
CW8 1 L-103 CW8 101.3 33 SLalnless 0 3 S 323.9 3.96 316 n n 0.00132 11068 0.0043 0.0331
CWS 2 CWS L-106 101.3 3 SLalnless 0 3 S 88.9 2.11 84.7 C n 0.00132 624.09 0.0043 0.011
CW8 2 L-103 CW8 101.3 33 SLalnless 0 3 S 88.9 2.11 84.7 C n 0.00132 624.09 0.0043 0.011
PS 2 PS L-107 12910 330 SLalnless 31.6040242 80 S 26.7 3.91 18.9 P n 0.00132 678.81 0.0043 0.012
uW 2 L-107 uW 11323 320 SLalnless 43.21027726 80 S 21.3 3.73 13.8 P n 0.00132 311.06 0.0043 0.0027
CWS 2 CWS L-108 101.3 3 SLalnless 0 3 S 21.3 1.63 18 C n 0.00132 13.71 0.0043 0.0012
CW8 2 L-108 CW8 101.3 33 SLalnless 0 3 S 21.3 1.63 18 n n 0.00132 13.71 0.0043 0.0012
CWS 2 CWS L-109 101.3 3 SLalnless 0 3 S 101.6 2.11 97.4 C n 0.00132 1034 0.0043 0.016
CW8 2 L-109 CW8 101.3 33 SLalnless 0 3 S 101.6 2.11 97.4 n n 0.00132 1034 0.0043 0.016
MS 2 MS L-110 4244.34 234 SLalnless 16.69239324 40 S 21.3 2.77 13.8 P n 0.00132 287.79 0.0043 0.017
uW 2 L-110 uW 3771 247 SLalnless 14.78438293 40 S 17.1 2.31 12.3 P n 0.00132 64.34 0.0043 0.0007
CWS 2 CWS L-111 101.3 3 SLalnless 0 3 S 60.3 1.63 37 C n 0.00132 443.9 0.0043 0.012
CW8 2 L-111 CW8 101.3 33 SLalnless 0 3 S 60.3 1.63 37 n n 0.00132 443.9 0.0043 0.012
N#>)&L+0"#>D A()39"#>D&B)5#D> -)$)?"#+>&B9"9 <+>5"30?"#+>&B9"9
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!"##$%!
DI HYDROX Y AC E T ONE
1. PRODUC T I DE NTI F I CA TI ON
Product Name:
I NCI Name:
Synonyms:
CAS Number :
EI NE CS Number :
Origin:
2. PHYSI C A L & C HE MI CA L PROPE RTI ES
Melting Point:
Boiling Point:
Vapor Pressure:
Vapor Density:
Evaporation Rate:
Density:
Solubility in water :
pH Value:
Appearance & Odor : r
3. STABI L I TY & RE A C TI VI TY
Chemical Stability:
I ncompatibility:
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Hazardous Polymerisation:
4. HANDL I NG & ST ORA GE
Materi al Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
dihydroxyacetone
dihydroxy-2-propanone, dihyxal
1,3-dihydroxyacetone
96-26-4
202-494-5
synthetic
68 71 (154 - 160 )
not applicable
not applicable
not applicable
not applicable
not determined
soluble
4 - 6 (5% water)
off- white crystalline powder, faint odo
may lose activity when stored at >6 (43 )
none known
none known
will not occur
Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Wash thoroughly after handling.
As with all chemicals, good industrial hygiene practices should be followed when


handling thismaterial.
Avoid freezing or excessive heat. Do not handle or store near an open flame, heat or
other sources of ignition. Keep the container tightly closed and in a cool, well-ventil
-ated place.
Isolate spill area immediately. Keep unauthorized personnel away.Ventilate closed
spaces before entering. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Prevent entry
into waterways, sewers,basements or confined areas. Surface may become slippery
after spillage. Use vacuum or broom sweeping and remove to disposal container. If
damp, flush with water.
Avoid to breath dust. Use NIOSH/OSHA approved
respiratory protective equipment.
Gloves recommended to prevent skin contact. Safety glasses,
goggles, or face shield recommended for eye protection.
Employeesmust practice good personal hygiene,
washing exposed areas of skin several times dailyand laundering contaminated
clothing before re-use.
Relatively non hazardous and non combustible.
Avoid to breath dust. May cause irritation to the respiratory tract.
May cause irritation. Irrigate eye with water for at least 15 to 20
minutes. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
May cause irritation; skin can become transiently discolored to red or
brown.
No specific hazard known
5. A C CI DENTAL RE L E ASE ME ASURES
6. E XPOSURE C ON TROLS & PE RSONA L PROTE CTI ON
Respi ratory Protection:
Protective Clothing:
Other Protective Measures:
7. HA ZARDS I DE NTI F I CA TI ON
General :
I nhalation:
Eye Contact :
Skin Contact:
Ingestion:
8. F I RST AI D ME ASURES
Eyes:
Skin:
I nhalati on:
Ingestion:
9. F I RE F I GHTI NG ME ASURES
Flammability Limits:
Unusual F i re Hazard:
F i re F ighting Procedures:
10. TO XI C OL O GI CA L I NF ORM A TI ON
Acute Toxicity:
Skin Tests:
Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity:
11. DISPOSAL CONSI DERA TI ONS
12. TRANSPORT I NF ORMATI ON
DOT Shipping Name:
ADR/ RI C Code:
Sea T ransport I MDG Code:
Ai r Tr ansport I ATA:
Irrigate eyes with a heavy stream of water for at least 15 to 20 minutes. If
irritation persists get medical attention.
Wash exposed areas of the body with soap and water.
Remove from area of exposure. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
If gastrointestinal symptoms develop, consult medical personnel.
None known
None known
Firefighters should wear full firefighting turn-out gear
(full Bunker gear) including NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus
with full facepiece operated in the pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.
LD50 16 g/kg (oral, rats)
Dihydroxyacetone was tolerated well by rabbits in acute skin and
mucousmembrane tolerance tests. Dihydroxyacetone reacts with the horny layer of
the skin and does not penetrate into deeper skin layer.
not data available
Storage and disposal must be in accordance with applicable local, state & federal
disposal regulations. Characterization and compliance with applicable laws are the
responsibility solely of the generator.
Refer to corresponding hazard class
Refer to corresponding hazard class
Refer to corresponding hazard class
Refer to corresponding hazard class
13. DISCL AI MER
This information relates only to the specific material designated and may not be valid
for such material used in combination with any other materials or in any other
process. Such information is to be the best of the company s knowledge and believed
accurate and reliable as of the date indicated. However, no representation,warranty or
guarantee of any kind, express or implied, ismade as to its accuracy, reliability or
completeness and we assume no responsibility for any loss, damage or expense, direct
or consequential, arising out of use. It is the user s responsibility to satisfy himself as
to the suitableness & completeness of such information for his own particular use.
p. 1
1
1
0
He a lt h
Fir e
Re a c t ivit y
P e r s o n a l
P r o t e c t io n
1
1
0
E
Material Safety Data Sheet
D-(-)-Erythrose MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification
Product Name: D-(-)-Erythrose
Catalog Codes: SLE1711
CAS#: 583-50-6
RTECS: Not available.
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: No products were found.
CI#: Not available.
Synonym:
Chemical Name: Not available.
Chemical Formula: C4H8O4
Contact Information:
Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
Houston, Texas 77396
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
1-800-424-9300
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients
Composition:
Name CAS # % by Weight
{D-(-)-}Erythrose 583-50-6 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Not applicable.
Section 3: Hazards Identification
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Hazardous in case of ingestion. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. Repeated or prolonged exposure is not known to aggravate medical condition.
Section 4: First Aid Measures
Eye Contact: No known effect on eye contact, rinse with water for a few minutes.
Skin Contact:
After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. Gently and thoroughly wash the contaminated skin with running
water and non-abrasive soap. Be particularly careful to clean folds, crevices, creases and groin. Cover the irritated skin with an
emollient. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. Wash contaminated clothing before reusing.
p. 2
Serious Skin Contact: Not available.
Inhalation: Allow the victim to rest in a well ventilated area. Seek immediate medical attention.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If the victim is not breathing, perform
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek immediate medical attention.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data
Flammability of the Product: May be combustible at high temperature.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Points: Not available.
Flammable Limits: Not available.
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not available.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Small Spill:
Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on
the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority requirements.
Large Spill:
Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the
contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system.
Section 7: Handling and Storage
Precautions:
Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty containers pose a fire risk, evaporate the residue under a
fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not breathe dust.
Storage:
Keep container dry. Keep in a cool place. Ground all equipment containing material. Keep container tightly closed. Keep in a
cool, well-ventilated place. Combustible materials should be stored away from extreme heat and away from strong oxidizing
agents.
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
p. 3
Engineering Controls:
Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended
exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants
below the exposure limit.
Personal Protection: Safety glasses. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent.
Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits: Not available.
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Solid.
Odor: Not available.
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 120.11 g/mole
Color: Not available.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Melting Point: Not available.
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: Not available.
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: Not available.
Solubility: Not available.
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data
Stability: The product is stable.
Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Not available.
Incompatibility with various substances: Not available.
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.
p. 4
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: No.
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Routes of Entry: Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals:
LD50: Not available. LC50: Not available.
Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Hazardous in case of ingestion. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of inhalation.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Section 12: Ecological Information
Ecotoxicity: Not available.
BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are more toxic.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.
Section 13: Disposal Considerations
Waste Disposal:
Section 14: Transport Information
DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).
Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.
Section 15: Other Regulatory Information
Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: No products were found.
Other Regulations: Not available..
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC):
p. 5
This product is not classified according to the EU regulations.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 1
Fire Hazard: 1
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 1
Flammability: 1
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Safety glasses.
Section 16: Other Information
References: Not available.
Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/09/2005 05:27 PM
Last Updated: 11/01/2010 12:00 PM
The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
MateriaI Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): FormaIdehyde
Section 1: Product Identification
Product name: FORMALDEHYDE
ChemicaI formuIa: N/A
Synonyms: Methylene oxide, AC-4553, AC-4554, 41860, 41883
SuppIier: Chemicals LTD
123 Anywhere St.
Ottawa, ON K5R 8N9
MateriaI uses: For laboratory use only.
Section 2: Hazardous Ingredients
Name CAS # % TLV
1. Formaldehyde

2. Methanol

3. Water

50-00-0

67-56-1

7732-18-5
30 40

5 15

Balance
Exposure limits: 0.3 ppm
(0.37mg/m3)
Exposure limits: 200 ppm
(262mg/m3)
N/A
Section 3: Physical Data
PhysicaI state Clear, colourless liquid with strong formaldehyde odour.
pH 2.8 4.0 (25 degrees Celsius) (37% solution)
Odour threshoId 0.8 1ppm
Percent voIatiIe 100%(V/V)
Freezing point nsoluble polymer gradually forms.
BoiIing point 90 - 100
Specific gravity 1.08 to 1.0975 (Water = 1)
Vapour pressure ~40 mm of Hg (@ 39C)
Vapour density 0.62 to 1.04 (Air = 1)
Evaporation rate 2.1(n-Butyl acetate = 1) (Methanol).
SoIubiIity Miscible in water.
Section 4: Fire and Explosion Data
FIash point 50 78 degrees Celsius
FIammabiIity Lower: 7%; Upper: 73%
Fire extinguishing
procedures
Use DRY chemical, carbon dioxide, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Cool
containing vessels with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Section 5: Reactivity Data
StabiIity Stable. Conditions to avoid: heat, sparks and flame, temperatures below 20C.
IncompatibiIity May react violently with: acids, alkalis, anhydrides, isocyanates, urea, phenol,
oxidizing agents, oxides, organic oxides, reducing agents, ammonia, aniline,
magnesium carbonate, performic acid, alkali metals, amines, hydrogen
peroxide, nitromethane, nitrogen dioxide, perchloric acid, perchloric acid-aniline
mixtures, bases, monomers, water reactive materials, magnesium carbonate
hydroxide.

Section 6: Toxicological Properties
Routes of entry nhalation, ingestion, absorption through skin and eyes.
Effects of acute
exposure
Death if inhaled or absorbed; severe eye irritation and burns; allergic dermatitis,
skin burns; bronchitis, pulmonary oedema; headache, dizziness, nausea,
vomiting; abdominal pain; blindness.
Effects of chronic
exposure
Nasal cancer, respiratory tract irritation; reproductive disorders, asthma,
dermatitis; multiple organ damage.
Section 7: Preventative Measures
Protective cIothing
and PPE
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber boots and heavy rubber
gloves, and an acid suit.
HandIing procedures Store in a cool place away from heated areas, sparks, and flame. Store in a well
ventilated area. Store away from incompatible materials. Do not add any other
material to the container. Do not wash down the drain. Do not breathe
gas/fumes/vapor/spray. n case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable
respiratory equipment. Keep container tightly closed. Manipulate under an
adequate fume hood. Take precautionary measures against electrostatic
discharges. Ground the container while dispensing. Ground all equipment
containing material. Use only explosion proof equipment. Use non-sparking
tools. Watch for accumulation in low confined areas. Do not use pressure to
dispense. Storage temperature depends on methanol content and should be
controlled to avoid precipitation or vaporization. Handle and open container with
care. Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. This product must be
manipulated by qualified personnel. Do not get in eyes, on
skin, or on clothing. Wash well after use. n accordance with good storage and
handling practices. Do not allow smoking and food consumption while handling.
SpiII containment Evacuate and ventilate the area. Stay upwind: Keep out of low areas. Eliminate
all sources of ignition. Dyke the area with sand or a natural barrier. Absorb on
sand or vermiculite and place in a closed container for disposal. Use non-
sparking tools. Transport outdoors. Wash spill site after material pick up is
complete. DO NOT empty into drains. DO NOT touch damaged container or
spilled material. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
Section 8: First Aid Measures
Eye contact mmediate first aid is needed to prevent eye damage. MMEDATELY flush eyes
with copious quantities of water for at least 20 minutes holding lids apart to
ensure flushing of the entire surface. Seek immediate medical attention.
DO NOT use an eye ointment.
Skin contact mmediate first aid is needed to prevent skin damage. mmediately flush skin
with plenty of water for at least 20 minutes while removing contaminated
clothing and shoes. Seek immediate medical attention. Wash contaminated
clothing before reusing.
InhaIation Remove patient to fresh air. Administer approved oxygen supply if breathing is
difficult. Administer artificial respiration or CPR if breathing has ceased. Seek
immediate medical attention.
Ingestion f conscious, wash out mouth with water. DO NOT induce vomiting. Seek
immediate medical attention.
Section 9: Preparation Information
Prepared by Chemical nc. Laboratories
Preparation date Aug. 16, 2005
Contact information (555) 555-5555

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Material Safety Data Sheet
Formic acid, 85%, F.C.C MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification
Product Name: Formic acid, 85%, F.C.C
Catalog Codes: SLF1387
CAS#: Mixture.
RTECS: Not applicable.
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Formic acid; Water
CI#: Not applicable.
Synonym: Formic Acid, 85%
Chemical Name: Not applicable.
Chemical Formula: Not applicable.
Contact Information:
Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
Houston, Texas 77396
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
1-800-424-9300
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients
Composition:
Name CAS # % by Weight
Formic acid 64-18-6 85
Water 7732-18-5 15
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Formic acid: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 700 mg/kg [Mouse]. 1100 mg/kg [Rat]. 4000 mg/kg
[Dog]. VAPOR (LC50): Acute: 6200 mg/m 0.25 hours [Mouse].
Section 3: Hazards Identification
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion, . Hazardous in case of skin
contact (corrosive, permeator). Slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer). Non-corrosive for lungs. Liquid or
spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact
may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing,
choking, or shortness of breath. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation
is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:
Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. [Formic acid]. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. [Formic acid]. TERATOGENIC
EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may be toxic to kidneys, liver, upper
p. 2
respiratory tract, skin, eyes, central nervous system (CNS). Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce
target organs damage. Repeated or prolonged contact with spray mist may produce chronic eye irritation and severe skin
irritation. Repeated or prolonged exposure to spray mist may produce respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent attacks of
bronchial infection.
Section 4: First Aid Measures
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing
and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical
attention.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention immediately.
Serious Inhalation:
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If
breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may
be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek medical attention.
Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. If large quantities of this material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,
tie, belt or waistband.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data
Flammability of the Product: Combustible.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: The lowest known value is 539C (1002.2F) (Formic acid).
Flash Points: The lowest known value is OPEN CUP: 69C (156.2F). (Formic acid)
Flammable Limits: The greatest known range is LOWER: 18% UPPER: 57% (Formic acid)
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Flammable in presence of open flames and sparks, of heat. Slightly flammable to flammable in presence of metals. Non-
flammable in presence of shocks, of oxidizing materials, of reducing materials, of combustible materials, of organic materials,
of acids, of alkalis, of moisture.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Explosive in presence of oxidizing materials. Slightly explosive in presence of organic materials, of metals. Non-explosive in
presence of open flames and sparks, of shocks.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards:
p. 3
Decomposes more rapidly under fire conditions, forming carbon monoxide. Aluminum reduces formic acid (itself a reductant)
with incandescence. (Formic acid)
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:
Formic acid forms explosive reactions with the following: Furfuryl alcohol, Hydrogen Peroxide + organic matter; Nitromethane,
P2O5, Thallic nitrate trihydrate +vanillin, and oxidizing agents Explosive decompositon of Formic Acid on clean nickel. (Formic
acid)
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Small Spill:
Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container. If
necessary: Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate.
Large Spill:
Combustible material. Corrosive liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk.
Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled
material. Use water spray curtain to divert vapor drift. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed.
Call for assistance on disposal. Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Be careful that the product is
not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.
Section 7: Handling and Storage
Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Keep container dry. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment
containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Never add water to this product. In case of
insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the
container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, organic
materials, acids, alkalis.
Storage:
Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible
sources of ignition (spark or flame).
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Engineering Controls:
Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective
threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location.
Personal Protection:
Face shield. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Boots.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits:
Formic acid TWA: 5 STEL: 10 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] [1999] TWA: 9 (mg/m3) from NIOSH TWA: 5 (ppm)
from NIOSH TWA: 9 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 5 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 5
(ppm) [United Kingdom (UK)] TWA: 9.3 (mg/m3) [United Kingdom (UK)]3 Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure
limits.
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
p. 4
Physical state and appearance: Liquid.
Odor: Pungent. Penetrating. Benzaldehyde-like
Taste: Sour
Molecular Weight: Not applicable.
Color: Clear Colorless.
pH (1% soln/water): Acidic.
Boiling Point: The lowest known value is 100C (212F) (Water). Weighted average: 100.67C (213.2F)
Melting Point: May start to solidify at 8.4C (47.1F) based on data for: Formic acid.
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: Weighted average: 1.21 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: The highest known value is 4.7 kPa (@ 20C) (Formic acid). Weighted average: 4.6 kPa (@ 20C)
Vapor Density: The highest known value is 1.59 (Air = 1) (Formic acid). Weighted average: 1.55 (Air = 1)
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: The highest known value is 0.625 ppm (Formic acid)
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, diethyl ether, acetone.
Solubility:
Easily soluble in acetone. Soluble in cold water, hot water, diethyl ether.
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data
Stability: The product is stable.
Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Heat, ignition sources, incompatible materials
Incompatibility with various substances:
Highly reactive with oxidizing agents. Reactive with organic materials, metals, acids, alkalis.
Corrosivity:
Highly corrosive in presence of copper. Corrosive in presence of stainless steel(304). Non-corrosive in presence of glass, of
aluminum, of stainless steel(316).
Special Remarks on Reactivity:
Formic acid is a strong reducing agent. Decomposes slowly during storage! Vent Container At Least Monthly. Formic acid
may react with alkalies and oxidizing materials such as peroxides, nitric acid, and chromic acid. It is also incompatible with
concentrated Sulfluric Acid, Nitromethane, finely powdered metals, permanganates, strong bases, oxidizing agents. (Formic
acid)
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Corrosive to metals
Polymerization: Will not occur.
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.
p. 5
Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 729 mg/kg (Mouse) (Calculated value for the mixture).
Chronic Effects on Humans:
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. [Formic acid]. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. [Formic
acid]. May cause damage to the following organs: kidneys, liver, upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes, central nervous system
(CNS).
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Extremely hazardous in case of inhalation (lung corrosive). Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact
(corrosive), of ingestion, . Hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, permeator).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May affect genetic material (mutagenic)
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: Corrosive. Causes skin irritation and burns . Absorbed through the skin. May cause
erythema and blistering. Eyes: Corrosive. Causes eye irritation and burns. Lachrymator. May cause corneal edema, ulceration
and scaring. Vapors may cause itching, burning and swelling of the eyes. Inhalation: Affects respiration and causes respiratory
tract irritation and burns. Vapors may afect behavior (brain) and sense organs and cause dizziness, and nausea. May
also affect the urinary system and liver Ingestion: May be harmful if swallowed. Causes digestive tract irritation and burns
with abdominal pain, vomiting, and possible death. May product corrosive ulceration and bleeding, and necrosis of the
gastrointestinal tract. May also affect the cardiovascular system, urinary system, blood, behavior, and metabolism. Chronic
Potential Health Effects: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Mah cause liver and kidney damage.
Effects may be delayed. Laboratory experiments have resulted in mutagenic effects.
Section 12: Ecological Information
Ecotoxicity: Not available.
BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.
Section 13: Disposal Considerations
Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.
Section 14: Transport Information
DOT Classification: Class 8: Corrosive material
Identification: : Formic acid (Formic acid) UNNA: 1779 PG: II
Special Provisions for Transport: Not available.
Section 15: Other Regulatory Information
Federal and State Regulations:
New York release reporting list: Formic acid Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances: Formic acid Pennsylvania RTK: Formic
acid Florida: Formic acid Minnesota: Formic acid Massachusetts RTK: Formic acid New Jersey: Formic acid TSCA 8(b)
p. 6
inventory: Formic acid; Water SARA 313 toxic chemical notification and release reporting: Formic acid CERCLA: Hazardous
substances.: Formic acid: 5000 lbs. (2268 kg);
Other Regulations: OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada):
CLASS B-3: Combustible liquid with a flash point between 37.8C (100F) and 93.3C (200F). CLASS E: Corrosive liquid.
DSCL (EEC):
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 3
Fire Hazard: 2
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection:
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 3
Flammability: 2
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Face shield.
Section 16: Other Information
References: Not available.
Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/09/2005 05:35 PM
Last Updated: 11/01/2010 12:00 PM
The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
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Material Safety Data Sheet
D-fructose MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification
Product Name: D-fructose
Catalog Codes: SLF1654, SLF2167
CAS#: 57-48-7
RTECS: LS700000
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: D-fructose
CI#: Not available.
Synonym: Levulose; Fruit sugar
Chemical Name: Fructose
Chemical Formula: C6-H12-O6
Contact Information:
Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
Houston, Texas 77396
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
1-800-424-9300
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients
Composition:
Name CAS # % by Weight
{D-}fructose 57-48-7 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Not applicable.
Section 3: Hazards Identification
Potential Acute Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of
inhalation.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. Repeated or prolonged exposure is not known to aggravate medical condition.
Section 4: First Aid Measures
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention if irritation occurs.
Skin Contact:
p. 2
Wash with soap and water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Get medical attention if irritation develops. Cold water
may be used.
Serious Skin Contact: Not available.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data
Flammability of the Product: May be combustible at high temperature.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Points: Not available.
Flammable Limits: Not available.
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not available.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Small Spill:
Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on
the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority requirements.
Large Spill:
Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the
contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system.
Section 7: Handling and Storage
Precautions:
Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty containers pose a fire risk, evaporate the residue under a
fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. If ingested, seek medical advice
immediately and show the container or the label. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area.
p. 3
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Engineering Controls:
Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended
exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants
below the exposure limit.
Personal Protection: Safety glasses. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent.
Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits: Not available.
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Crystalline solid.)
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Sweet. (Strong.)
Molecular Weight: 180.16 g/mole
Color: White.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Melting Point: Decomposition temperature: 103C (217.4F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: Not available.
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water.
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data
Stability: The product is stable.
Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Not available.
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents.
Corrosivity: Not considered to be corrosive for metals and glass.
p. 4
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: Will not occur.
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Routes of Entry: Inhalation. Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 4000 mg/kg [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Passes through the placental barrier in animal.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: May cause skin irritation. Not expected to be a health hazard. Eyes: Dust may cause
mechanical eye irritation. No adverse effects expected Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. Low hazard for ususal
handling. Ingestion: Extremely large doses may cause gastrointestinal tract disturbances. Low Hazard for usual handling.
Section 12: Ecological Information
Ecotoxicity: Not available.
BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.
Section 13: Disposal Considerations
Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.
Section 14: Transport Information
DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).
Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.
Section 15: Other Regulatory Information
Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: D-fructose
Other Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
p. 5
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC):
This product is not classified according to the EU regulations. Not applicable.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 1
Fire Hazard: 1
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 1
Flammability: 1
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Safety glasses.
Section 16: Other Information
References: Not available.
Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/11/2005 11:59 AM
Last Updated: 11/01/2010 12:00 PM
The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.







SAFETY DATA SHEET

Based on Directive 2001/58/EC of the Commission of the European Communities




1/8
Reference number : IMSDS02EN Revision date : 13-10-2003
Reason for revision : see heading 2, 11.2 Revision number : 006



FURFURAL






1.1 Identification of the substance or preparation:

Synonyms: 2-furaldehyde

CAS No. : 98-01-1
EC index No. : 605-010-00-4 NFPA code : 3-2-0
EINECS No. : 202-627-7 Molecular weight : 96.09
RTECS No. : LT7000000 Formula : C5H4O2

1.2 Use of the substance or the preparation:
Essence
Fuel: additive
Pharmaceutical product: raw material
Chemistry: raw material
Impregnating agent
Solvent

1.3 Company/undertaking identification:
International Furan Chemicals B.V.
Rotterdam Airportplein 7
3045 AP Rotterdam (The Netherlands)
Tel.: +31 10 238 05 55
Fax : +31 10 238 05 50

1.4 Telephone number for emergency:
+32 14 58 45 45
Brandweerinformatiecentrum voor gevaarlijke stoffen (B.I.G.)
Technische Schoolstraat 43 A, B-2440 Geel






Hazardous ingredients CAS No.
EINECS No.
Conc. in
%
Hazard
symbol
Risks
(R-phrases)
furfural 98-01-1
202-627-7
>98 T 21-23/25-36/37-40 (1)
(1) For R-phrases in full: see heading 16






- Harmful in contact with skin
- Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed
- Irritating to eyes and respiratory system
- Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
2. Composition/information on ingredients
1. Identification of the substance/preparation and of the company/undertaking
3. Hazards identification


2/8

FURFURAL






4.1 Eye contact:
- Rinse immediately with plenty of water
- Do not apply neutralizing agents
- If irritation persists: consult a doctor/medical service

4.2 Skin contact:
- Rinse immediately with plenty of water
- Soap may be used
- Remove clothing before washing
- If irritation persists: consult a doctor/medical service

4.3 After inhalation:
- Remove the victim into fresh air
- Unconscious: maintain adequate airway and respiration
- Immediately consult a doctor/medical service

4.4 After ingestion:
- Never give water to an unconscious person
- Victim is fully conscious: immediately induce vomiting
- Give nothing (little) to drink
- If you feel unwell: consult a doctor/medical service






5.1 Suitable extinguishing media:
- Water spray
- Alcohol foam
- BC powder
- Carbon dioxide

5.2 Unsuitable extinguishing media:
- Container may slop over if solid jet is applied

5.3 Special exposure hazards:
- Material presenting a fire hazard
- On burning: release of carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide

5.4 Instructions:
- Cool tanks/drums with water spray/remove them into safety
- Take account of toxic firefighting water
- Use firefighting water moderately and contain it

5.5 Special protective equipment for firefighters:
- Heat/fire exposure: compressed air/oxygen apparatus
- Heat/fire exposure: gas-tight suit






6.1 Personal protection/precautions:
See heading 8.1/8.3/10.3

6.2 Environmental precautions:
- Prevent soil and water pollution
- Substance must not be discharged into the sewer
- Contain leaking substance, pump over in suitable containers
- Plug the leak, cut off the supply
- Dam up the liquid spill

6.3 Methods of cleaning up:
- Liquid spill: take up in(to) sand, earth, vermiculite, kieselguhr, powdered
limestone or sodium bicarbonate
- Absorbed substance: shovel in closing drums
- Damaged/cooled tanks must be emptied
- Carefully collect the spill/leftovers
- Take collected spill to manufacturer/competent authority



5. Fire-fighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
4. First aid measures


3/8

FURFURAL





7.1 Handling:
- Reduce/avoid exposure and/or contact
- Use earthed equipment
- Do not discharge the waste into the drain
- Remove contaminated clothing immediately
- Clean contaminated clothing

7.2 Storage:
- Keep container tightly closed
- Store in a dark area
- Ventilation at floor level
- Provide for a tub to collect spills
- Keep away from: heat sources, combustible materials, oxidizing agents,
acids, bases

Storage temperature : 20 C
Quantity limits : N.D. kg
Storage life : N.D. days
Materials for packaging :
- suitable :steel, stainless steel, aluminium, iron

- to avoid :plastic

7.3 Specific uses:
- See information supplied by the manufacturer






8.1 Exposure limit values:


TLV-TWA : mg/m
3
2 ppm
TLV-STEL : mg/m
3
- ppm
TLV-Ceiling : mg/m
3
ppm

MEL-LTEL : 8 mg/m
3
2 ppm
MEL-STEL : 20 mg/m
3
5 ppm

MAK : - mg/m
3
- ppm
TRK : 20 mg/m
3
5 ppm

MAC-TGG 8 h : 8 mg/m
3

MAC-TGG 15 min. : mg/m
3

MAC-Ceiling : mg/m
3


VME-8 h : - mg/m
3
- ppm
VLE-15 min. : 8 mg/m
3
2 ppm

GWBB-8 h : 8.0 mg/m
3
2 ppm
GWK-15 min. : - mg/m
3
- ppm
Momentary value : mg/m
3
ppm

EC : mg/m
3
ppm
EC-STEL : mg/m
3
ppm


Sampling methods:
- Furfural NIOSH 2529
- Furfural OSHA 72
- Furfural (See Aldehydes, Screening) NIOSH 2539

8.2 Exposure controls:

8.2.1 Occupational exposure controls:
- Measure the concentration in the air regularly
- Work under local exhaust/ventilation

8.2.2 Environmental exposure controls: see heading 13



7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure controls/Personal protection


4/8

FURFURAL


8.3 Personal protection:

8.3.1 respiratory protection:
- Gas mask with filter type A
- High gas/vapour concentration: compressed air/oxygen apparatus

8.3.2 hand protection:
- Gloves
Suitable materials: Butyl rubber
PVA
Tetrafluoroethylene
Viton

- Breakthroughtime: N.D.

8.3.3 eye protection:
- Face shield

8.3.4 skin protection:
- Protective clothing
Suitable materials: Butyl rubber
PVA
Tetrafluoroethylene
Viton






9.1 General information:

Appearance (at 20 C) : Liquid
Odour : Almond, pungent
Colour : Light-yellow to brown

9.2 Important health, safety and environmental information:

pH value : 3.5/4.5
Boiling point/boiling range : 162 C
Flashpoint : 60 C
Explosion limits (740 mmHg) : 2/19 vol% (125 C)
Vapour pressure (at 20 C) : 1.3 hPa
Vapour pressure (at 50 C) : 13 hPa
Relative density (at 20 C) : 1.16
Water solubility : 8.3 g/100 ml
Soluble in : Ethanol, ether, acetone, chloroform
Relative vapour density : 3.3
Viscosity : 0.0149 Pa.s
Partition coefficient n-octanol/water : 0.67
Evaporation rate
ratio to butyl acetate : N.D.
ratio to ether : 75

9.3 Other information:

Melting point/melting range : -39 C
Auto-ignition point : 315 C
Saturation concentration : 5.9 g/m
3







10.1 Conditions to avoid/reactivity:
- Unstable on exposure to light
- Unstable on exposure to air

10.2 Materials to avoid:
- Keep away from: heat sources, combustible materials, oxidizing agents,
acids, bases
- Keep away from: plastic


9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity


5/8

FURFURAL

10.3 Hazardous decomposition products:
- Oxidizes slowly on exposure to air
- Decomposes slowly on exposure to light
- Violent to explosive reaction with many compounds e.g.: with (strong)
oxidizers
- With (some) acids/bases: heat release resulting in increased fire or
explosion risk
- Polymerizes on exposure to. (strong) acids/bases
- This reaction is accelerated on exposure to temperature rise
- On burning: release of carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide





11.1 Acute toxicity:


LD50 oral rat : 65 mg/kg
LD50 dermal rabbit : N.D. mg/kg
LD50 dermal rabbit : 500/1000 mg/kg
LC50 inhalation rat : 0.9 mg/l/4 h
LC50 inhalation rat : N.D. ppm/4 h

11.2 Chronic toxicity:


EC carc. cat. : 3
EC muta. cat. : not listed
EC repr. cat. : not listed

Carcinogenicity (TLV) : A3
Carcinogenicity (MAC) : not listed
Carcinogenicity (VME) : C3
Carcinogenicity (GWBB) : not listed

Carcinogenicity (MAK) : 3B
Mutagenicity (MAK) : not listed
Teratogenicity (MAK) : -

IARC classification : 3


11.3 Routes of exposure: ingestion, inhalation, eye and skin
Caution! Substance is absorbed through the skin

11.4 Acute effects/symptoms:

AFTER INHALATION
- Irritation of the respiratory tract
- Irritation of the nasal mucous membranes
- Headache
- CNS depression
- Dizziness
- Disturbances of consciousness
- Disturbances of heart rate
- Respiratory difficulties
- Risk of lung oedema
- Dry/sore throat

AFTER INGESTION
- Vomiting
- Nausea
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhoea
AFTER ABSORPTION OF HIGH QUANTITIES:
- Coordination disorders
- Cramps/uncontrolled muscular contractions

AFTER SKIN CONTACT
- May stain the skin

AFTER EYE CONTACT
- Irritation of the eye tissue
- Conjunctivitis
- Lacrimation


11. Toxicological information


6/8

FURFURAL

11.5 Chronic effects:

- No certainty about human carcinogenic properties

ON CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE/CONTACT:
- Enlargement/affection of the liver
- Affection of the renal tissue
- Feeling of weakness
- Skin rash/inflammation
- Tremor
- Nosebleeding






12.1 Ecotoxicity:

- LC50 (96 h) : 32 mg/l (PIMEPHALES PROMELAS)
- EC50 (48 h) : 29 mg/l (DAPHNIA MAGNA)

12.2 Mobility:

- Volatile organic compounds (VOC): 100%

- Moderately soluble in water

For other physicochemical properties see section 9

12.3 Persistence and degradability:

- biodegradation BOD
5
: 46 % ThOD

- water : - Readily biodegradable in water
- test: 93.5% 14d., mitiI OECD 301C

- soil : T : N.D. days

12.4 Bioaccumulative potential:

- log P
ow
:

0.67
- BCF :

N.D.
- Slightly or not bioaccumulative

12.5 Other adverse effects:

- WGK : 2 (classification in compliance with Verwaltungsvorschrift
wassergefhrdender Stoffe (VwVwS) of 17 May 1999)
- Effect on the ozone layer : Not dangerous for the ozone layer
(Council Regulation (EC) No
3093/94)
- Greenhouse effect : no data available
- Effect on waste water purification : no data available






13.1 Provisions relating to waste:
- Waste material code (91/689/EEC, Council Decision 2001/118/EC, O.J. L47 of
16/2/2001): 07 01 04 (other organic solvents, washing liquids and mother
liquors )
- Waste material code (Flanders): 001, 015, 034, 507
- KGA (the Netherlands): category 03
- Hazardous waste (91/689/EEC)

13.2 Disposal methods:
- Recycle by distillation
- Remove to an authorized waste incinerator for solvents
- Do not discharge into surface water

13.3 Packaging:
- Waste material code packaging (91/689/EEC, Council Decision 2001/118/EC,
O.J. L47 of 16/2/2001): 15 01 10 (packaging containing residues of or
contaminated by dangerous substances)
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal considerations


7/8

FURFURAL








63


1199




14.1 Classification of the substance in compliance with UN Recommendations
UN-number : 1199
CLASS : 6.1
SUB RISKS : 3
PACKING : II
PROPER SHIPPING NAME : UN 1199, Furaldehydes

14.2 ADR (transport by road)
CLASS : 6.1
PACKING : II
DANGER LABEL TANKS : 6.1+3
DANGER LABEL PACKAGES : 6.1+3

14.3 RID (transport by rail)
CLASS : 6.1
PACKING : II
DANGER LABEL TANKS : 6.1+3
DANGER LABEL PACKAGES : 6.1+3

14.4 ADNR (transport by inland waterways)
CLASS : 6.1
PACKING : II
DANGER LABEL TANKS : 6.1+3
DANGER LABEL PACKAGES : 6.1+3

14.5 IMDG (maritime transport)
CLASS : 6.1
SUB RISKS : 3
PACKING : II
MFAG : -
EMS : 6.1-01
MARINE POLLUTANT : -

14.6 ICAO (air transport)
CLASS : 6.1
SUB RISKS : 3
PACKING : II
PACKING INSTRUCTIONS PASSENGER AIRCRAFT : 609/Y609
PACKING INSTRUCTIONS CARGO AIRCRAFT : 611

14.7 Special precautions in connection with
transport
: none

14.8 Limited quantities (LQ) :

When substances and their packaging meet the conditions established by
ADR/RID/ADNR in chapter 3.4, only the following prescriptions shall be
complied with:
each package shall display a diamond-shaped figure with the following
inscription:
- 'UN 1199'
or, in the case of different goods with different identification numbers
within a single package:
- the letters 'LQ'


14. Transport information


8/8

FURFURAL






Enumerated in substance list Annex I of directive 67/548/EEC et sequens




R21 : Harmful in contact with skin
R23/25 : Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed
R36/37 : Irritating to eyes and respiratory system
R40 : Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect


S(01/02) : (Keep locked up and out of reach of children)
S26 : In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of
water and seek medical advice
S36/37/39 : Wear suitable protective clothing gloves, and eye/face
protection
S45 : In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice
(show the label where possible)






The information provided on this MSDS is correct to the best of our knowledge, information
and belief at the date of its publication. The information given is designed only as a
guidance for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release
and is not to be considered as a warranty or quality specification. The information relates
only to the specific material designated and may not be valid for such material used in
combination with any other material or in any process, unless specified in the text.


N.A. = NOT APPLICABLE
N.D. = NOT DETERMINED
* = INTERNAL CLASSIFICATION


Full text of any R-phrases referred to under heading 2:
R21 : Harmful in contact with skin
R23/25 : Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed
R36/37 : Irritating to eyes and respiratory system
R40 : Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect (COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2001/59/EC)


Exposure limits:
TLV : Threshold Limit Value - ACGIH US 2002
OES : Occupational Exposure Standards - United Kingdom 2001
MEL : Maximum Exposure Limits - United Kingdom 2001
MAK : Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen - Germany 2001
TRK : Technische Richtkonzentrationen - Germany 2001
MAC : Maximale aanvaarde concentratie - the Netherlands 2002
VME : Valeurs limites de Moyenne dExposition - France 1999
VLE : Valeurs limites dExposition court terme - France 1999
GWBB : Grenswaarde beroepsmatige blootstelling - Belgium 2002
GWK : Grenswaarde kortstondige blootstelling - Belgium 2002
EC : Indicative occupational exposure limit values - directive 2000/39/EC


Chronic toxicity:
K : List of the carcinogenic substances and processes - the Netherlands 2002



Toxic
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information
*** CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION ***

RTECS NUMBER : MC2980000
CHEMICAL NAME : Glycolaldehyde
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER : 141-46-8
BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. : 0506029
REFERENCE : 4-01-00-03955 (Beilstein Handbook
Reference)
LAST UPDATED : 199612
DATA ITEMS CITED : 5
MOLECULAR FORMULA : C2-H4-O2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT : 60.06
WISWESSER LINE NOTATION : VH1Q
COMPOUND DESCRIPTOR : Mutagen
SYNONYMS/TRADE NAMES :
* Acetaldehyde, hydroxy-
* Diose
* Glycolic aldehyde
* Hydroxyacetaldehyde
* Methylol formaldehyde
* Monomethylolformaldehyde

*** HEALTH HAZARD DATA ***

** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal
dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 3 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes
REFERENCE :
AJCPAI American Journal of Clinical Pathology.
(Lippincott/Harper, Journal
Fulfillment Dept., 2350 Virginia Ave., Hagerstown, MD
21740) V.1- 1931-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 45,46,1966

TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent
kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 280 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal
dose value
REFERENCE :
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic
Press, Inc., 1 E.
First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959-
Volume(issue)/page/year:
71,84,1983

** MUTATION DATA **

TYPE OF TEST : Mutation in microorganisms
TEST SYSTEM : Bacteria - Salmonella typhimurium
DOSE/DURATION : 12500 nmol/plate
REFERENCE :
JCROD7 Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.
(Springer-Verlag
New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus,
NJ 07094) V.93-
1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 111,149,1986

TYPE OF TEST : DNA damage
TEST SYSTEM : Human Lymphocyte
DOSE/DURATION : 5 mmol/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V.,
POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 304,229,1994

*** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE
DATA ***

NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA :
NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983)
NOES Hazard Code - X6706
No. of Facilities: 7 (estimated)
No. of Industries: 1
No. of Occupations: 1
No. of Employees: 1822 (estimated)
No. of Female Employees: 272 (estimated)


*** END OF RECORD ***!
p. 1
2
2
0
He a lt h
Fir e
Re a c t ivit y
P e r s o n a l
P r o t e c t io n
2
2
0
E
Material Safety Data Sheet
5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification
Product Name: 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde
Catalog Codes: SLH1816
CAS#: 67-47-0
RTECS: LT7031100
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-
furaldehyde
CI#: Not available.
Synonym: HMF; 2-Furancarboxyaldehyde,
5-(hydroxymethyl); 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-
fruancarboxyaldehyde; 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural; 5-
Hydroxymethylfuraldehyde; 5-Oxymethylfurfurole;
Hydroxymethylfurfurole
Chemical Name: 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde
Chemical Formula: C6-H6-O3
Contact Information:
Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
Houston, Texas 77396
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
1-800-424-9300
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients
Composition:
Name CAS # % by
Weight
{5-}Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde 67-47-0 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 2500 mg/kg [Rat].
Section 3: Hazards Identification
Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation
(lung irritant).
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified None. by OSHA, None. by NIOSH. (Inadequate study.) by NTP. MUTAGENIC
EFFECTS: Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY:
Not available. Repeated or prolonged exposure is not known to aggravate medical condition.
Section 4: First Aid Measures
p. 2
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical
attention.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek medical attention.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data
Flammability of the Product: May be combustible at high temperature.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 79C (174.2F).
Flammable Limits: Not available.
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Flammable in presence of open flames and sparks, of heat. Non-flammable in presence of shocks.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Small Spill:
Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on
the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority requirements.
Large Spill:
If the product is in its solid form: Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. If the product is
in its liquid form: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal. Finish cleaning by
spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system.
Section 7: Handling and Storage
p. 3
Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty containers pose a fire risk, evaporate
the residue under a fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable
protective clothing. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin
and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, reducing agents, alkalis.
Storage:
Hygroscopic. Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Do not store above 0C (32F).
Sensitive to light. Store in light-resistant containers.
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Engineering Controls:
Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended
exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants
below the exposure limit.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits: Not available.
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Crystals solid.)
Odor: Not available.
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 126.12 g/mole
Color: Brown. Yellow. (Light.)
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Melting Point: 28C (82.4F) - 35 C
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1.243 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: Not available.
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility: Soluble in cold water, hot water.
p. 4
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data
Stability: The product is stable.
Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Excess heat, ignition sources, light, incompatible materials, moisture
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, alkalis.
Corrosivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Sensitive to light. Hygroscopic; keep container tightly closed.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: Will not occur.
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Routes of Entry: Inhalation. Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 2500 mg/kg [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified None. by OSHA, None. by NIOSH. (Inadequate study.) by NTP. MUTAGENIC
EFFECTS: Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation (lung irritant).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May affect genetic material (mutagenic)
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: Causes skin irritation. It may produce yellow stains on the skin which are considered
harmless. Eyes: Causes eye irritation. Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract and mucous membrane irritation. Ingestion: May
cause gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Section 12: Ecological Information
Ecotoxicity: Not available.
BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.
Section 13: Disposal Considerations
Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.
Section 14: Transport Information
DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).
p. 5
Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.
Section 15: Other Regulatory Information
Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde
Other Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC):
R36/37/38- Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. S16- Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. S24/25-
Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S26- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical
advice. S36- Wear suitable protective clothing.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 2
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 2
Flammability: 2
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Splash goggles.
Section 16: Other Information
References: Not available.
Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/09/2005 05:47 PM
Last Updated: 11/01/2010 12:00 PM
The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

California Organic Fertilizers, Inc.
7600 N. Ingram Ave., Suite 121, Fresno, CA 93711 (559) 443-5690 Fax (559) 582-2011


MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Phytamin Liquid Humic Acid
SECTION I. IDENTIFICATION
Chemical Family: Mixture
Chemical Name and Synonyms: NA -- Mixture
Formula: Proprietary
Trade Name and Synonyms: Humic Acid

SECTION II. PRODUCT AND COMPONENT HAZARD DATA
A. Components: CAS. Reg. No: TLV:
Potassium Hydroxide 1310-58-3
Lignite n/a
SECTION III. PHYSICAL DATA
- Appearance and Odor: Brown liquid; odor-less Boiling Point: 212
o
F.
- Specific Gravity: 1.12 Vapor Pressure: 30 mm (approximately)
- Percent Volatile by Volume: None Vapor Density (Air = 1): Not known
- Evaporation Rate (Ethyl Ether = 1): < 1 Solubility in Water: > 99%
- pH: 12.0
SECTION IV. FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA
- Flash Point: N/A Flammable Limits: N/A
- Special Fire-Fighting Procedures: Firefighters should wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus.
- Extinguishing Agent: Water
- Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards: None

SECTION V. REACTIVITY DATA
- Stability: Stable Incompatibility: Acids
- Hazardous Polymerization: Not known Hazardous Decomposition Products: None

SECTION VI. TOXICITY AND HEALTH
A. EXPOSURE LIMITS
- OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): Potassium Hydroxide = 2 mg/m
3

- Threshold Limit Value (TLV): Not established
B. EFFECTS OF OVEREXPOSURE
1. ACUTE
a. Inhalation: May cause irritation. May cause pulmonary edema at high exposure rates.
b. Eyes: May cause irritation or ulceration.
c. Ingestion: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
d. Skin: May cause irritation.
2. CHRONIC Not known.
C. EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURES
- Inhalation: Inhalation of mist can cause mild irritation.
- Eyes: Major potential hazard. Liquid in eyes can cause serious damage. Rinse thoroughly with running water for 15
minutes. Seek medical attention.
- Ingestion: Ingestion can cause severe burning and pain in lips, mouth, tongue, throat, and stomach. Drink large
quantities of water and induce vomiting. Consult a physician.
- Skin: Wash with soap and water. Rinse thoroughly. Seek medical attention if inflammation occurs.
D. ANIMAL TOXICITY DATA
Not listed or established

SECTION VII. PERSONAL PROTECTION AND CONTROLS
A. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- As required by conditions. Use an OSHA or NIOSH approved respirator if required.
B. VENTILATION
- General: Not normally required. Use if needed for safe, comfortable working conditions.
- Local Exhaust: Not normally required. Use if needed for safe, comfortable working conditions.
Page 2 Phytamin Liquid Humic Acid MSDS
C. SKIN AND EYE PROTECTION
- Safety glasses should be worn in any type of industrial operation. Protective gloves should be worn as good hygiene
dictates.
D. OTHER CONTROL MEASURES
- An eye bath and washing facilities should be available. Wash thoroughly after handling.

SECTION VIII. SPECIAL STORAGE AND HANDLING PRECAUTIONS
Since emptied packages retain product residue follow label warning even after package is emptied. Dried residue can
constitute a fire hazard. Keep equipment and workplace clean.

SECTION IX. SPILL, LEAK, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES
- Steps to be Taken in Case Material is Released or Spilled: Collect and contain for salvage or disposal. Neutralize with a
mild acid solution. Absorb waste on inert media and dispose of as solid waste.
- Waste Disposal Method: Landfill in compliance with all federal, state and local laws concerning health and environment.

SECTION X. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DATA
SUMMARY
No environmental impact studies have been performed with this product. A review of the information available on the
ingredients does not indicate any potential hazard to the environment under anticipated conditions of storage, handling or
usage.

SECTION XI. TRANSPORTATION
- DOT Hazard Classification: Non-hazardous, non-regulated

SECTION XII. REFERENCES
1. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs, 1983 10th ed., Merck and Company, Rahway, N.J.

2. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 5th ed., 1979, Sax, N.I., Van Nostrand Reinhold & Co., N.Y., N.Y.

3. 29 C F R 1910 General Industry OSHA Safety and Health Standards., U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration. Rev. 1983, 1985.

4. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended
Changes. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenicists, Cincinnati, OH. 1985.

5. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, OH.

6. Water Quality Criteria, J.E. McKee and H.W. Wolf, Editors., Pub. No. 3-A (Revised). State of California, 1963.

7. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical substances: 1983 Supplement to the 1981-1982 Edition. National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health, 1984.

IMPORTANT
The information and data herein are believed to be accurate and have been compiled from sources believed to be
reliable. It is offered for your consideration, investigation and verification. Buyer assumes all risk of use, storage
and handling of the product, in compliance with applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations. California
Organic Fertilizers MAKES NO WARRANTIES EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, CONCERNING THE ACCURACY OR
COMPLETENESS OF THE INFORMATION AND DATA HEREIN. THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT
ABILITY AND FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE SPECIFICALLY EXCLUDED. California Organic
Fertilizers will not be liable for claims relating to any party's use of or reliance on information and data contained
herein regardless of whether it is claimed that the information and data are inaccurate, incomplete or otherwise
misleading.

Rev. 2-15-08
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Material Safety Data Sheet
Levulinic acid MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification
Product Name: Levulinic acid
Catalog Codes: SLL1693
CAS#: 123-76-2
RTECS: OI1575000
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Levulinic acid
CI#: Not available.
Synonym: 4-Oxopentanoic acid
Chemical Name: Not available.
Chemical Formula: C5H8O3
Contact Information:
Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
Houston, Texas 77396
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
1-800-424-9300
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients
Composition:
Name CAS # % by Weight
Levulinic acid 123-76-2 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Levulinic acid: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 1850 mg/kg [Rat].
Section 3: Hazards Identification
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant). Hazardous in case of ingestion, of inhalation.
Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by itching,
scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant). Hazardous in case of ingestion, of inhalation.
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance is toxic to mucous membranes. Repeated or prolonged
exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated or prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to chronic
respiratory irritation.
Section 4: First Aid Measures
p. 2
Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. Do not use an eye ointment. Seek medical attention.
Skin Contact:
After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. Gently and thoroughly wash the contaminated skin with running
water and non-abrasive soap. Be particularly careful to clean folds, crevices, creases and groin. Cover the irritated skin with an
emollient. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. Wash contaminated clothing before reusing.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical
attention.
Inhalation: Allow the victim to rest in a well ventilated area. Seek immediate medical attention.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting. Examine the lips and mouth to ascertain whether the tissues are damaged, a possible indication that
the toxic material was ingested; the absence of such signs, however, is not conclusive. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,
tie, belt or waistband. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek immediate medical attention.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data
Flammability of the Product: May be combustible at high temperature.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 137C (278.6F).
Flammable Limits: Not available.
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not available.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Small Spill:
Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on
the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority requirements.
Large Spill:
If the product is in its solid form: Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. If the product is
in its liquid form: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal. Finish cleaning by
spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system.
Section 7: Handling and Storage
Precautions:
p. 3
Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty containers pose a fire risk, evaporate the residue under a
fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. In case of insufficient ventilation,
wear suitable respiratory equipment If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes
Storage:
Keep container dry. Keep in a cool place. Ground all equipment containing material. Keep container tightly closed. Keep in a
cool, well-ventilated place. Combustible materials should be stored away from extreme heat and away from strong oxidizing
agents.
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Engineering Controls:
Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended
exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants
below the exposure limit.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits: Not available.
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Solid.
Odor: Not available.
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 116.12 g/mole
Color: Not available.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: 245.5C (473.9F)
Melting Point: 34C (93.2F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1.1447 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: Not available.
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: Not available.
Solubility: Not available.
p. 4
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data
Stability: The product is stable.
Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Not available.
Incompatibility with various substances: Not available.
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: No.
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Routes of Entry: Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 1850 mg/kg [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans: The substance is toxic to mucous membranes.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant). Hazardous in case of ingestion, of inhalation.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Section 12: Ecological Information
Ecotoxicity: Not available.
BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are more toxic.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.
Section 13: Disposal Considerations
Waste Disposal:
Section 14: Transport Information
DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).
Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.
p. 5
Section 15: Other Regulatory Information
Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Levulinic acid
Other Regulations: OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): CLASS D-2B: Material causing other toxic effects (TOXIC).
DSCL (EEC):
R22- Harmful if swallowed. R38- Irritating to skin. R41- Risk of serious damage to eyes.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 1
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 2
Flammability: 1
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.
Section 16: Other Information
References: Not available.
Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/09/2005 05:57 PM
Last Updated: 11/01/2010 12:00 PM
The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
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Material Safety Data Sheet
Pyruvic Aldehyde, 40 wt% Solutiion in Water MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification
Product Name: Pyruvic Aldehyde, 40 wt% Solutiion in
Water
Catalog Codes: SLP5392
CAS#: Mixture.
RTECS: UZ0700000
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Pyruvic Aldehyde, 40 wt%
Solutiion in Water
CI#: Not available.
Synonym: 1-Ketopropionaldehyde; 2-
Ketopropionaldehyde; 2-Oxopropanal; Acetylformaldehyde;
Acetylformyl; alpha-Ketopropionaldehyde; Glyoxal,
methyl; Propanal, 2-oxo-; Propanedione; Propanolone;
Propionaldehyde, 2-keto; Propionaldehyde, 2-oxo-;
Pyroracemic aldehyde; Methylglyoxal
Chemical Name: Pyruvaldehyde
Chemical Formula: C3-H4-O2
Contact Information:
Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
Houston, Texas 77396
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
1-800-424-9300
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients
Composition:
Name CAS # % by Weight
Pyruvic Aldehyde 78-98-8 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Pyruvic Aldehyde: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 1165 mg/kg [Rat].
Section 3: Hazards Identification
Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 3 (Not classifiable for human.) by IARC [Pyruvic Aldehyde]. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:
Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. [Pyruvic Aldehyde]. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. [Pyruvic Aldehyde].
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available.
Section 4: First Aid Measures
p. 2
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical
attention.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical
attention.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. If large quantities of this material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,
tie, belt or waistband.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data
Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Points: Not available.
Flammable Limits: Not available.
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Non-explosive in presence of open flames and sparks, of shocks.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Small Spill:
Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container.
Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority
requirements.
Large Spill:
Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal. Finish cleaning by spreading water
on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system.
Section 7: Handling and Storage
p. 3
Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of
insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the
container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, alkalis.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area.
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Engineering Controls:
Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective
threshold limit value.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits: Not available.
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Liquid. (Viscous liquid.)
Odor: Not available.
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: Not applicable.
Color: Clear. Slightly Brown.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Melting Point: Not available.
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1.108 - 1.17(Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: Not available.
Vapor Density: 2.48 (Air = 1)
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water.
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data
p. 4
Stability: The product is stable.
Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, alkalis.
Corrosivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: Will not occur.
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Routes of Entry: Inhalation. Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 1165 mg/kg [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 3 (Not classifiable for human.) by IARC [Pyruvic Aldehyde]. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:
Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. [Pyruvic Aldehyde]. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. [Pyruvic Aldehyde].
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May affect genetic material (mutagenic)
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Section 12: Ecological Information
Ecotoxicity: Not available.
BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.
Section 13: Disposal Considerations
Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.
Section 14: Transport Information
DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).
Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.
p. 5
Section 15: Other Regulatory Information
Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Pyruvic Aldehyde
Other Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): CLASS D-2B: Material causing other toxic effects (TOXIC).
DSCL (EEC):
R22- Harmful if swallowed. R36- Irritating to eyes. S26- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water
and seek medical advice. S36- Wear suitable protective clothing.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: h
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 2
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Splash goggles.
Section 16: Other Information
References: Not available.
Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/09/2005 06:19 PM
Last Updated: 11/01/2010 12:00 PM
The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.