Unit1 Introduction

Structure: 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Classification of Fluids 1.4 Units of Measurements 1.5 Liquids and their properties 1.6 Compressibility of water 1.7 Surface tension of water 1.8 Capillarity of water 1.9 Viscosity of water 1.10 Summary 1.11 Keywords 1.12 Exercise

1.1 Introduction Matter exists in two states either solid or liquid state. Sometimes same matter may exists in any one of 3 states example water can exists solid state as ice, ordinarily liquid state and gaseous state as vapour. Hydraulics in a branch which deals with water and its systematic study and behaviour. Fluid mechanics: fluid mechanics is that branch of science with deals with the behavior of the fluids at rest as we as in motion. 1.2 Objectives After studying this unit we are able to understand  Classification of Fluids

 Units of Measurements  Liquids and their properties  Compressibility of water 1.3 Classification of Fluids Fluid may be defined as a substance which is capable of flowing, it has no definite shape of its own, but it conforms to the shape of the containing vessel. Fluid can be classified as (i) Ideal fluids (ii) Real fluids. (i.) Ideal fluids- ideal fluids are those fluids which have no viscosity and surface tension and they are incompressible. For these fluids no resistance is encountered as the fluid motion. In nature the ideal fluids do not exists and therefore these are imaginary fluids.

(ii.)

Real fluids- Real fluids are also called practical fluids are those fluids which are actually available in nature. These fluids posers the properties such as viscosity surface tension and compressibility.

1.4 Units of Measurements Units may be defined as those standards in terms of which the various physical quantities like length, mass, time force, area, volume, velocity, acceleration etc are measured. Quantity SI Units Unit Area Volume Velocity Angular velocity Acceleration Frequency Square meter Cubic meter Meter per second (meter per second) Radian per second Meter per second square Hertz Symbol M2 M3 m/s rad/s m/s2 Hz

Discharge Mass density Force Pressure, stress.

Cubic meter per second Kilogram per cubic meter Newton Newton per square meter

M3/s Kg/m3 N N/m2 N/m3 N,S/m3 (=Pa. S) M2/s

Weight density (specific weight) Dynamic viscosity

Newton per cubic meter.

Newton second per square meter.

Kinematic viscourity Square meter per second

Work, energy Torque Power Surface tension Momentum

Joule Newton meter Watt Newton per meter Kilogram meter per second.

J Nm. W. N/m. Kg. m/s

1.5 Liquids and their properties  Density of water density of water is defined as mass per unit volume. It is denoted by a symbol (Greek letter Rho)

Mathematically
 

= = - - - - - - - kg/m3

The mass density of water is taken as 1000 kg/m3  Specific weight specific weight of water is defined as weight of water per unit volume. Normally it in denoted by w.

Mathematically Specific weight, W=

 

W= Note: w= g

- - - - - - N/m3

Specific Gravity: specific gravity is the ratio of specific weight (or mass density) of a fluid to the specific weight (mass density) of a standard fluid. Mathematically Specific Granity }G=
        

G=

Note: 1) Specific Gravity has no unit 2) Specific Gravity of water is 1. 3) Specific Gravity Mercury 13.6

1.6 Compressibility of water All fluids may be compressed by the application of external force, and when the external force in removed the compressed volume of fluids expand to their original volumes. Thus fluid also possesses classic characteristics like classic solids. Compressibility of fluids is quantitatively expressed as inverse of the bulk modulus of clasticity K of the fluid.

Mathematically K=


=-


 

1.7 Surface tension of water The property of the liquid surface to exert a tension is called the surface tension. It is denoted by ( , Greek word Sigma)

And it is the force required to maintain unit length of the film in equilibrium. In SI units surface tension is expressed (N/M). Note: as surface tension is directly dependent upon inter molecular cohesive forces, its magnitude for all liquids decreases as the temperature rises.

1.8 Capillarity of water If molecules of certain liquid possess, relatively, greater affinity for solid molecules, or in other words the liquid has greater adhesion than it will wet a solid surface with which it is in contact and will tend to rise at the point of contact, with the result that the liquid surface is concave upward and the angle of contact 0 is less than 900 as shown in fig. For example, if a glass tube of small diameter is partially immersed in water, the water will wet the surface of the tube and it will rise in the tube to some weight, above the normal water surface with the angle of contact 0 being zero. The wetting of solid boundary by liquid results in creating

decrease of pressure within the liquid and hence the rise in the liquid surface takes place. So that the pressure within the column. On the other hand, if for any liquid there is less attraction for solid molecule or in other

cohesion predominates then the liquid will not wet the solid surface and the liquid surface will be depressed at the point of contact. [i.e. mercury (Hg)] as shown below.

Capillary Rise (water H2O) Capillarity in circular glass tube H= 2 cos Swr Capillary Depression (Mercury) Hg

Where h-Capillary rise - surface tension - Contact angle

s-Specific gravity w- Specific weight of water r- Radius of glass tube

1.9 Viscosity of water Viscosity is that property of a fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over an adjacent layer. It is primarily due to cohesion and molecular momentum exchange between fluid layers, and as flow occurs, these effects appear as shearing stresses between the moving layers of fluid.

Which is called the co- efficient of viscosity or the dynamic viscosity or simply viscosity of the fluid. The dynamic viscosity u, may be defined as the shear stress required to produce unit rate of angular deformation.

1.10 Summary In this we have studied  Classification of Fluids  Units of Measurements  Liquids and their properties  Compressibility of water  Surface tension of water 1.11 Keywords Compressibility of water Surface tension of water Capillarity of water Viscosity of water

1.12 Exercise 1. Classify the fluids. 2. What are liquids? Explain their properties. 3. Explain the compressibility of water 4. Explain the Capillarity of water 5. What is viscosity of water?