Introduction to 205335 Microprocessor Course Description Microprocessor architecture, data types, addressing modes, in structions, register organization, interrupts,

memory management, interfacing th e peripherals, data communication and networks, coprocessor, multiprogramming an d multitasking, microprocessor applications, introduction to microcomputer desig n. 1

Introduction to 205335 Microprocessor Points - Home Work and Quiz - Project - Midterm - Final 20% (6 times +) 20% (4 t imes) 30% 30% Introduction to 205335 Microprocessor Project (1-2 peoples) 1. Hardware 2. LED, 7-Segment, Button 3. Counter 4. Clock -PCB + Some items (Free from KU) -Price approx 500 bath -first come first serve. 2

Introduction to 205335 Microprocessor Software 1. ASM-51 2. SDCC (C language) or KEIL 3. Flash Magic 4. Protel (PCB Design) What is a Microprocessor? A microprocessor is a programmable digital electronic component that incorporate s the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single semiconductor int egrated circuit (IC). The microprocessor was born by reducing the word size of t he CPU from 32 bits to 4 bits, so that the transistors of its logic circuits wou ld fit onto a single part. One or more microprocessors typically serve as the CP U in a computer system , embedded system, or handheld device. 3

What is the first Microprocessor? There are 3 microprocessor developed and finished in the same period but the fir st commercial microprocessor is developed and released by Intel. The first Micro processor is 4004. It is a 4 bit microprocessor that is released on November 15, 1971 , developed by Federico Faggin and Marcian Hoff. Timeline After the first microprocessor is released, Intel released the first 8-bits micr oprocessor, 8008 in 1972. This microprocessor architecture is a precursor to the most successful 8080 microprocessor that released in 1974. In the same year, Mo torola also released the 6800 series microprocessor. Zilog Company, which is est ablished by Marcian Hoff, released the Z80 microprocessor in 1976. The first sin gle-chip 16-bit microprocessor was TI's TMS 9900, which was also compatible with their TI-990 line of minicomputers. The 9900 was used in the TI 990/4 minicompu ter, the TI-99/4A home computer, and the TM990 line of OEM microcomputer boards. 4

Timeline Intel followed a different path, having no minicomputers to emulate, and instead "upsized" their 8080 design into the 16-bit Intel 8086, the first member of the x86 family which powers most modern PC type computers. Intel introduced the 808 6 as a cost effective way of porting software from the 8080 lines, and succeeded in winning much business on that premise. The 8088, a version of the 8086 that used an external 8-bit data bus, was the microprocessor in the first IBM PC, the model 5150. Following up their 8086 and 8088, Intel released the 80186, 80286 a nd, in 1985, the 32-bit 80386, cementing their PC market dominance with the proc essor family's backwards compatibility.The integrated microprocessor memory mana gement unit (MMU) was developed by Childs et al. of Intel Timeline While 64-bit microprocessor designs have been in use in several markets since th e early 1990s, the early 2000s have seen the introduction of 64-bit microchips t argeted at the PC market. With AMD's introduction of the first 64-bit IA-32 back wards-compatible architecture, AMD64, in September 2003, followed by Intel's own x86-64 chips, the 64-bit desktop era began.Both processors can run 32-bit legac y apps as well as the new 64-bit software. With 64-bit Windows XP, Windows vista x64, Linux and Mac OS X that run 64-bit native, the software too is geared to u tilize the full power of such processors. 5

Timeline What is a Microcontroller? A microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocess or emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general -purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). In addition to all arithmetic a nd logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller usual ly also integrates additional elements such as read-only and read-write memory, and input/output interfaces. Microcontrollers are frequently used in automatical ly controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, o ffice machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size, cost, a nd power consumption compared to a design using a separate microprocessor, memor y, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to electronical ly control many more processes. 6

What is a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor designed specific ally for digital signal processing, generally in real-time computing. - Designed for real-time processing - Optimum performance with streaming data - Separate p rogram and data memories (Harvard architecture) - Special Instructions for SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) operations - The ability to act as a direct memory access device if in a host environment - Processes digital signals conver ted (using an Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)) from analog signals. Output is then converted back to analog form using a Digital-toanalog converter (DAC) What is an Embedded system Embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, ca n do many different tasks depending on programming. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the siz e and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some e mbedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Physicall y, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controll ers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. 7

Where you can find microprocessor/controller ? Where you can find microprocessor/controller ? 8

How can Microprocessor work ? In order to make a microprocessor work, ROM, RAM and I/O is needed. microprocess or by itself alone cannot perform any command because a microprocessor dont have memory inside. The microprocessor system contains 1. Microprocessor (works as CP U) 2. Memories 3. I/O Device and Peripheral They are connected by the BUS SYSTEM a nd the bus system can be separated into - Address bus - Data bus - Control bus C PU Address Bus Data Bus Control Bus ROM RAM I/O Peripheral How can Microprocessor work ? Microprocessor works in 2 steps: 1. Fetch Instruction 2. Execute Instruction (Read an instruction code from a Memory) (Work on that particular command) Since a microprocessor is a digital device then a microprocessor work on a binar y system (0, 1 or On, Off). Memory Memory Fetch Execute Register I/O Unit 9

CPU CPU consists of 1. Registers 2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) 3. Instruction D ecode and Control Unit 4. Instruction Register (IR) 5. Program Counter (PC) Address bus Data bus Control bus IR Decode Control PC ALU Registers Sequence of Fetch 1. Program Counter (PC) Fetch by sending its address into the address bus. 2. Co ntrol unit sends Read command to control bus . 3. Memory after get the address and Read command, it send the instruction data from that specific address to data bus . 4. Instruction Register (IR) get that instruction from data bus. 5. Decode Uni t read the instruction in IR and Execute that instruction. 6. Program Counter (PC) increase its own address in order to ready for the next Fetch. 10

Bus System Bus system in the microprocessor unit is separated into 3 category: Address bus : used to specific the location of instruction, data, and I/O unit. Address bus is an unidirectional bus because the address come from CPU only. Add ress bus is different in each system depended on bits of the CPU. If CPU is n an n-bits microprocessor then the total addresses that can refer to is 2 addresses 2 8 = 256 210 = 1,024 = 1 Kbyte 216 = 65,536 = 26 x 210 = 64 KByte 2 20 = 1,048,576 = 1 Mbyte Bus System Data bus : used to transfer data to memory, and to I/O unit. Address bus is a bi directional bus because the data come both in and out from CPU. Control bus : co ntrol signal in the control bus are timing signals that are used to synchronize external devices that are connected to CPU. The control signal will synchronize the address and data bus. The control bus consists of Clock, Read, Write, Interr upts and other signal depended on the CPU architecture. 11

Input / Output Unit I/O unit , Peripherals are devices that extended from CPU (not include Memory). This unit is used to interface the microprocessor system to user ,to mass storag e and to control/monitor system. Mass storage can be separated to archival and o nline storage. Online storage is magnetic disk or Hard Disk while archival storage is magnetic tape and floppy disk. Online storage is a mass storage that CPU can always access the information when CPU needs, but archival storage is a storage that user have to prepare for microprocessor and tell CPU to access it. Input / Output Unit User Interface is a monitor, mouse, printer, keyboard, etc. some of these device are bidirectional devices such as touch screen monitor. Others are one directio n Devices such as mouse is an input device, speaker is an output device. Control /Monitor devices are the devices that are used to control or measure some device s for example control relay that use to drive motor, measure temperatures. 12

Software In order to make the microprocessor unit works as design, software is needed. Mi croprocessor software can be separated into 3 hierarchies. Software Application ( User Interface) Operating System (Command language, Utili ties) Input/Output Subroutine (Directly Access to Hardware) Hardware Software Input/Output Subroutine is the lowest level that controls the input and output o f the hardware directly. Example, read the input from keyboard, Display data to a monitor, etc. Input/Output Subroutine is importance and difference for each mi croprocessor (PC) system because microprocessor system has a different hardware. This subroutine is contained in a BIOS and in track of a hard disk called boots trap loader. Since the program can be run only on RAM then Bootstrap loader has a responsibility to copy that program from a hard disk and place it in RAM. 13

Software Operating System will manage the sequence of operation and it is easier for user to use a microprocessor system rather than use only Input/Output Subroutine. Op erating system consists of command language and utility software. Application is a a pplication software that design for a specific propose. User interface is in thi s application level. Microprocessor VS Digital Circuit Microprocessor (MPU) is software approach because the microprocessor system is f lexible and programmable, while the digital circuit is a hardware approach becau se it is fixed to the hardware. Moreover, digital circuit have to redesigned eve ry time when work is changed while MPU just change the software One hardware can do them all 14

Microprocessor VS Microcontroller Microprocessor (MPU) is a CPU and it needs ROM, RAM, I/O in order to work but Mi crocontroller (MCU) is a CPU + ROM,RAM,I/O then it need some few extra devices i n order to make it ready to work. Moreover, MCU is easier than MPU for interface the Input/Output. One of the most advantage of MCU is interrupt. Interrupt is a event that can cause by hardware (hardware interrupt) or software (software int errupt). When the interrupt happens, MCU will jump to assigned sub-program that is already assigned. Interrupt is used in Real-Time situation programming such a s a chemical pumping system whenever the fluid level excess the limit of a tank then interrupt will occur to make the MCU cut the motor power. Microcontroller h as some limit in memory. Microcontroller is used to control the system that work on input/output while microprocessor is used in the larger system such as PC or system that need a powerful processor and a large memory. MCS-51 VS Z-80 Z-80 has a lot of instructions but 71% of them are multi-bytes instruction so Z80 has to Fetch more than one time to get the complete instruction while MCS-51 has 62% of its instruction are single-byte instruction. Because of this reason M CS-51 is faster and optimal than Z-80. Table : Page 9 15

MCS-51 MCS-51 series has many microcontrollers with the same architecture for example: 8031,8051,8952, etc. Most microcontroller in this series has both microcontrolle r and microprocessor mode (set at EA pin). MCS-51 16

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