Coagulation-Flocculation of sugar industry wastewater using: Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC)

TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 Introduction Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Objective of the Study Significance of the Study Scope and Limitation of the Study Review of Related Literature Sugar Waste Production and its Industry Physical Properties of Wastewater Sample 2.2.1 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) 2.2.2 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 2.2.3 Color 2.2.4 Oil and Grease 2.2.5 Power of Hydrogen (pH) 2.3 Wastewater Treatment 2.4 Coagulation-Flocculation of Wastewater 2.4.1 Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) 2.4.2 Lime 2.4.3 Poly-Aluminum Chloride (PAC) 2.5 Factors Influencing Coagulation 2.5.1 Power of Hydrogen (pH) 2.5.2 Salt Content 2.5.3 Alkalinity

2.5.4 Turbidity 2.5.5 Temperature 2.6 Jar test method Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 References Appendices Appendix A Wastewater Sample Analysis Methodology Reagents Preparation of Wastewater Sample Characterization of the Sugar Industry Wastewater Determination of Most Effective Coagulant and Concentration

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Wastewater is any liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, and industry and/or agricultural and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations. Among the types of wastewater based on sources, disposal of wastewater from industrial plants is the most difficult and most costly. Water pollution caused by industrial plants poses a great danger. This is why, before discharging into the environment, the wastewater is supposed to be monitored, treated and evaluated in compliance with the effluent standard requirement set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Most industrial plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewater so that the parameters in the treated wastewater comply with the said standard requirements. One of the major industries here in the Philippines is the sugar industry. The sugar industry is a major water user and wastewater producer. Wastewaters produced have a high organic load and, initially in the refining process, also have a high particulate load. Thus, treatment of these wastewaters requires a process that combines mechanical, chemical, and biological treatment measures. Sugar industries generate about 1000 liters of wastewater for every ton of sugar cane crushed. Because of high BOD content, sugar industry wastewater will deplete dissolved oxygen content of water bodies rendering them unfit for both aquatic life and human uses. Epidemics, fish kills, floods, and other related disasters on record proved the menace brought by poor management of wastewater which claimed several lives and debilitated a number of people mostly affecting children. Wastewater, if not properly handled, will further reduce the remaining limited quantity of good water to the detriment of all. Wastewaters from different sources require specific treatments due to their difference in compositions. The method of treatment which is effective to all types of wastewaters is yet to be discovered. Many studies and experiments were done in treating industrial wastewater. Different methods and treatment sequences are applied such as biological, filtration, coagulation, flocculation and electrochemical method in treating wastewater. Wastewater from sugar industries is one that has complex characteristics and is considered a challenge for environmental engineers in terms of treatment. Many different techniques in treating this type of wastewater is introduced and modified/improved for the purpose of having a wastewater treatment that could eliminate all the undesirable wastewater components. One study discussed the use of electrochemical method wherein boron doped diamond anode in a bipolar trickle tower reactor is used. As a result, initial Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 1005 mg/L was decreased to the final COD of 46mg/L with a removal efficiency of 95.4% in the presence of 0.2 M Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) at the current density of 10 mA/cm2. Another study used the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) process-a biological treatment. Wastewater was treated in a UASB reactor seeded with nongranular anaerobicallly digested sewage sludge.Results showed that with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) at or above four hours and with an average organic loading rate (OLR) below 6.7 kg COD m-3.day -1, the COD removal efficiency of the system was over 76%. A sharp drop was observed in the COD removal efficiency at a HRT of two hours and at an average OLR above 11.5 kg COD m-3.day -1.

Coagulation and Flocculation are the most common treatments used in treating wastewaters; however, the search for the most effective coagulant for different type of wastewater is a continuous study. Previous studies discussed the used of certain coagulants in treating gasoline wastewater. Caspe (2000), Saguin (2001), and Vallar (2002), using different coagulants at different concentrations have introduced the application of coagulation in treating gasoline wastewater. Their results did not meet the standards specified on DENR Administrative Order no. 35 (DAO 35). Calica (2006), used the coagulant-Fenton sequence in treating wastewater. In the study Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) were used as coagulants at varying concentrations. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) at 100 mg/L, 125 mg/L, 150 mg/L; calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) at 300 mg/L, 400 mg/L, 500 mg/L and poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) at 4 mg/L, 7 mg/L, 10 mg/L were used. Calcium hydroxide was most effective at 300 mg/L and PAC at 10 mg/L. However, only PAC met all the standard requirements. For the ferric chloride and calcium hydroxide coagulation, a further treatment was done following the coagulant-Fenton sequence. This study is similar to the study done by Calica, however, the wastewater to be treated will come from a sugar industry. The aim of this study is to determine the efficiency of the three coagulants Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) in sugar industry wastewater treatment. 1.2 Statement of the Problem This study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the effect of Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Polyaluminum chloride (PAC)on the reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), color, oil and grease, and pH in sugar industry wastewater? 2. What is the effect of varying concentrations of the most effective coagulant on the reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), color, oil and grease, and pH in sugar industry wastewater? 1.3 Objective of the Study The objective of the study is to apply coagulation in sugar industry wastewater treatment using Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) as coagulants. Specifically, it aims to: 1. Determine the effects of different coagulants: Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) on the reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), color, oil and grease, and pH in sugar industry wastewater.

2. Determine the effects of varying concentrations of the most effective coagulant on the reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), color, oil and grease, and pH in sugar industry wastewater. 1.4 Significance of the Study The country's rapid population increase coupled with industrialization efforts produced pressures to the capacity of the environment to absorb generated wastewater. Untreated wastewaters are hazards to health and environment. Wastewater, when not managed properly, results to problems that are difficult to solve. It may contain pathogens from contaminated materials or production processes. The treatment of these wastewaters is highly recommended prior to disposal to ensure safety. This study will provide knowledge on how to treat sugar industry wastewater by coagulation using Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) as coagulants. These coagulants are proven effective in treating gasoline wastewater (Calica, 2006), however, in this study it will be applied to sugar industry wastewater for the reduction of the pollutants present. 1.5 Scope and Limitation This study will cover the treatment of wastewater samples from a sugar industry. The samples will be coagulated using Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) as coagulants. The coagulant which will show the most significant result will be chosen and the concentration at which the coagulant is most effective in treating wastewater will be determined. The treated wastewater will undergo parameter testing which includes BOD, TSS, pH, color and oil and grease. The parameters of the treated wastewater sample are to be evaluated according to the standards set by the DENR Administrative Order No. 35 (DAO 35). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) test as well as the use of Fenton is beyond the scope of this study due to limited resources.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Sugar Waste Production and its Industry As early as 1850s, sugar was introduced in the Philippines and became a subsistence crop among early Filipino farmers. The United States, through the Laurel-Langley Agreement, granted the Philippine a high quota for sugar into the US markets. Soon, sugar became a leading export earning crop of the country(posted by National Secretariat, 2009). Sugar industry is basically seasonal in nature and operates only for 120 to 200 days in a year (early November to April). A significantly large volume of waste is generated during the manufacture of sugar and contains high amount of suspended solids; organic matter; and water and air pollutants. According to sugar industries, there are two types of solid wastes produced during the manufacture of sugar. Bagasse is produced in the mill house in a quantity of about 30% of the crushed cane. The bagasse contains 50% moisture. Press mud or filter cake is produced in vacuum filters and press filters. The mud is produced in a range of 3-8 % of the crushed cane, depending on the nature of sugar manufacturing process. Press mud, which is discarded as a solid waste from sugar mills and used as a manure or as a landfill, is found to be an useful substrate for biogas production. The manufacture of sugar also generates large quantities of biomass waste such as rice husk, bamboo dust, bagasse, coconut coir, jute and sticks. This waste is ideal for use as fuel togenerate power. Sugar cane straw wastes can be recycled as active additions once calcined in the temperature range of 800 to 1000 C. Most of the wastewater comes from the distillery part of the factory. Distillery slops is the waste product of alcohol production from the fermentation of molasses. It is a highly toxic dark brown liquid composed mainly of water non-fermentable substances, alcohol, organic acids, yeast, and other unassimilable components of molasses (Bayquen,2006). So far, almost all of the waste products of the refinery can be considered and classified as by-products due to its usefeulness for and in the factory. All mill by-products are recycled, adding to the efficiency of the milling process and benefiting the environment.

2.2 Physical Properties of Wastewater Sample Wastewater quality parameters are essentially laboratory tests to determine whether or not a specific wastewater will have a significant adverse effect to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment. The sugar industries wastewater is characterized by oil and grease, color, BOD, COD, suspended solids and pH requiring treatment. 2.2.1 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) is the most widely used parameter applied to wastewater. It is a measurement of the dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the oxidation of organic matter in sewage in five days. The incubation is usually 5 days at 20 C

(Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). Because of the timeliness of these results the samples for a BOD5 test must be run within 24 hours of taking the sample. 2.2.2 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is a measure of the organic and inorganic solids, which remain in wastewater after separation occurs. It consists of floating matter, settleable matter, and colloidal matter. Suspended solids can lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged in the aquatic environment. 2.2.3 Color Color is an indication of how clean the wastewater is. A black sample represents wastewater that is anaerobic and still need significant treatment. A clear sample represents a sample where the BOD and TSS have been minimized. Dissolved organic material from decaying vegetation and certain inorganic matter may cause color in water. Excessive blooms of algae or the growth of aquatic microorganisms may also impart color. Color can also be caused by inorganic metals such as iron or manganese, or by humic substrances, which are formed from the degradation of leaves and other organic debris. Although color itself is not usually objectionable from the standpoint of health, its presence is aesthetically displeasing and suggests that the water needs appropriate treatment (Davis and Mascen, 2004). 2.2.4 Oil and Grease The oil and grease is a very important test used to determine the hydrocarbon content of industrial wastewaters. The term grease, as commonly used, includes the fats, oils waxes, and other related constituents found in waste water. Grease content is determined by extraction of the waste sample with trichlorofluroethane (grease is soluble in trichlorofluoroethane). If oil and grease is not removed before discharge of the wastewater, it can interfere with the biological life in the surface waters and create unsightly floating matter and films (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). 2.2.5 Power of Hydrogen (pH) Measuring the pH for water analysis is an important physical parameter. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with pure water at seven for neutral. If the water is under seven, that means there is acidic compound present. If it is above seven, there are alkalis present. The concentration range suitable for the existence of most biological life is quite narrow and critical. Wastewater with an adverse concentration of hydrogen-ion is difficult to treat by biological means, and if the concentration is not altered before discharge, the wastewater effluent may alter the concentration in the natural watrs (Lim, A.,et al, 2009). 2.3 Wastewater Treatment Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use.

There are three levels of wastewater treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary (or advanced). Primary treatment removes about 60 percent of total suspended solids and about 35 percent of BOD; dissolved impurities are not removed. It is usually used as a first step before secondary treatment. Secondary treatment removes more than 85 percent of both suspended solids and BOD. A minimum level of secondary treatment is usually required in the United States and other developed countries. When more than 85 percent of total solids and BOD must be removed, or when dissolved nitrate and phosphate levels must be reduced, tertiary treatment methods are used. Tertiary processes can remove more than 99 percent of all impurities from sewage, producing an effluent of almost drinking-water quality. Tertiary treatment can be very expensive, often doubling the cost of secondary treatment. It is used only under special circumstances (Lacson, 2004). Waste treatment methods include thermal, biological, physical, and chemical treatment, and combinations of these methods. Thermal treatment: Thermal treatment methods include incineration and sterilization. They involve using high temperatures to change the chemical, physical, or biological character or composition of the waste. Incineration is often used to destroy organic solvents and is preferred for infectious wastes. Biological treatment: Methods include using biosolids to destroy organic compounds, composting organic-rich wastes, and using bioreactors to promote decomposition. Aerobic biological oxidation and anaerobic digestion are two common microbiological processes used in breaking down organic waste. It separates the grease from the rest of the sink effluent then fed into-grease strains of bacteria dissolved in water (Saguin,2001). Physical treatment: Methods include silidification, compaction, photo-induced reaction, distillation, flocculation, sedimantation, flotation, filtration, centrifugation, gravity thickening, and carbon or resin adsorption. Physical treatment generally reduces volume or mobility of waste materials. Chemical treatment: Methods include chemical reaction (oxidation/reduction, neutralization, ion exchange, chemical fixation, photolysis, coagulation, precipitation) of the waste material. The oxidation of cyanide to cyanate with strong chemical oxidant is an example of a toxicity-reducing chemical treatment. 2.4 Coagulation-Flocculation of Wastewater The separation of particulate matter from the liquid phase is one of the important steps in most wastewater treatment processes. All waters, especially surface waters, contain both dissolved and suspended particles. Coagulation and flocculation processes are used to separate the suspended solids portion from the water. The suspended particles vary considerably in source, composition charge, particle size, shape, and density. Correct application of coagulation and flocculation processes and selection of the coagulants depend upon understanding the interaction between these factors. The small particles are stabilized (kept in suspension) by the action of physical forces on the particles themselves. One of the forces playing a dominant role in stabilization results from the surface

charge present on the particles. Most colloidal particles in water possess a negative charge. The stationary charged layer on the surface surrounded by a bound layer of water in which ions of opposite charge drawn from the bulk solution produce a rapid drop in potential (McGhee, 1991). Therefore, they will remain in suspension rather than clump together and settle out of the water. Chemicals are mixed with wastewater to promote the aggregation of the suspended solids into particles large enough to settle or be removed. Effluents are heterogeneous in nature. Hence, chemical coagulation is an important unit process in water treatment for the removal of turbidity. Coagulant chemicals come in two main types primary coagulants and coagulant aids. Primary coagulants neutralize the electrical charges of particles in the water which causes the particles to clump together. Chemically, coagulant chemicals are either metallic salts (such as alum) or polymers. Polymers are man-made organic compounds made up of a long chain of smaller molecules. Polymers can be either cationic (positively charged), anionic (negatively charged), or nonionic (neutrally charged). On the other hand, coagulant aid is an inorganic material, when used along with main coagulant, improves or accelerates the process of coagulation and flocculation by producing quick forming, dense and rapid-settling flocs. Coagulant aids when added increase the density to slow-settling flocs and toughness to the flocs so that they will not break up during the mixing and settling processes. The most widely used coagulants are: y y y y y y y y y Aluminum sulphate (Alum) Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) Ferrous sulphate (copperas) Ferric Sulfate Ferric Chloride Sodium Aluminate Silicon Derivatives Lime Synthetic Organic Polymers

2.4.1 Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) Ferric chloride, FeCl3 6H2O is the coagulant of choice for many industrial and sanitary wastewater treatment applications, due to its high efficiency, effectiveness in clarification, and utility as a sludge dewatering agent. The chemical leaves slight residual color, and offers very good turbidity removal. Ferric chloride may come in solid and liquid form. Generally, it is produced by chlorinating scrap iron. Being highly corrosive, the liquid forms of it must be stored and handled in corrosion-resistant tanks and feeders. The reactions of ferric chloride with natural and added alkaline are similar to those of ferric sulfate (Hammer, 1977). 2.4.2 Lime Lime is a coagulant aid used to increase the alkalinity of the water. The increase in alkalinity results in an increase in ions (electrically charged particles) in the water, some of

which are positively charged. These positively charged particles attract the colloidal particles in the water, forming floc. Lime can be in two forms: quicklime, (CaO) or hydrated lime, (Ca(OH)2). Quicklime may be used to provide artificial alkalinity to water when necessary. Quicklime varies in quality from 75 to 99% calcium oxide (typically 85%). It should be slaked with water before it is used. In contrast, hydrated lime is a white powder formed when quicklime is slaked in water. It does not deteriorate when stored, does not have to be slaked, and contains fewer impurities than most quicklime. Hydrated lime varies in quality between about 80% and 99% (typical 95%). Quicklime is cheaper than hydrated lime,so it is used almost entirely in large plants. Yet, hydrated lime is usually preferred for small plants because the saving in the cost of chemical by using quicklime is not enough to compensate for the costs of the labor and equipment that are required for slaking the quicklime. The alkalinity ratio of pure calcium oxide (CaO) to pure calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is 1 : 1.32. 2.4.3 Poly-Aluminum Chloride (PAC) Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) is often employed as the primary coagulant in potable water and industrial water treatment plants, replacing the need for other coagulants such as alum, and in many cases also eliminating or at least greatly reducing the need for pH adjustment chemicals, coagulant aids and filter aids. The chemical leaves no residual color and offers very good turbidity removal. PAC of the general formula AlnCl(3n-m)(OH)m is useful as this compound have a wide range of pH value according to the subscripts n and m. The actual pH correlates to the formula m/(3n). One has always to be careful of the dosage of PAC, since an overdose is expected to convert the net colloidal charge of the system to a positive sign. PAC is used in wastewater treatment applications for TSS and phosphate removal; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction in industrial wastewater treatment; and BOD and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal in municipal wastewater treatment. It is also shown in practical applications that PAC has a coagulating effect as good as 2-3 times of usual aluminum salt. With its much lower price than other organic coagulant, it has advantage in improving water quality. 2.5 Factors Influencing Coagulation For all raw water types, there are several water quality parameters that affect coagulation performance, including the amount of particulate material, the amount and nature of the natural organic matter present, and the bulk chemical and physical properties of the water. These parameters include pH, salt content, alkalinity, turbidity, and temperature.

2.5.1 pH The pH at which coagulation occurs is an important parameter for proper coagulation performance as it affects the surface charge of colloids, surface charge of floc particles and coagulant solubility. Prior to the process, the pH of the sample to be coagulated is adjusted to the desired measurement to optimize the dosage of the coagulant. Sodium hydroxide is the most used chemical on adjusting pH. For many waters, which are low in colours and well buffered and having pH in the optimum zone, no adjustment of pH is necessary when alum is used as coagulant. Failure to operate within the optimum pH zone, may be a waste of coagulants and may be reflected in the lowered quality of the plant effluent. 2.5.2 Salt Content Salts are compounds which contain both a cation and an anion. In water, the cation and the anion come apart and can interact with other charged particles in the water. All natural waters contain some concentration of cations and anions, such as calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron, manganese, sulphate, chloride, phosphate, and others. Some of these ions may affect the efficiency of the coagulation process 2.5.3 Alkalinity The alkalinity of water is related to both the pH and the salts in the water. Alkalinity is the capacity of the water to neutralize acids, based on the waters content of carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide, borate, silicate, and phosphate. Water with a high alkalinity is preferred for coagulation since it tends to have more positively charged ions to interact with the negatively charged colloids. 2.5.4 Turbidity For low total organic carbon raw waters in which turbidity controls coagulation, sufficient coagulant must be added to destabilize suspended colloids or to create a good settling floc. Raw water turbidity is less important for coagulant selection and dosage than the raw water natural organic matter or alkalinity. Coagulant doses are generally higher when raw water turbidity increases, although the relationship is not linear. 2.5.5 Temperature Low temperature affects coagulation and flocculation processes by altering coagulant solubility, increasing water viscosity, and retarding the kinetics of hydrolysis reactions and particle flocculation. Higher coagulant doses, the addition of flocculation or filter aids, longer flocculation times, and lower flotation, sedimentation and/or filtration rates are often required to produce low turbidity treated water. Poly-aluminum coagulants are thought to be more effective than alum in cold water as they are pre-hydrolized.

2.6 Jar Test Method Jar testing is a method of simulating a full scale water treatment process, providing system operators a reasonable idea of the way a treatment chemical will behave and operate with a particular type of raw water. Because it mimics full-scale operation, system operators can use jar testing to help determine which treatment chemical will work best with their systems raw water. Jar testing requires careful attention to detail. There is no set requirement on how many jar tests should be conducted, but the more tests conducted the better the plant will perform. (Swanson, 2011). A common problem of water treatment is overdosing that can hurt the quality of water while costing more than when proper jar testing technique is followed. By optimizing coagulation and flocculation, money can be saved.

METHODOLOGY 3.1 Reagents The reagents to be used in the experiment are: Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC). 3.2 Preparation of Wastewater Sample The wastewater sample to be used in this study will be taken from sugar industry. The sample will be stored to preserve its quality during the experiment. 3.3 Characterization of the Sugar Industry Wastewater The sugar industry wastewater physico-chemical characteristics such as biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), color, oil and grease and pH will be analyzed through the standard method of analysis of wastewater according to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) testing laboratory as shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Methods of Analysis for the Physico-Chemical Properties of Wastewater PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTY Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Color Oil and Grease Ph METHOD OF ANALYSIS Azide Modification, 5 days incubation Gravimetric Chloroplatinate Colorimetric Method Solvent Extraction Potentiometric

3.4 Determination of Most Effective Coagulant and Concentration Jar Test Method Three coagulants will be used in the experiment: Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC). Different dosages of each coagulant will be added to 400 mL of the wastewater sample to make the final concentration of the coagulant as shown in the table. Table 3.2 Different concentrations of different coagulants Ferric chloride concentration (mg/L) 100.0 125.0 150.0 Calcium hydroxide concentration (mg/L) 250.0 300.0 350.0 Poly-aluminum chloride concentration (mg/L) 8.0 10.0 12.0

After dosing each jar, stirrers will be turned on. Stirring will be administered using a magnetic stirrer. After coagulation is completed, the stirrer will be turned off to allow floc to settle. The liquid will be decanted for BOD, TSS, oil and grease, color, and pH analysis. The

most effective coagulant is to be determined through their parameter removal efficiency. Three samples for each concentration will be used for this procedure. When the most effective coagulant is already known, different concentration of it will be evaluated and from there, the most effective concentration will be determined.

REFERENCES Bayquen, C.V. (2006). Industrial Chemical Processes-Food Industries. Sugar Industry Calica, M. DC. (2006). Effects of Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and Poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) on Coagulation-Fenton sequence in gasoline wastewater treatment. Undergraduate thesis, CEAT, UPLB. Caspe, C.L. (2000). Removal of oil and grease from gasoline wastewater by coagulationflocculation Undergraduate thesis, CEAT, UPLB. Coagulant. Coagulants for Optimal Wastewater Treatment. Available: http://www.beckart.com/chemistry/coagulants.html Coagulation-Flocculation. Coagulation and Flocculation Process Fundamentals. Available: http://www.mrwa.com/OP-Coagulation.pdf Davis, M., Mascen, S. (2004). Principles of Environmental Engineering. Dilek, F.B., Yetis, U., Gokcay, C.F. (2003). Treatment of Sugar Industry Wastewater by an Electrochemical Method. Hammer, M. J. (1977). Water and Wastewater Technology. Hampannavar, U.S., Shivayogimath, C.B. (2010). Anaerobic treatment of sugar industry wastewater by Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor at ambient temperature. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. Lacson, M. (2004). Application of Fenton chemistry in gasoline station wastewater treatment. Undergraduate thesis, CEAT, UPLB. Lim A., Durian A., Binayug R. (2009). Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachate Using

Alum and Carbon-Zinc Electrodes from Used Non-rechargeable Batteries. Undergraduate thesis, COE, CSU. Loftus, T. (2003). Aerated lagoons-wastewater treatment Available: http://www.lagoonsonline.com/ Metcalf and Eddy (1991). Wastewater Engineering-Third Edition. McGhee, T. J. (1991). Water Supply and Sewerage-Sixth Edition. Physical Parameter of Water & Wastewater Analysis Available: http://www.ehow.com/facts_7176827_physical-parameter-water-wastewateranalysis.html Saguin, DC V.J.B. (2001). Optimization on removal of oil and grease from actual gasoline wastewater by coagulation-flocculation. Undergraduate thesis, CEAT, UPLB. Sugar Industry in the Philippines. Posted by National Secretariat (2009). Sugar Industry Waste. Available: http://www.primaryinfo.com/projects/sugar-industrywaste.htm Swanson, J. (2011). Water and wastewater Jar testing Available: http://teexweb.tamu.edu/EU/documents/WWW_WP_5-10.pdf Vallar, P.A.C. (2002). Treatment in gasoline station wastewater using aluminium sulphate and anionic polyacrylamide through coagulation-flocculation method. Undergraduate thesis, CEAT, UPLB.

Appendix A DENR Administrative Order No. 35 Series of 1990 Subject: Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990, Revising and Amending the Effluent Regulations of 1982 Table 2A Effluent Standards: Conventional and Other Pollutants in Protected Waters Category I and II and in Inland Waters Class C Protected Waters Category I Category II (Class AA (Class A, B and SA) and SB) OEI NPI OEI NPI b b 150 100 b b b b b b b b b b 3 6.0-9.0 100 50 1,200 3 6.0-9.0 60 80 1,000 Inland Waters Class C OEI 200 3 6.0-90 150 30 NPI 150 3 6.5-9.0 100 50 -

Parameter

Unit

Color PCU Temperature (max. rise in C rise deg. Celsius) pH (range) cod mg/L 5-day 20 C mg/L BOD Total mg/L Dissolved Solids Tot. mg/L Suspended Solids Surfactants mg/L (MBAS) Oil/Grease (Petroleum mg/L Ether Extracts) Phenolic Substances mg/L as Phenols Tot. Coli MPN/100ml forms

b b

b b

70 5.0

50 2.0

90 7.0

70 5.0

5.0

5.0

10.0

5.0

b b

b b

0.1 5,000

0.5 3,000

0.5 15,000

0.1 10,000