ABC of SuperMemo

Super Memo will help you learn faster! It is enough you spend now 3 minutes
reading this page to be able to begin learning! For a good start, you only need to use two things: 1. Add new - to add new questions and answers to SuperMemo (keyboard: Alt+A) 2. Learn - to review the material that you want to remember (keyboard: Ctrl+L)

Start learning now! Initially you may doubt the power of SuperMemo. Trust it for 1-2 weeks and you will begin to understand it better. Add at least 50-100 questionsanswer pairs related to your job, your life, or your interests. See how SuperMemo schedules the material for review. Important! Learn will only ask you to review your material after a few days. For that reason, spend your first days on adding new material for learning. Summary: The ABC of SuperMemo:

Add new material with Add new (Alt+A)

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Be sure to review your daily dose of material with Learn (Ctrl+L) Cherish the blessing of empowering wisdom! (which in simple English
means: Have fun with your new knowledge)

Learning with SuperMemo

Learning with SuperMemo is based on repetition (see why). The button Learn (bottom-left in the picture) makes it possible to learn the material stored in SuperMemo :

Warning! Your first repetitions will usually come up only in 3-5 days after you first add new material. Before they are due, you will only see "Nothing more to learn". This is normal. If Learn does not ask any questions, use Add new to add more material Repetition cycle

When you press Learn, SuperMemo will ask you to make repetitions (i.e. review due material). In each repetition you will do the following: 1. Look at the question and try to answer it (mentally or verbally) 2. Choose Show answer (at the bottom of the screen) to see the correct answer 3. Compare your response (from Step 1) with the answer displayed on the screen (in Step 2) 4. Choose a grade that will reflect the accuracy of your response (e.g. Good, Fail, etc.) (look below for grade descriptions) 5. Choose Next repetition to continue (and go back to Step 1) The repetition cycle may be shorter. If the repetition is passive (e.g. reading an article), you may immediately jump to the Next repetition stage. Do not look at the timer, the response time is ignored when measuring your performance. Grades The grades are defined as follows (keyboard shortcuts in parentheses):
REMEMBERING

Bright (press 5), excellent response Good (press 4), correct response provided with some hesitation Pass (press 3), answer recalled with difficulty; perhaps, slightly incorrect
FORGETTING

Fail (press 2), wrong response that makes you say I knew it! Bad (press 1), wrong response; the correct answer seems to be familiar Null (press 0), complete blackout; you do not even recall ever knowing the answer Grading tips:

Important! You only have to understand the difference between Pass and Fail! o Pass and more means remembering! o Fail and less means forgetting! your grading will work as long as you always grade yourself consistently and clearly differentiate between Pass and Fail. Over time, you will develop strong habits that will help you select grades automatically without much thinking instead of clicking a grade button you can just press a keyboard shortcut (e.g. 5 to choose Bright or 2 to choose Fail)

Regular repetitions are the key to success with SuperMemo In SuperMemo you first memorize the material and then review it when the program asks you to do so.

You memorize new material at your own pace but once it is memorized, you must make repetitions exactly as demanded by SuperMemo. This is not a limitation of the program. This is a limitation of human memory! The power of SuperMemo is in providing the best timing for repetitions. Optimally, you should work with SuperMemo every day! This way you will not accumulate outstanding material and you will not deviate from the optimum schedule of repetitions! Your repetitions should proceed daily until the following equivalent conditions are met:

you see the message: Nothing more to learn Outstanding equals to 0+0 in the statistics window (or simply 0) the second field of the status bar displays (0+0)/x, for example: (0+0)/23 (or simply 0) the progress bar on the status bar becomes blue (or is inactive)

Learning stages Each day, your learning will proceed in three stages: 1. Repetitions - reviewing material that has been memorized earlier (to make sure you do not forget it) 2. Memorizing - if you have time, you can memorize new material by answering Yes to Do you want to learn new material? (this message is suppressed until you memorize your first 100 elements) 3. Final drill - reviewing material that caused most problems in the first two stages of learning (Skip final drill must be unchecked in Options) Important! In incremental reading, during the Repetitions stage you will also read new articles and memorize their portions. The other two stages: Memorizing and Final drill are less important. With the help of the priority queue, you can also add more material to your collection than you can regularly review. This is why, in incremental reading, you will often still have lots of outstanding material in the queue at the end of the day See also:

Step-By-Step to SuperMemo Mastery

Step-by-step by Antimoon.com Alternative Guide

This guide will help you learn SuperMemo 2006 step by step without missing any important function. Each step may take from a day to a week. Advanced techniques such as incremental reading may require months of practice. Do not rush! SuperMemo can quickly lead to confusion and disillusionment. Pick the next step to learn only after mastering all previous steps.

1. ABC in 3 minutes: You can start using SuperMemo in 3 minutes. You only need to know two operations: o Add new for adding new material in the form of questions and answers (keyboard shortcut: Alt+A) o Learn for learning (keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+L). You should use Learn daily until you see the message Nothing more to learn

Many users never go beyond the above ABC and still benefit greatly from SuperMemo! It is recommended that you spend a week or so in this basic mode. Simple question-and-answer repetition is where 90% of the users get 90% of the benefit from SuperMemo! If you only remember to use Learn regularly and frequently back up your precious knowledge (e.g. with Ctrl+Shift+C), the rest of this guide can be considered optional. Warning! For the first 3-6 days, your learning schedule will be empty and you will have nothing to review! Keep using Add new until Learn becomes active 2. Choose the proficiency level: you can explore SuperMemo in stages by using File : Level menu. By default SuperMemo starts at the beginner level. After a day or two, you can move to the basic level. The middle level will later be needed to use many of the functions described in this guide. Once you fully understand the middle level, you can switch to the professional level that should be the ultimate destination of users who want to explore the most advanced functions of SuperMemo. If you find a description of the function in SuperMemo that is not available on a given level, you can increase the level to make the function appear among the options. Many shortcuts will work even if the function is not available on a given level. For example, you can view the calendar of repetitions by pressing Ctrl+W at the beginner level even though Tools : Workload appears only on the middle level menu 3. Safety of your knowledge. Backup! Knowledge you store in SuperMemo might belong to your most precious data on your hard disk! After all it cost you months or years of editing, learning, and review. You must continue using Learn indefinitely to make sure you never forget what you have learned. This is why backup skills are so important! Use Ctrl+Shift+C to copy your learning material to a new location. You should make a copy on a different hard disk every few days and on other media every month or so. Read more: Safety of your knowledge 4. Help: you can read help pages relevant to a given context in SuperMemo by pressing F1. If you do not have a broadband connection to the Internet, you can install the help file on your hard disk 5. Reading: if you learn from electronic sources (e.g. the Internet), you can benefit tremendously by mastering the technique called incremental reading. In incremental reading, you import articles from the Internet, and convert them to questions-and-answers with a couple of keystrokes. You can continue reading thousands of articles in parallel without getting lost. You can add thousands of items per year and still be able to recall 90-95%. It may take a few months of frustration before you reach proficiency in incremental reading; however, you will ultimately experience a seismic shift in your learning power. Invest a few hours in reading this article: Incremental reading. In the long run, the return on investment will be astronomic

6. Regularly check if your data is not corrupted: to be sure that your files have not been damaged by a virus, other software, or hardware problems, use File : Repair collection (Ctrl+F12) from time to time (e.g. once per month). Always backup your collection before using Repair collection 7. Position and size of windows: in the beginning you often dislike the size and positions of windows and dialogs in SuperMemo. You can change that. Your favorite layout will depend on your monitor's resolution, interface font used in SuperMemo, the size the element window and your learning habits. To save the current layout, press Ctrl+Shift+F5 (Window : Layout : Save as default). You can save more layouts and then choose between them by choosing an appropriate number on the Window menu. If you would like to include learning statistics in your layout, you might first open the statistics windows (e.g. by pressing F5). If you would like to preview the ancestor path of the current element, you could also open the ancestor path window with Ctrl+Shift+A. If you open, move and/or size many windows, you can always get back to your favorite layout by pressing Ctrl+F5 (Window : Layout : Apply default layout). You can also add or delete layouts with Window : Layout : Layout manager (Ctrl+Alt+Y) 8. Searching your collection: to quickly locate elements in your collection press Ctrl+F or choose the button Search on the element toolbar. Use this option also for AND-search, OR-search, etc. 9. Make your knowledge easy to remember: read 20 rules of formulating knowledge in learning to review most important principles that will make sure you will remember with minimum effort 10. Principles of success in learning: with years passing by, you will develop healthy learning habits that will make sure your work with SuperMemo is both effective and enjoyable. You can save months of experimenting if you read Ten Commandments of a Highly Efficient User of SuperMemo 11. Processing knowledge: you should remember that all your learning material requires endless attention. You should review your elements for usefulness, correct formulation, logic, grammar, etc. When an element comes up for a repetition, you should make a quick and nearly instinctive assessment of the following: 1. Do I really need this element? 2. Do I really need to know it now? Or can I learn it later? 3. Is this element difficult to remember? If so, why? 4. Is it factually correct? 5. Is it as simple and clear as possible? Here are some typical actions you will take depending on the answer to the above questions (some keyboard shortcuts may not work at lower difficulty levels): 6. correcting an element. In case of questions and answers, you can use keys such as Q, A, or E to enter a text field and change it. In more complex elements you

can use Ctrl+T to circle between components, or use Alt+click to switch a component between editing and dragging modes 7. rescheduling the element. You can manually change the date of the next review. If you know the element well, you can increase the interval remaining till the next review. If the element is very important, you can reduce the interval. Press Ctrl+J to select the date of the next review. If you have just reviewed the element, you should first use Ctrl+Alt+R to inform SuperMemo about the review 8. dismissing an element. If you are sure you are not likely to need the element in the future, but you would like to keep it in your collection for reference or archival purposes, press Ctrl+D. Dismissed elements are removed from the learning process (and from the pending queue) 9. deleting the item or an article. The key Del is very useful in cleaning your collection from garbage. You can use Done with Ctrl+Shift+Enter to delete the content of an element without deleting its children 10. forgetting an element. If you think the element is too difficult or not important enough at the moment, you can decide to learn it later. For this purpose, press Ctrl+R to remove it from the learning process. This will put it at the end of the pending queue 12. One body of knowledge: it is recommended that you keep all your knowledge in one collection (you can create new collections with File : New collection). Here are the benefits of one body of knowledge: 0. you do not have to open a number of collections each day to make repetitions (you can still learn only selected branches if you wish so) 1. you can keep one global learning process and one set of statistics (branch statistics are also available to inform you of the progress in individual branches) 2. repetitions of mixed-up material are more entertaining and verifiably boost your creativity! You will be amazed how this affects your ability to come up with new ideas and unexpectedly associate facts relating to completely different subjects. The fun of diversified learning material will make it easier for you to stick with your own learning resolutions! 3. you will eliminate a very frequent problem: neglecting some collections at the cost of others. The only rational way of controlling the flow of knowledge and the right proportions between branches is to use the tools provided by SuperMemo. Neglect and procrastination do not belong to these tools. Multiple collections make it easier for you to fail your own learning plans! If you have already created a couple of collections, you can merge them by using File : Merge collection. Open the collection that is to be merged with your main body of knowledge, choose Merge collection, and point to the collection that keeps the main body of knowledge 13. Statistics of the learning process: you will understand your memory better if you learn to interpret the statistics of the learning process:

you can see the calendar of repetitions by pressing Ctrl+W or choosing Tools : Workload o you can conveniently view learning statistics by pressing F5. For interpretation of individual parameters see: Learning statistics and Element statistics. You can preserve the layout with statistics windows by pressing Ctrl+Shift+F5 o you can monitor your progress with Tools : Statistics : Analysis (Ctrl+Alt+I). For example, the Use tab will show you the graphs of your daily progress (e.g. number of memorized elements, recall rate, etc.)
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14. Adding pictures, sound and video: you can easily add new texts, images, sounds and other components to your elements. New components are most conveniently added with Edit : Add components on the main menu. You can also drag components from the Compose toolbar available with Edit : Add components or Window : Toolbars : Compose. To drag a component click the appropriate button on the component toolbar (e.g. text button, image button, etc.) and then click twice on the empty area in the element window: (1) first at the place where you want to place the top-left corner of your component, and then (2) at the place for the bottom-right corner of the new component. Read about templates below to learn how to automate this process. The easiest way to add pictures to your elements is to paste them from clipboard (Ctrl+V or Shift+Ins). The easiest way to add texts is to paste them with Ctrl+Alt+N 15. Improving the look of your items: you can easily change the attributes of elements and their components by using menus available with a right click. There are two menus you will need to become familiar with: 0. Element menu (Alt+F10) which can be opened by a right click over an empty element area or over the element toolbar. Some exemplary functions of the element menu that help you change the look of the element: Color changes the color of the element Edit : Title (Alt+T) makes it possible to edit the title of the element or select a text to be used as the title Delete components deletes selected components from an element Edit : Duplicate (Ctrl+Alt+D) creates an exact copy of the current element in your collection Edit : Swap Q&A (Shift+Ctrl+S) swaps the question with the answer (e.g. when learning words of a foreign language) Template : Apply template (Ctrl+Shift+M) allows you to choose from a list of looks defined earlier and change the style of your element 1. Component menu (Alt+F12) which can be opened by a right click over a selected component. Some exemplary functions of the component menu that help you change the look of components (these functions may or may not appear on the menu depending on the context): Color changes the color of the component

Import file makes it possible to show a given file inside the component (e.g. picture, HTML file, etc.) Text : Edit font changes the font of the selected text Delete component removes the component Display at defines when the component should be visible (e.g. at answer time) and when it should be hidden (e.g. at question time) You can use Alt+click over a component to switch it to the editing mode. This will make it possible to resize the component, edit texts, etc. If you Alt+click the component again, it will switch to the dragging mode in which you will also be able to move it to another location in the element area. Press Esc to switch the components back to the presentation mode 16. Automating changes to the look of elements: you do not need to change the look of elements over and over again. You do not need to create components again and again. It is enough you define a so-called template to be able to reuse a given component arrangement. The most important things to know about templates: o you can save a given "look" with Template : Save as template o if you want SuperMemo to automatically use a saved template when you choose Add new (Alt+A), use Template : Save as default (Ctrl+Alt+M) o if you want to reuse a previously saved template, use Template : Apply template (Ctrl+Shift+M) Remember that topics and items should have their separate templates as these affect their behavior and look during learning. For more information about templates see: Using templates

17. Building knowledge tree: you can organize the structure of your knowledge in the contents window. Choose Contents at the top of the element window to switch to the contents window. To find out how to create the knowledge structure see: Creating the structure of the knowledge tree. Remember that the structure of your tree is not essential for learning! However, a good structure can make it easier to locate portions of materials for review 18. Organizing knowledge into categories: you can give items belonging to different branches of the knowledge tree a different look and a different priority. This way you will easily differentiate between items belonging to fields such as geography, biology, sociology, etc. You can move an item to a new category by opening Element parameters dialog box (e.g. with Ctrl+Shift+P) and choosing the category from the list (the Category list box). When you move an item to a category, you can choose if it should use that category's template to determine its look. Read: Using categories 19. Which text components are for you? You are most likely to use HTML text components in incremental reading (if you do not have the latest Internet Explorer, use rich text components instead). HTML components make text

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processing easy due to rich formatting. However, once your items assume their final shape, you might prefer to convert them to plain text components which are faster and consume less space. You can do it by selecting the Classic template as the default template in your target category (see: Using categories). You can use several different SuperMemo components to represent text. To understand pros and cons of using various text components see: Text components used in SuperMemo. See also: Fonts in SuperMemo 20. Items you hate: even with a great deal of experience and perfect understanding of knowledge structure, you will meet items that by no means want to stick to your memory. Usually, 60% of items will not even be forgotten once! However, there are always a few items that you might forget 10 times, or even 20 times. 5% of your items may cost you 80% of your learning time (and 99% of frustration). In most cases, the fault is with you, the items must simply be reformulated (see: 20 rules of formulating knowledge). However, some items just seem un-memorizable! Those do not indicate your memory is bad! They are a usual companion of every learning process, and you must roll out the heavy guns to deal with them. You will use whatever mnemonic technique comes to mind: add examples, illustrations, poke fun, make it indecent or shocking, create a mind-map, re-memorize with a longer interval (this will often break the unhealthy memory connection) or, in most desperate cases, delete the item altogether. Any items with above 20 memory lapses makes a good candidate for deleting. Such an item may simply not be worth the cost in your time. To find out which options can help you hunt for trouble-making items see: Leeches 21. The power of browsers and subsets: for managing and reviewing large collections, you will find browsers indispensable. Browsers are available with the View menu. Most of all, browsers will let you work with subsets of elements in your collection. Here are some ways in which browsers can boost your learning: o review the subset of elements o move a subset of elements to another SuperMemo (e.g. for repetitions on your handheld computer) o postpone repetitions in a subset of elements o memorize a subset of elements, dismiss a subset of elements, shift elements to the end of the pending queue, etc. o compute selected learning statistics for a subset of elements o change the template in a subset of elements o transfer a subset of elements to another collection o run random test or random learning on a subset of elements o move a subset of elements to a selected branch or category o sort a subset of elements by title, priority, difficulty, last repetition date, next repetition date, interval, etc. o sort repetitions (e.g. from long to short intervals, or from difficult to easy items, etc.) o export a subset of elements as text (e.g. as questions and answers) o change the priority, the forgetting index or the ordinal number in a subset of elements (increase, spread equally, modify, shift, etc.)

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manipulate element sets (e.g. select all elements belonging to one set and not belonging to another, select only memorized items in a set, combine two sets, save a set to a file for future use, etc.) o perform advanced collection searches such as AND-search, OR-search, XOR-search, etc.
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To read more about browsers and subsets see: browser (what parts make a browser window) browser menu (what important operations can be made on browsers) browser toolbar (what shortcut buttons are available on the browser toolbar) o subset learning (how to review only portions of your collection) o using subsets (how to use element subsets in SuperMemo) o View menu (what kind of browsers are available)
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22. How much do you remember? To choose how much you want to remember and how much work you want to put in different branches of knowledge, SuperMemo introduces the concept of the forgetting index. See: Using the forgetting index 23. Distributing your own learning material among others: if you would like others to use your learning material, you can follow these steps: 0. remove from your collection comments and elements that are specific to your own needs (you can use the comments registry or comment filters to keep your own comments in a continually developed collection) 1. remove your learning process from the collection by running: File : Tools : Reset collection 2. if necessary, sort your collection by ordinals (numbers that can be used to determine the sequence of learning), by difficulty, by priority, or by the sequence of elements in the knowledge tree (at the end of Reset collection SuperMemo will ask you if you would like to sort the collection by ordinals or by the knowledge tree hierarchy) 3. you can redistribute your collection free or commercially without anybody's permission

Creating a new collection

Now it's time to create your first SuperMemo collection, which will hold all of your English words and phrases. Follow these instructions: 1. Open the File menu and choose New collection. You should see this window:

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2. In the File name field, type the name of the new collection, for example english. 3. By default, your collection will be placed in the systems subfolder of your SuperMemo program folder. You can choose a different location using the folder tree in the left-hand panel of the window. For example, you can create a SuperMemo subfolder in the My Documents folder. That way, it will be easier to remember to backup your collections if you ever need to reinstall your system. 4. Click the OK button. Your SuperMemo program window should now look like this:

By the way: SuperMemo has just created a file called english.kno and a subfolder called English in the folder you selected. Later, you can run the english.kno file to open your collection.

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Adding items
You can now start adding English words and phrases to your SuperMemo collection. You will be adding those words and phrases in the form of items. An item consists of a question and an answer. When you review an item, SuperMemo displays the question, you answer the question (aloud or in your mind), SuperMemo shows you the correct answer, and then you check if your answer was good. (With sentence items, the "question" is simply an English sentence and instead of answering it, your task is to understand it and to think about the grammar and vocabulary in the sentence.) To add a new item to your SuperMemo collection: 1. Click the Add new button at the bottom of the SuperMemo window. 2. Type the question into the top box, and press Esc on your keyboard. 3. Type the answer and press Esc again. 4. Congratulations! You have just added an item to your SuperMemo collection. For examples of what you can type into the question field and the answer field, read "Making items for English learning". You can also follow the examples in the Antimoon Starter Collection, if you received it from Antimoon after buying SuperMemo 2004/2006. You can browse between items by pressing Page Up and Page Down.

Changing the font in your items

To change the font size in all your items: 1. Click on the question field of any item in your SuperMemo collection. You will see a border around the field and a blinking cursor inside the field. 2. Press and hold the Ctrl key and move your mousewheel down to increase the font size (move mousewheel up to decrease font size). 3. If the font size does not seem to change, repeat points 1-2. 4. Click on the answer field and repeat the above. SuperMemo 2004/2006 provides other ways of changing fonts (e.g. Tools | Options | Fonts, templates, etc.), but the above is the only way to change the font in all of your items at the same time.

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To change the font of the selected part of an item, click on the question or answer field, select part of the text in the field, and use one of the following keyboard shortcuts:

Ctrl+B for bold Ctrl+I for italic Ctrl+U for underline Ctrl+K for hyperlink Ctrl+] to increase the font size Ctrl+[ to decrease the font size

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